INDEX to DSS Subjects (under construction/revision Jan 2000) Based on T.Gaster's Index (1976\3) as expanded and modified over the years by R.Kraft, and more recently Jeffrey Pettis and Sigrid Peterson, with other specific contributions as noted below. Assignments: 1 Formatting -- 1.1 Globally change to standard title designations 1.2 Globally modify roman numeral IDs (not vi.3 but 6.3) 1.3 Standardize complex references (work.frg#.col#.line#) 2 Verification of accuracy of references 3 Expansion of existing category references 4 Addition of other categories or sub-categories 5 Refinement of categories of references (e.g. "scriptural" citations, "sectarian" passages) 6 Expand cross-references and links to other information NOTE: The language used in parts of this index assumes a certain amount of homogeneity between the various "sectarian" DSS (thus terms such as "the community," "the brotherhood," and the like). This is due in large part to the history of this index (see below), and will be open to modification in future editions. Editorial Preface by Jeff Pettis (Fall 1997): Theodore Gaster's Dead Sea Scriptures in English (Doubleday 1956\1, 1976\3) provides one of the earlier translations of the DSS along with an "Analytical Index." The following is an expanded and updated form of that index. The initial expansion came mostly from the annotations of Robert Kraft in his work with the DSS at the University of Pennsylvania. [Questions marks indicate places in RAK's notes which were unclearto me.] The main contemporary translations used in the expansion and adaptation are Florentino Garcia Martinez The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: the Qumran Texts in English (2nd ed), G. Vermes The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1997), and Wise-Abegg-Cook, The DSS identification scheme (coded titles) which is now relatively standard is set parallel to Gaster's somewhat idiosyncratic scheme in the listing of "topics" at the beginning of this index. It is to be referred to in using Gaster's system which has been left intact [for the time being] in the index proper. Subject headings have been added and removed at various places in the index, and particular subject areas of the index (e.g. "Officers," under GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY) have been expanded and annotated. [Note also the appended skeleton of Gaster's outline, followed by some topics from the index to Vermes' 4th edition (?).] [JP] ANALYTICAL INDEX This index consists of a list of some of the major themes and concepts which appear in the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are arranged in the following categories: A. THE COMMUNITY B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY C. LAWS AND PRACTICES D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD E. PAST AND FUTURE (Eschatological Aspects) F. ANGELOLOGY G. PERSONS OF NOTE H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH Within each category the reader will find listed the topics relevant to it and where references to these topics occur in the scrolls themselves and elsewhere in ancient literature. The abbreviations used are as follows. These same abbreviations are used as well in the following index entitled BIBLICAL QUOTATIONS AND PARALLELS. newID Gaster Expanded Title source IDs AL The Litany of the Angels ??? 4Q400-407 Am The Last Words of Amram ??? Blessings A Formulatory of Blessings 11Q14/Ber; 1Qsb (GM 432) C The City of God ???? CD The Coming Doom 1QS? D David (Psalm 151) ? ET Epochs of Time ?4Q180-181 Ex [Exhortation.] Weal and Woe Flor F A 'Messianic' Florilegium 4Q174 H H The Book of Hymns 1QH 1QH pHab HabC The Commentary on Habakkuk 1QpHab Hfr. Fragments from the Book of Hymns HI The Hymn of the Initiants (=Manual 10-11) 1QS(end) pHos HosC The Commentary on Hosea 4Q166-167 HT Hymns of Triumph 1QH Inv. Invitation to the Grace After Meals 4Q434a pIsa IsaC The Commentary on Isaiah 4Q161-165, 3Q4 L Lamentation for Zion LJ The Last Jubilee [The "Melchizedek Texts"] 11Q13 S M The Manual of Discipline 1QS Sb MFC Mannual of Discipline for the Future Congregation of Israel 1QSa MH Morning Hymn 1Q5 pMic MiC The Commentary on Micah 1Q14-4Q168 MP Memoirs of the Patriarchs NC The New Covenant 1Q34 O [Ordinances.] The Letter of the Law Oration The Oration