.x:3 HISTORICAL CHART Religious Studies 014 (R. Kraft, revised Jan 1994) Much of this material is drawn from the charts in the introductory textbooks by Sigel, Neusner, Denny, and Peters. Individuals whose birth dates are known are placed on the chart at approximately the time they would be 30 years old. BCE means "before the common era" (= Christian "BC" notation), and CE means "of the common era" (= Christian "AD" notation). The Dawn of "History" as we know it (Sumer, Egypt): ca. 3000 BCE Early Dynastic period (Akkad): ca. 2800 Old Kingdom period (Egypt): ca. 2700-2400 Ebla flourishes: ca. 2500-2200 Priestess Enheduanna, first known author in the worid: ca. 2300-2200 Context of Ancient Israelite religion: ca. 2000-587 BCE Middle Kingdom period (Egypt): 2100-1780 Old Babylonlan period: ca. 2000-1750 Israel's Patriarchal period: ca. 2000-1700 Abraham & Sarah, Isaak & Ishmael: ca. 1850/1750/1700 Origin of traditions of the "Abrahamic covenant" Traditions of Jacob/Israel and the 12 Patriarchs Old Assyrian period: ca. 1900-1400 Hammurabi: ca. 1792-1750 Hittite empire: ca. 1750-1200 Hyksos in Egypt: ca. 1700-1550 Kassite period (Babylonia): ca. 1600-1150 New Kingdom period (Egypt): ca. l570-1085 Ugaritic texts: ca. 1500-1200 Middle Assyrian period: ca. 1400-900 Amarna period (Egypt): ca. 1400-1300 Mosaic period (Israel); ca. 1300-1200 Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry: ca. 1250-1200 Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine: ca. 1200 Period of the Judges (Israel): ca. 1200-1050/1000 Middle Babylonian period: ca. 1150-900 Hebrew prophets (Samuel-Malachi): ca. 1050-450 Monarchical period in Israel: ca. 1000-587 Saul (transitional king): ca. 1030-1010 David, making Jerusalem his capital: ca. 1010-970 Solomon, and building of the Temple: ca. 970-931 Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah): ca. 931 Neo-Assyrian period: 900-612 Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, Isaiah: 750-725 Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed: 722/721 Neo-Babylonian ("Chaldean") period: 612-538 Josiah (Judean King) and "Deuteronomic Reforms": 620 Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel: ca. 600-580 Southern Kingdom (Judah) and Temple destroyed -- Babylonian exile: 587/586 Judean Prophet "Second Isaiah": ca. 550  Judaism after the Babylonian Exile: ca. 538 BCE-7O CE Persian Period: 538-333 Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile): 538 Jerusalem ("Second") Temple rebuilt: 520-515 Judean Prophet Haggai: 520 Reformation led by Ezra and Nehemiah: 450-400 Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) begins to gain recognition as Scripture: ca. 450 Hellenistic (Greek) period: 333-63 Alexander the Great conquers Palestine: 333/331 Judaism under Greek Ptolemies & Seleukids: ca. 320-168 "Septuagint" translation of Torah into Greek: ca. 250 Coming of Rome to the east Mediterranean: ca. 230-146 Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture by ca. 200 Jewish Qumran community: ca. 200 BCE-135 CE Jewish Maccabean revolt & Hasmonean rule: 168/167-63 BCE Rome (Pompey) annexes Palestine: 63 BCE Rule of Rome: ca. 146 BCE-400 CE Herod the Great (Jewish Roman ruler of Palestine): 37-4 BCE Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages): turn of the era Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea: 6 CE Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: ca. 13 BCE-after 41 CE Joshua/Jesus "the Christ": before 4 BCE-ca. 30 CE Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar): fl. ca. 40 CE Paul "the apostle" (Jewish "Christian"): fl. 36-64 CE Josephus (Jewish leader, historian): ca. 37-100 CE Christian Testament (NT) writings: ca. 50-125 CE Early Christian Period of Development: 30-311 CE Rabbinic Jewish Period of Talmud Development: 70-400/600 CE First Jewish Revolt against Rome: 66-73 Destruction of Jerusalem and the second Temple: 70 Establishment of Jewish center for study at Yavneh/Jamnia (Yohanan ben Zakkai), with rabbinic ordination: ca. 73 Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues: ca. 90-100 Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture: ca 90-150 Jewish Revolts against Rome outside Palestine: 114-117 Aqiba/Akiba active in consolidating Rabbinic Judaism: 120-135 Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt): 132-135 Jerusalem renamed, Jews forbidden to dwell there Mishnah compiled/edited under Judah the Prince: ca. 200 Sporadic persecution of Christianity by Rome: to 311 Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter): fl. 200-254 Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab: ca. 220 Rise of Mani/Manichaean World Religion synthesis: 240-276 Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I: ca. 250 Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt: 250-330 Eusebius (Christian author, historian): 263-339 Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian: 303 Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity: 312/313  Consolidation & Dominance of Classical Christianity: 325-1517 Christian First Ecumenical Council, at Nicea (Asia Minor): 325 Jerusalem Christian construction under Constantine, Helena: 330 Jerome (Christian author, translator): ca. 325-420 Julian "the Apostate" Roman Emperor: 361-363 Augustine (Christian author in North Africa): 354-430 Christianity becomes THE religion of Roman Empire: 380/391 Jewish Palestinian Talmud edited: ca. 400 Jewish Babylonian Talmud edited: ca. 400-600 Rome sacked by Visigoths: 410 Jewish office of Nasi/Prince abolished by Rome: 425 Christian Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon: 451 Benedictine Latin Christian monastery founded: 535 "Medieval" Period in the West: ca. 600-1500 Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message: 610-1258 Muhammad ("the Prophet" of Islam): ca. 570-632 Prophetic call and start of Quranic revelations: ca 610 The hijra (emigration) from Mecca to Medina: 622 Capitulation of Mecca, rededication of Kaba: 630 Pope Gregory the Great: 590-604 Period of the Jewish Rabbinic Geonim: ca. 600-1300 The four "rightly guided caliphs" of Islam: 632-661 Jews permitted to return to Jerusalem under Islam: 638- Assasination of Ali (last of the four): 661 Umayyad Dynasty of Islam in Damascus (Syria): 661-750 Muslim Attacks on Christian Constantinople: 669, 674 Massacre of Ali's son Husayn and Shiites (Iraq): 680 John of Damascus (Christian scholar): ca. 675-749 Muslim Forces Attack Spain Successfully: 711 Islam repulsed at Tours (France), gateway to Europe: 732 Karaism founded (Jewish reaction to Rabbinic Judaism): ca. 760 Charlemagne (France; Holy Roman Empire: 800): 742-814 Abbasid Dynasty of Islam in Baghdad (Iraq) -- the "golden age" of Islamic culture: 750-1258 Abu Hanifa (Muslim theologian and jurist in Iraq): ??-767 Malik ibn Anas (jurist, collector of hadiths, Medina): 710-795 Caliph Harun al-Rashid rules in "1001 Nights" style: ca. 800 Mutazilite rationalism developed and debated: ca. 800-950 Caliph Mamun sponsors translations of Greek learning into Arabic (Arabic science flourishes): ca. 825 Ibn Hanbal (jurist, collector of hadiths, Baghdad): -855 Bukhari and Muslim (collectors of hadiths): -870 and - 875 Shiite "twelvers" arise: 874 Continuation of Umayyad Muslim rule in Spain: to 12th century Al-Ashari (ex-Mutazilite Muslim scholar): ??