of Moses 1Q22 PG Plea for Grace PI Prayer for Intercession pPs PS 37C The Commentary on Psalm 37 4Q 171 pPs PS 45C The Commentary on Psalm 45 4Q171 RB The Rout of Belial Sp Supplication M W The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness 1QM WC The Wondrous Child WH The Wiles of the Harlot 4Q184 WW The Wooing of Wisdom (Sirach 51.13ff.) DD Z The 'Zadokite' Document [=Damascus Document] DD A. THE COMMUNITY [revised & expanded order, RAK] 1. Designations 1.0 General: Frequently the positive participants in the DSS are identified simply as (the children of) "Israel" (e.g. DD 4.2-4 "the chosen of Israel"; DD 14.3f "priests...levites...children of Israel...proselyte") or sometimes "Judah" -- although separation from wicked ones of "Judah" is also frequent (e.g. DD 4.11, 8.3, 20.27). See more specific associations below (e.g. "converts of Israel"). 1.1. The Community is called 'God's (eternal) plantation.' H vi.15; viii.6,10 Based on Isa. 60.21. Cp. Mishnah, Sanhedrin 1; Psalms of Solomon, 14.3-4; Enoch 93.2,5,10; Odes of Solomon 38.18-21. Mandaean: Right Ginza,II.iv. init.; Mand. Liturg., 149.190, 179ff., Apostolic Constitutions, init. Analogous is 'neophyte' (KJV 'novice'; RSV 'recent convert) in I Tim. 3.6. 1.2. "The Remnant" see DD 2.11 1.3. "Converts" Z 4.2 (of Israel) = 8.16 = 6.5 (see 15-16 "return"); pHos (GM 192) 1.4. New Covenant DD 6.19 = 8.21 (see DD 12.8 covenant of Abr.); covenant of conversion DD 19.16; enter the covenant 1QS 1.20, 2.10 1.5. 'The Congregation', i.e., of Israel, of God (cf. Num. 27.12; 31.16, etc.) M v.20; Z ix.15,42,; xi.1-2; xv.7; xvii.7; W ii.1,3,7; iii.4,11, etc. The Heb. term is (DH. This is usually rendered 'synagogue' by the Septuagint. The cognate Syriac word was the technical term for 'the Church'; see Nestle, ZNTW, 1901: 263. 1.6. 'The corporation' XYBWR. Z xii.8. Such corporations XBRWT of Pharisees are often mentioned in Talmudic literature. 1.7. "The Many" Z 14.7, 12, 17; M 5.2,22; 6.1-7.15; H 7.15. 1.8. The Community constitute 'the Elect' M viii.6 ('elect of favor'); H ii.13 ('elect of righteousness') The title expressed the fact that they were indeed the 'chosen' of God, pledged to the Covenant (cp. Isa. 65.9; Ps. 105.43,etc.). The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Mat. 24.22,24; Mark 13.20,22,27; II Tim. 2.10; 1 Peter I.1. Cp. also 'the elect of God,' Luke 18.7; Rom. 8.33; Col. 3.12; Titus 1.1. The Mandaeans likewise call themselves 'the Elect': Lidzbarski Mandaische Liturgien, 75, 3.106f.; id., Johannesbuch, ii, 69, 102, 221. So, too, among the Manichaeans, the true followers of Mani are termed 'the Elect' (vicidagan). 1.9. They are 'those in the lot (portion) of God' M ii.2; W i.5; xiii.5; xvii.7 Cp. Ignatius, Ad Eph., 3.8: 'that I may be found in the lot of the Christians at Ephesus'. The opposite was 'those in the lot (portion) of Belial' (see below). 1.10. The members of the Community are styled 'volunteers' MTNDBYM. M v.1,6,7,8,10,21,22; vi.13; MiC x.5 The term has a military connotation (cp. Ju. 5.9) and thus suggests the idea of an 'army of God-the 'Onward, Christian sol diers' concept Cp. I Macc. .2.42 (of the Hasidim); Didascalia Apostolorum, init. In the mystery religions, the brotherhood of the intiants often regarded itself as a militia: F. Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism (1911), 2.13, n.6. 1.11. The community form one congregation with the celestial hosts (communion of the saints). M ii.25; xi.7-8; H iii.21; vi.14; xi.11-12; frag. ii.10 Cp. Enoch 43.104; Eph. 2.19. 1.12.1. Members of the Community are 'Sons of Truth'. M 2.24f, iv.5-6; H vi.29; vii.30; ix.35; x.27; xi.11; W vii.8 1.12.2. It is described as 'the House of Truth'. M v.6; viii.9 1.12.3. Aspects of Revelation Relating to Truth, Knowledege, etc. (a) The Community is the recipient of God's 'truth'. H i.27; ii.10; v.9,26; vii.24; ix.4,9,10; W xiii.9-10,12 In Jewish tradition, this 'truth' is often identified directly with Torah (Law). So, too, in Mandaean thought, 'truth (Kushta) is, virtually, mystic revelation; see W. Sundberg, Kushta (1953). In Samaritan, 'the Verity (Qushtah) is a common term for the Law. See also: Rom. 3.5.8; Gal. 2.5. (b) this 'truth' is an esoteric doctrine. H v.11,25; ix.24; cp. M iv.6 Cp. Odes of Solomon 8.11: 'Keep My secret, ye who are kept by it.' For a similar concept among the Mandaeans, cp. Right Ginza, iii.13; Brandt, Mand. Religion, 168. (c) God has 'opened the ears' of the faithful. H i.21; vi.4 (d) God has engraved the 'truth' on their hearts. H xviii.27 (e) they are especially 'schooled' by God. H ii.39; vii.14 Derived from Isa. 54-13. Cp. John 6.45; 1 Thess. 4.9. (f) they possess the 'vision' of knowledge (or understanding) H iv.18 On vision in mystic experience, see Underhill, op. cit., .279ff. (g) they drank from the fountain of knowledge. H ii.i8; iv.11; v.26; 'fount of light,' H vi.17 Derived from Ps. 36.10. Cp. Odes of Solomon 6.7f.; 30.1-2; II Baruch 59.7; IV Ezra 14.47; Enoch 48.1. St. Francis of Assisi gives the mystic chalice to John of Parma and other brethren: Fioretti, cap. 48. Meechthild of Magdeburg speaks of 'drinking for a space of the unmingled wine': Flieszende Licht der Gottheit, pt. i, ch. 43. Blake declares, 'I am drunk with intellectual vision': Letters, ed. Brussel ( 1906), 171. See Underhill, op. cit., 235. (h) they share the transcendental knowledge of God and angels. M iv.22 (knowledge of the Most High'); cp. H ii.3 Cp. Odes Of Solomon 23.4: 'Walk ye in the knowledge of the Most High.' (i) they have direct access to God, need no intermediary. H vi.13 (k) they ascend to the 'height of eternity.' H iii.20; Blessings v.23 Cp. the familiar mystic symbol of the 'ascent'; W. R. Inge, Mysticism in Religion (1948), 80-82. (l) God's 'power' is manifested in them higbir. H i.34; ii.24; iv.8,23,27,28; v.15; W xvi.1 'Power' GBRH is a common synonym for God in Rabbinic literature. 1.13. They enjoy special 'illumination' and are designated "Sons of Light" M i.9; iii.13,24; W i.3, etc.; Z Xiii.12 (the portion of light'). LJ 8; RB i-iv.8; xii-xiii.7, 11. The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Luke 16.8; John 12.36; 1 Thess. 5.5. Cp. also Enoch 108.11. Among the Mandaeans, 'sons of light' meant 'angels', with whom, indeed, the illuminati claimed association: Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 18.24.36. Cp. also Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Text from Nippur (1913), 1.9. Men predestined to eternal life were called likewise: Brandt, Mand. Schiften, 13.9. 'Light' is a common designation of the Torah in the Biblical and later literature: cp. Pss. 19.9; 119.105; Prov. 6.23; Test. Levi 19; TB Berachoth 17a; Ex. Rabbah #36, etc. (a) The illumination is an 'enlightenment of the countenance' H iii.3; iv.5,27; ix.26-27; Blessings iv.27 Cp. Odes Of Solomon 41.6, 'Let our faces shine in His light'. (cp. also ib., 36.3) (b) It is called 'Light-Perfection' )WR-TWM. H iv.6,23; xviii,29 An imitation of the Biblical Urim and Thummim, interpreted as 'lights and perfections.' The idea may have originated with the Assidaeans (Hasidim, 'pious ones') of the Maccabean age, and have been based on Deut. 33.8- 9). On the concept of divine illumination, cp. John 1.19; Eph. 1.18; 3.9; Heb. 6.4; 10.22; II Cor. 3.4,6. For the idea in mysticism, cp. Jacopone da Todi, Lauda xci: 'Lume fuor di mesura Resplende nel mio core' (A light immeasurable Shines in my heart); see Underhill, Mysticism, 249-50. 1.14. "Sons of Zadok" sometimes applies to the entire community (see also below on priests) DD 4.3 1.15 "Sons of Seth" sometimes seems to be used of the community 4QSapA (GM 387); DD 7.22 (but see also an apparently negative sense in DD 7.29). 1.16 "The Poor" may sometimes be a self-designation War 11.9,13; 13.14 pPs37 2.10, 3.10 (GM 203) pHab 12.3,6,10 (GM 204) 4Q521 (GM 394, 2.2.6) 1.17 "The Righteous (One)" may also apply to the community 4Q521 2.2.5 (GM 394) 2. Designation of Community Branches or Sub-Sets 2.1 The Community is distributed over several 'encampments' DD vii.6; xii.22; xiii.4,7, 13, 20; xiv.3, 8-9; xix.2-3 As applied to the brotherhood at Qumran, the term not only described their actual situation in the Desert of Judah, but also defined them as the 'army of God' about to fight the apocalyptic war against the forces of evil. The building at Qumran is best regarded as the headquarters of the entire Brotherhood, possibly the place where it met for those annual conventions described in The Manual of Discipline. Its library would thus have comprised the literature of the entire movement, and not simply of a local 'chapter'. 