-935 Saadia Gaon (Rabbinic Jewish sage): 882-942 Execution of Hallaj, radical Persian Muslim mystic/sufi: 922 Golden Age in Spain (Islamic Umayyad dynasty): ca. 950-1150 Founding of Cairo (and soon thereafter Azhar University) by the Islamic Shiite Fatimid dynasty in Egypt: 969 Ibn Sina (Avicenna; Muslim Platonist philosopher): ??-1037 Final split ("schism") between Latin (Roman) and Greek (Byzantine) Classical Christian Churches: 1053/54 William the Conquerer (Norman) takes England: 1066 Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac; Jewish sage): 1040-1105 Ghazali (Persian Muslim scholar and mystic): 1058-1111  Crusades (Christian warfare with Islam in Palestine): 1095-1291 Crusaders (European Christians) capture Jerusalem: 1099 Judah Halevi (Jewish author): 1085-1140 Bernard of Clairvaux (Christian mystic): 1090-1153 Ibn Rushd (Averroes; Muslim Aristotleian philosopher): ??-1198 Maimonides (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon; Jewish scholar): 1135-1204 Saladin (1138-1193) overthrows Fatimid dynasty in Egypt: 1171 Saladin (Muslim) recaptures Jerusalem from crusaders: 1187 Ibn Arabi (Spanish Muslim mystic poet): 1165-1240 Muhammad Ghuri (Islam) conquers northern India: 1203 Francis of Assisi (Christian mystic): ca. 1181-1226 Pope Innocent III (Christian): 1198-1216 The Zohar (a Jewish kabalistic book): written ca. 13th century Death of Genghis/Genghiz Khan (roving Mongol conquerer): 1227 Inquisition by Christians in Spain: ca. 1230 Jalal al-Din Rumi (Muslim mystic poet from Turkey): 1207-1273 Thomas Aquinas (Christian scholar): 1225-1274 Mamluk Islamic rule (new dynasty) in Egypt: 1254-1517 Fall of Islamic Abbasid dynasty to Hulagu (Mongol): 1258 Further Transitions and Rebuilding of Political Islam: 1258-1500 Expulsion of Jews from England: 1290/1291 Expulsion of Christian Crusaders from Syria: 1291 Italian Renaissance: 1300-1517 Expulsions of Jews from France: 1306-1394 John Wycliffe (Christian dissident leader): 1328-1384 Rise of the Ottoman Muslim dynasty in Turkey: 14th century Timurlane/Tamurlane, Turkic ruler in central Asia: 1336-1405 Damascus sacked by Timurlane: 1400 Fall of Constantinople (> Istanbul) to Ottoman Muslims: 1453 Gutenberg Bible printed (invention of printing press): 1456 Christian expulsion of Muslim Moors from Spain: 1492 Christian expulsion of Jews from Spain, Portugal: 1492, 1496 Islamic Political Dominance as far East as India: ca. 1500-1920 Reformation and Post-Reformation Christian Period: 1517-present Jewish Transitions towards Modernity: ca.1550-1700 Dominance of Ottoman Muslim Empire in Turkey, etc.: 1500-1920 Victory of (Muslim Ottoman Turk) Selim I over Egypt: 1517 Ottoman Muslim rulers (later) claim the title "caliph" Sulayman I, "the Magnificent," rules: 1520-1566 Dominance of Safavid Shiite Muslim dynasty in Iran: ca. 1500-1800 Dominance of Mughal Muslim dynasty in India: ca. 1500-1800 Babur (1483-1530, central Asia) begins conquest of India: 1525 Protestant Christian Reformation: ca. 1500-1650 Martin Luther: 1483-1546 Luther posts "95 theses" in Wittenburg, Germany: 1517 Luther preaches against Jews: 1542-1546 Thomas Cranmer: 1489-1556 William Tyndale: ca. 1494-1536 John Calvin: 1509-1564 Jewish ghettos instituted (Venice, Rome): 1516, 1555 Shulhan Aruk (code of Jewish law by Joseph Karo/Caro): published 1567/1571 Rene Descartes (scholar-philosopher): 1596-1650 Menasseh ben Israel (Jewish scholar-mystic): 1605-1657  Christian Puritans begin emigrations to America: 1620 Blaise Pascal (scholar): 