2.2. The several 'chapters' are called 'communes' or 'cenobies' YXD. M i.12,16; ii.22,24; vi.15,24,26; vii.6,17,18,20,23; viii.10,11,12,16--17,19,22; ix.2,5-6,7,10,18-19; Z ix.39-40,52- 53,70-71. R. Marcus has pointed out (JBL 71 (1952), 207ff.) that Philo and Josephus use the comparable Greek term koinonia in speaking of the Essenes. 2.3. Within the community are different groups, most notably "priests" (see below, also "sons of Zadok" as a sub-set), "levites," the general membership (the "many," "sons of Israel"), and "proselytes" (e.g. DD 14.2-4). 2.4. The world in which the community and its members operate also includes wicked/unconverted Israel and Judah (see also Ephraim, Manasseh), and "foreigners" (e.g. DD 11.1), "gentiles" (DD 12.6), and even "Greek" (kings; DD8.11). 3. References to the History of the Community 3.1. Its members are driven from their native haunts. H iv.8-9 ('like a sparrow from its nest') Cp. Psalms of Solomon 17.15-16. For an Iranian parallel, cp. Yasna 46.1: 'From nobles and from peers they sever me, nor are fhe people pleased with me, nor the rulers of the land who follow the lie (Druj)'. 3.2. They are dwelling in a desert, or in 'the land of Damascus' Z vi.15,19; vii.19; viii.21a; xx.12; W i.2-3 Based on Amos 5.25-27; not to be taken literally. It Is not necessary to suppose that there was an actual migration from Qumran to Damascus, because this entire text may refer to an ideal community, rather than to the specific brotherhood beside the Dead Sea! Like all mystics, the Covenanters oscillate between a keen sense of God's nearness and a despair at His seeming remoteness. Cp. of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, I ii, ch. 6: 'That which this anguished soul feels most deeply is the conviction that God has abandoned it . . . cast it away into darkness...It has also the same sense of abandonment with respect to all creatures, and that it is an object of contempt to all, especially to its friends (cp. H v.25f.). 3.3. They are being tested and proven M viii.4; H v.16f.; W xvii..1,9; Ps37c,b4; F ii.1 They are exposed to 'snares of wickedness,' H v.8; to 'snares of corruption,' H iii.26. Cp. Underhill, op. cit., 385: 'Trials, taken en bloc, mean a dis- harmony between the self and the world with which it has to deal.' 3.4. For Community History/Chronology, see also DD 4Q390 (GM 280) -- 70 years plus 343; (GM 278) 490 year period. [[22. Idea of Healing??? M 4.6 (long life, offspring)]] B. COMPOSITION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY [revised J.Pettis] 0. See above on different sub-groups within the DSS group(s), such as priests, levites, the many, proselytes. Some of these (and related) categories deserve closer attention here. NOTE: Jeff Pettis has revised and expanded the original sections 2.(p)--2.(v) into a new section B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY. This includes quotations of Scripture passages, which perhaps might be placed in footnotes. 1. The formal Deliberative Council (#H. M i.8,10; ii.25; v.7, vi.12; vii.22; viii.5,22; Z xx.24; MFC i.26,27; ii-2,9,11 In the Syriac dialect of the early Christians of Palestine, the cognate term serves as the equivalent of Greek synhedrion, cp. F. Schwally, Idloticon (1893), 41f. A. Dupont-Sommer (The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes, 63) thinks that (#H denoted the sect as a whole and that it may be the origin of the name Essenes! 2. Officers (a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation' Z viii.7,20; Blessings; MFC;W v.1 Cp. 1 Macc. 14.27 (of Simon). Yadin thinks that this is the equivilent of the term ethnarch. (b) 'Overseer of All the Camps' MVQR Z xiv.8-9 Virtually, 'archbishop'--albeit in a primitive sense. The 'Leader of the entire congregation' and 'the overseer of all the camps' would have been officers of the entire fraternity. (c) high priest It is noteworthy that the high priest is mentioned only in texts concerned with the eventual state of the Restored Community, e.g. in the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness and in The Manual of Discipline for the Future Congregation. This would suggest that the Brotherhood, while it condemned the venality of the hierarchy at Jerusalem, did not appoint its own 'antipope.' In Z xiv-7 there is, to be sure, mention of a 'priest who supervises the general membership,' but this is not a high priest in the accepted sense, and it is significant that in M vi.14 the same officer is described simply as 'the supervisor' without reference to priestly status. (d) priests M i.18,21; ii.1,19; v.2; vi.3-4,5,8,19; vii.2; viii.1; Z iii.21; iv.2; vii.1; ix.13,15; xiii.2,5,7; xiv.3; xvi.44; W passim (e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok' M v.2; ix.14; Z iv.1.; Blessings iii.22, etc. It is not the community as a whole (except perhaps in DD 4.3) but solely its priests that are described in the Scrolls as 'sons of Zadok. It derives directly from Ezek. 40.46; 43.19; 44.15; 48.11, and there is no need to look for a 'righteous teacher' named Zadok as the 'founding father' of the Brotherhood of Qumran in the days of the Second Commonwealth. (f) sons of Aaron M 5.8, 9.7 (g) courses of priests W ii.4 (and see also some of the calendric texts!) (h) 'the priest anointed for war' W xv.16 Cp. Mishnah, Sotah VIII, 2. (i) the 'teacher of righteousness' MWRH CDQ. Z i.11; vi.11; xx.1,14,28,32; MC ii.5 (on 1.5); ComPs37.24; HC i.13 (on 1.4); ii.2 (on 1.4-5); v.10 (on 1.13); vii.4 (on 2.2); viii.3 (on 2.4); ix.10 (on 2.8); xi.5 (on 2.15) The term means really 'the right guide, i.e., the true expounder of the Law; see General Introduction, pp. 6, 29f. There is no need to assume that all references refer consistently to a single historical figure. The title was later adopted by the Karaites. In Jewish usage, it is a common designation for a rabbi. Indeed, it is related that when Isaac Bernays was appointed to the chief rabbinate of Hamburg in 1821, he expressly rejected the title as having fallen into disrepute through repeated misuse! k) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren Z xiii..9; H vii.20 Cp. Apostolic Constitutions ii.6,7 (l) three priests at head of community M viii. 1ff. Modelled on the organization of Israel in the wilderness; cp, General Introduction, p. 11. (m) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men' M viii.1; M 6.8 (priests...elders...rest) Modelled on the twelve tribal leaders during Israel's sojourn in the wilderness. Cp. the Mandaean shalmana, Brandt, Mand. Religion, 74; Right Ginza, 3, etc. (Teleios in pagan mystery cults probably had a different meaning; see O. Cruppe, Griech. Mythologie, 1616, n.1.) Note also that among the Waldenses (as well as some earlier "gnostic" groups), advanced members of the brotherhood were called 'the perfect.' (n) judges (ten) Z x.1,4; xiv.13; xv.4,16; xvi.19 Ten in number (Z x.4). Hence, cp. the courts of ten in Temple law: Mishnah, Sanhedrin I,3. (o) levites [priests...levites...congregation] M i.19,22; ii-4,11; Z iii.21; iv.3; x.5; xiii.3; xiv.4; W passim (p) 'messiahs' (anointed) M ix.11; Z vii.21a; xii.23; xiii.20; xiv.3.9; MFC The usual expression is 'messiahs (or, messiah) of Aaron and Israel.' This has led to all kinds of wild speculation. But all it means is simply 'the anointed high priest and the anointed king.' (For 'messiah' as applied to the high priest, cp. Lev. 4.3; Mishnah, Shebu'oth i.7; Horayoth ii.x, etc. As the title of the king, cp. Ps. .18.51, etc.). (q) 'overseer, inspector' MBQR (1) He oversees and manages property of initiates in behalf of the community: "...then both his property and his possessions shall be given to the hand of the man (who is) the Examiner MBQR, mevakker over the possessions of the Many. And he [initiate] shall register it into the account with his hand, and he must bring it forth the the Many" (M vi.19-20). (2) He receives and logs reports of capital matters: "...if it is a capital matter, he shall report it to the Examiner MBQR. And the Examiner shall write it down with his hand until he does it again before one who again reports it to the Examiner. If he is again caught in the presence of one, his judgment is complete" (Z ix.18-23). (3) He is to be informed of sales and purchases by community members: "Let no man do anything involving buying or selling without informing the Examiner in the camp" (Z xiii.16). (4) He is the official gate-keeper of the community: Let no one of the sons of the camp dare to bring a man into the congregation except by the word (lit., "mouth of)" the Examiner MBQR of the camp" (Z xiii. 12-13; Cf. Z xiv.10; Z xv.7- 11). (5) He must be of a prescribed