1623-1662 Shabbatai Zvi (Jewish "messianic" leader): 1626-1676 Baruch/Benedict Spinoza (scholar, converted Jew): 1632-1677 Arrival of Jews in New Amsterdam (= New York, America): 1654 Jews readmitted to England by Oliver Cromwell: 1655 Jews expelled from Vienna: 1670 Jewish Modern and Contemporary Periods: ca. 1700-present Israel Baal Shem Tov (founder of Jewish Hasidism): 1700-1760 Jonathan Edwards (American Christian preacher): 1703-1758 John and Charles Wesley (Christian): 1703-1791 and 1707-1788 First public Jewish synagogue in Berlin: 1712 Wahhabi "fundamentalist" movement arises in Islam: ca. 1750 Moses Mendelssohn (Jewish "enlightenment" scholar): 1729-1786 Napoleon (France): 1769-1821 American Revolution; religious freedom guaranteed: 1775-1781 French Revolution: 1789 French Jews given citizenship: 1790-1791 Napoleon, battle of the Pyramids in Islamic Egypt: 1798 Muslim Wahhabis capture Mecca & Medinah, raid Karbala: 1801-1804 Rise of the Jewish Reform movement in Europe (Abraham Geiger): mid-19th century French occupation of Muslim Algiers: 1830 American Civil War: 1861-1865 Ghettos abolished in Italy: 1870 Reform Judaism in US establishes Union of American Hebrew Congregations: 1873 Start of mass migrations of eastern European Jews: 1881 French occupation of Muslim Tunisia: 1881 British occupation of Muslim Egypt: 1882 Reform Jewish Pittsburg Platform: 1885 Founding of Conservative Judaism, in US (Solomon Schechter): end of 19th century (Jewish Theological Seminary: 1886) Theodore Herzl publishes The Jewish State (Zionism): 1896 First Jewish Zionist congress: 1897 Founding of the Modern Jewish Orthodox movement: early 20th century Revolution by "young Turks" under Ottomans: 1908 Founding of Tel Aviv as Hebrew speaking Jewish city: 1909 World War I: 1914-1918 Islamic Unrest and Realignment in the Middle East: ca. 1914-present Start of Arab revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule: 1916 British capture Baghdad: 1917 Balfour Declaration favors Jewish Palestinian State: 1917 Damascus taken by T.E.Lawrence and Arabs: 1918 Egyptian revolution: 1919 Kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan established: 1921 Overthrow of Ottoman Muslim rule by "young Turks" (Kemal Ataturk) and establishment of secular state: 1923 Caliphate officially abolished: 1924 Pahlevi dynasty in Persia (= "Iran": 1935): 1925-1979 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia established: 1932  Adolph Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany: 1933 Jewish rights in Germany recinded by Nuremberg laws: 1935 Reform Jewish Columbus Platform (Zionism, etc.): 1937 German Jewish synagogues burned down: 9 Nov 1938 World War II: 1939-1945 The Nazi German Holocaust against Jews: 1939/1942-1945 Partition of India and Pakistan: 1947 Declaration of independence of the State of Israel: 1948 Libya proclaims independence: 1952 Egyptian republic proclaimed, Nassar takes over: 1953, 1954 Sudan & Tunisia independence, Pakistan Republic: 1956 United Arabic Republic established: 1958 Founding of the Jewish Reconstructionist movement (as a distinct denomination; Mordecai Kaplan): 1960s "Six Days War" reunites Jerusalem under Israeli control: 1967 "Yom Kippur War" in Israel: 1973 Ordination of first (Reform) Jewish woman rabbi in US: 1972 Ordination of first Reconstructionist Jewish woman rabbi: 1974 "Black Muslims" in America cultivate Sunni recognition: 1975 Ordination of first Conservative Jewish woman rabbi: 1984/1985 Persian Gulf War to maintain stability: 1990-1991 Israel & Palestinian Liberation Organization talks: 1993- //to be continued...//