age, and versed in the languages of the community: "And the Examiner MBQR for all the camps shall be from thirty to fifty years old, mastering every principle of men and every language of their clans" (Z xiv. 8-9). (6) He serves as judge/counselor: "And any matter about which a person may wish to speak, let him address the Examiner MBQR, whether concerning a dispute or a judgment" (Z xiv.11-12). (7) He, with the judges, manages manages community money which members regularly give and which he and the judges apportions to the needy: "And this is the rule for the Many to prepare for all their needs: The wage of at least two days per month are to be given to the Examiner MBQR and the judges. From it they shall give for their sick, and from it they shall support the poor and the destitute, the old man who is bowed down..." (Z xiv.12-16). (8) He instructs initiates for preparation of entry into the community: "...the Examiner MBQR shall make it known to him and enjoin it upon him, and teach him for a minimum of one complete year" (Z xv.14). (9) The Examiner is both a scholar and a shepherd: "And the Examiner MBQR shall explain to him the interpretation of the Torah; even if he is ignorant, he shall cause him to be confined, for they (the priests) have the judgment. And this is the rule for the Examiner of the camp: Let him instruct the Many about the works of God, and allow them to discern the wonder of his mighty deeds, and relate to them the happenings of eternity together with their interpretations. Let him pity them as a father does his children and watch over them in all their distress as a shepherd for his flock. Let him loosen all chains that bind them so that there shall be none deprived and crushed in his congregation. And whoever joins his congregation, let him examine him with regard to his works and his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth. Let them inscribe him in his place according to his inheritance in the lot of light ...." (Z xiii. 6-17). Such 'overseers' served as executives of religious brotherhoods in Hellenistic times: cp. Inscr. Agora 63 IG, ii\2, 917 (181 BCE); J. H. Oliver, in Amer. Journal of Philology 68 (1947), 148. Josephus mentions a similar officer among the Essenes. (r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many).' And if the man (who is) the Examiner MBQR over the Many should restrain a man who has something to say to the Many, which is not while the one who questions the Council of the Community is standing... (M vi.12). On the day with the Examiner MBQR for the Many, they shall muster him with the oath of the covenant which Moses made with Israel (Z xv.8). (s) 'inspector' PQD And whoever joins his congregation, let him [the inspector MBQR, mevakker] examine PQD him with regard to his works and his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth (Z xiii 11). It Is not quite clear whether the 'overseer' (MBQR) or the 'inspector (PQD) more closely answers to the episkopos or 'bishop' of the early Church, for the Septuagint uses the Greek term to translate both of the Hebrew words. For EPISKOPOI in the mystery cults, see A. Thieme, Inschriften, 17f., 32f. (t) 'interpreter PQD??' You have set me as a banner in the vanguard of Righteousness, as one who interprets with knowledge deep, mysterious things (H ii. 13) [Gaster's translation]. Cp. I Cor. 14.28. "But if there is no one to interpret DIERMENEUTES, let each of them keep silence in the church." (u) 'one who studies' or 'interprets' DR$ And where there are ten (members) there must not be lacking there a man who studies DR$ the Torah day and night continually, each man relieving another. The Many shall spend the third part of every night of the year in unity, reading the Book, studying DR$ judgment... (M vi.6-7; see 8.12). And the "ruler" is the interpreter DR$ of the Torah, of whom Isaiah said, "He takes out a tool for his work" (Z vi.7). And the "star" is the interpreter DR$ of the Torah who came to Damascus, as it is written: A star stepped forth out of Jacob and a staff arose out of Israel" (Z vii.18). See also F i.11 Cp. Mishnah, YomA i.6; Josephus, BJ II, viii.6,19; Ant., XIII, v.9, on 'expositors' among the Essenes. (w) 'instructor' M&KL It is for the Master M&KL to instruct and teach all the Sons of Light concerning the nature of all the sons of man, with respect to all the kinds of their spirits with their distinctions for their works in their generations (M iii.13 Cf. M ix. 21). For elaboration on the tasks of the instructor, see also M ix.12- x.1a. See also Blessings i.i; iii.22; v.20. And these are the statutes for the Master M&KL to walk in with all the living, according to the precept for each time. And according to this precept shall the seed of Israel walk, so that they may not be cursed (Z xii.20-21). ...and these are the precepts for the Master M&KL (Z xiii.22). Cp. Dan. 12.3,10. Literally, 'one who imparts insight, intelligence'. (It is probable that in the Scrolls the word has a causative sense, but it can also mean simply 'one who possesses insight'.) C. LAWS AND PRACTICES ablutions M iii. 4,9; iv. 21; v. 13; Z x. 10-13 atonement M viii.6-9; ix.4-14; H col.iv. blasphemy M v-19; Z xv.1-5 calendar HI (=M x) 1-7; M 1.9(3), 14 celebratoins/feasts M 1.14 circumcision M 5.5; Z 16.6 (Abraham) contamination Z xii. 15-18 demoniacal possession Z xii. 2-3 dietary laws Z xii. 11-15 fraud M vii.6f. lost property Z xi. 11ff marriage Z iv.21-v.6 name of God M ii.6-7; Z xv. 1-5 oath M v.8; Z ix.9-16 oath, abrogation of Z xv.6ff. purity M vi.16-22,25; vii.3-16; viii.24 revenge M i.11; ii.6-9; iv.11; v.2-25; Z ix.2-8 sabbath Z x.14-xi.18 sacrifices M ix.4-5; Z 11.18 sanctuary, defilement of Z xi.18-xii.2 slaves (servants) Z xii.11 testimony Z ix.17-x.3 vows M v.8; Z xvi.13 D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD 1. Belial and his forces M i.18,23-24; Z iv-13,15; v-18; ViIL2; xii-2; W passim; RB passim. Cp. Or. Sib., J1.165f.; Jubilees i.20; Testament of Reuben ii, of Levi, iff; of Zebulun, ix; of Napbtalf, ii- of Benjamin, vi; Called 'spirit of darkness': Test. Levi xix; Joseph vii, xx. Cp. also Mat. 24.5-12; II Tim. 3.1f.; II Cor. 5.15; Didache .21-3. See further below (F. Angelology: Belial). 2. 'Children of Corruption' Z vi.15; xiii.14 Cp. Jub. 10.3; 15.26. John 17.12; II Thess. 2.3; Gospel of Nicodemus 20. The expression may have been derived from Deut. 32.5. (Cp. also Isa. 1.4.) 2a. 'Men of Corruption' M ix.16,22; x.i9 3. 'Sons of Darkness.' M i.10; W i.1,7,10,16; iii.6,9; xiii.16; xiv.17, etc. Cp. Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Texts from Nippur (1913), 16.7, where the epithet characterizes demons (like Arabic jinn). 4. 'Builders of a rickety wall' that gets daubed with whitewash Z iv.19; viii.12,18; 19.24,31 Derived from Ezek. 13.10. 5 'Prophets of deceit (delusion)' H iv.10, 20 Cp. in Mandaean, Right Ginza II, I.107 (tr. Lidzbarski, p. 43) 6. 'False prophets' H iv.16 Cp. Mat. 7.15; 24.11,24; Mark 13.22; Luke 6.26; Acts 13.6; II Peter 2.1; I John 4.1. Mandaean, Right Ginza II. i,107. H v.26: 'They that alter the works of God by propounding sinful mysteries.' By 'prophets the writers meant simply 'teachers,' as in I Cor. 12.28; 14.29. 7. 'Lying (deceitful) interpretere H ii.31; iv.9-10. Cp. also H ii.14 8. 'Seekers after smooth things.' H ii.15,32; Z i.18; NaC 2,7 9. 'The froward' helkaim. H iii.25-26; iv.25,35 Derived from Ps. x.10 (where, however, the meaning is uncertain). 10. 'Furtive men, dissemblers' N(LMYM. H iii.28; iv.13; vii.34 Derived from Ps. 26.4. 11. Men of the pit 1QS 9.22, 10.19; CD 13.14 (sons of) 12. Men of the stick (?) 1QS 11.1 13. Specific Opponents (see also above on Judah, Israel) (a) 'Man of lies' Z xx.15; HabC ii.2; v.11 Rabin cps. II Thess. 2.3. (b) 'Preacher of Lies' Z viii.13 The Heb. means properly, 'Dribbler of lies,' in reference to Mic. 2.6,11. (c) 'Man of Scoffing' Z i.14; xx.11 (pl.) CP. Isa. 28.14; Prov. 29.8. (d) 'Men of Scoffing who are in Jerusalem! IsaC, b ii.6,10; cp. Z xx.11 (e) 'Sons of Seth' (?) [see also above on positive use] DD 7.29 (destroyed) (e) 'House of Absalom' HC v.9 For the interpretation, see above, p. 29. (f) 'House of Peleg' Z xx.22 A concocted name. PLG means 'divide: Hence, the meaning is, 'divisive elements.' (g) 'The Wicked Priest' HabC viii.3; ix.9; xi.4 (h) 'The Lion of Wrath' NaC 5,6 Perhaps intended to convey the idea of 'the Lion of the Era of Wrath; see below, E.1. Cp. Slavonic Enoch 56.5: 'They (the heathen kings) will break forth as lions from their lairs ... and go up and tread under the land of the elect'. 12. Group/Ethnic Names used for Opponents Kittim Manasseh (Ephraim) Judah (Israel) E. PAST AND FUTURE (View of History and Eschatological Ideas/Expectations) 1. Revealed Things M 1.9 (concerning the regulated times [calendar]) 2. History divided into 'Era of Wrath (Sin, Wickedness)' and 'Era of Favor' (a) 'Era of Wrath! Z 1.5; H iii.28; frag. i.5; HosC, b 1.12 Cp. Zeph. 1.5 (Day of Wrath), and cp. Talmud, B.B. 10a, Shab. 11a; Ab.Zar. 18b, for Wrath' as an eschatological term. Cp. also Ecclus. 48.10. (b) 'Era of Wickedness' Z v1.10,14; xii.23; xiv.19; xv.7,10; xx.23 (Era of Perfidy') Cp. Enoch 22.12; 80.2. (c) 'Era of Favor? H xv.15; frag. ix.8; NC Cp. Isa. 61.2 ('Year of favor'). The Samaritans likewise divide history into the 'Era of God's Turning Away (Fanutah) and that of His 'Favor' (Rahutah) 3. Requital (a) 'The Final Era QS. M iii.23; iv.18,25; Z iv.9,10; xix.10; xx.15; HC vii.2 (b) 'Time of Visitation Inquisition' PQWDH M iii.18; iv.18-19,26 (c) Final Judgment M iv.20 (d) 'Day of Requital M ix.23 Based on Deut. 32.35, read as in LXX and Sam. (e) Spirits and angels also will be judged H vii.29 (f) 'Messianic Travail Hymn No. 5, passim For the expression 'pangs of the Messiah,' cp. Talmud, Shab. 118a; Sanh. 98b; Mat. 24.8; Mark 13.8-9; I Thess. 5.3. Cp. also Enoch 62.4. Described: Jubilees 20.11-25; Or. Sib. ii.154f.; II Esdras v-vi; Mat. 24.6-29; Rev. chs. 6-9; Talmud, Sanh. 96b-97a. (g) Conflagration (Ekpyrosis) H iii.29ff.; W xiv.17- Cp. also M ii.8 Cp. Mal. 3.19 (4.1); Dan. 7.10f.; Psalms of Solomon 15.14f.; Enoch 67.6; 98.3; 108.3; Test. Zebulun 2.38; Or. Sib., ii.253f.,296; iii.542,689; iv.176; Luke 17.28; II Peter 3.6ff.; II Thess. 1.7f.; Rev. 19.20; 20.10,14f.; 21.8. Berosus (quoted in Seneca, Nat Qu. ii.29,1) predicted a final conflagration. On non-Semitic parallels, ep. C. Clemen, Primitive Christianity and Its Non-Jewish Sources (1912), 161f.; M. Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return (1954), 87-88; R. Mayer, Ist die biblische Vorstellung vom Weltenbrand eine Entlehnung aus dem Parsismus? (1947). (h) Messianic Era of Forty Years Ps37c,a7; 4Ezra 7 Cp. Apoc. Esdras xiii.23--25; Talmud, Sanh. 99a; Midrash Tehillirn xc, ß393. Possibly based on Ps. 95.10 (cp. Yalqut Shime'oni in loc.). (i) War against Belial, Gog, etc. H iii-35f.; vi-29ff.; x.34-35; W passim (especially, i-10, 13-14) Cp. Test. Levi, V.27; of Dan, ii.10-11; John 12.31; II Cor. 6.15. Gog and Magog: Isa. 25.6; Zech. 14.2. Cp. Or. Sib. iii.319, 519,632f.; v.101; Syriac Apoc. Baruch 70.7-10; Pal. Targum to Num. 9.6; 24.17; Enoch 56; 90.16; Assurn. Mosis 8.1ff.; II Esdras 5.6; 13.33f-; Mishnah, 'Eduyoth ii.10. The basic notion occurs already in Theopompus quoted by Plutarch, De Is., 47. (j) Specific Aspects of the War ablution after victory W xiv.3 cavalry W vi.8-17 exhortation before battle W xv.6ff. prayer before battle W x.2-xiv.2 prayer , high priest'3, before battle W xv.4-6 priests role of W vii.9ff. song of return W xiv.2 song of victory W xiv.2-18 standards, military W iii.12-v.2 testudo ('tower') W ix.10ff. troops, age of W vii.1-9 trumpets W col.iii. trumpet signals W vii.9-ix.9 weapons, described W v.2-vi.6 (k) Other Disasters: (i) shafts of perdition loosed H iii.16,27 (ii) doors of perdition opened H iii8; vi.24 (iii) traps of perdition sprung H iii-24 (iv) dispersal of wicked H iv.26 4. Rewards: (a) Renewal (Rebirth) of the World M iv-25; H xi-13-3.4; xiii-11-13 Cp. Test. Abraham; Jubilees i.29; Enoch 72.1; IV Ezra 5.45; Mat. 19.28; Jewish 'Burial Kaddish'; Manichaean: F. W. K. Malter, Handschriftenreste, ii.15 (employing the Iranian term frasagard). Renewal (rebirth) is also an element of.mystical experience; cp. George Fox, Journal, ed. N. Penny (1911), 1, ch. ii. 'Now was I come up in spirit through the Flaming Sword into the Paradise of God. All things were new.' (b) Eternal Peace Mii.4; H xi.27; xv.i.6; xviii.30; Blessings iii.5,21 (c) Sevenfold Light H vii.24-25 Cp. Talmud, Sanhedrin 91b (sevenfold Messianic sun); Midrash Konen 24-25 (based on Isa. 3o.26). Cp. also Isa. 6o.19; Rev. 21.23,25; 22.6; Odes of Solomon, 21.5; Slav. Enoch 66.8. (d) Prophetic Forerunner of Messianic Age M ix.11 Based on Dent. 18.18 and Mal. 3.23ff. (Cp. Ecclesiasticus 48.10.) Samaritans identify him with Moses Redivivus; Jews, with Elijah (Talmud, Menahoth 45a; B.M. 3a; Aboth de Rabbi Nathan 24.4) Cp. I Macc. 14.41; 4.46; Mat. 11.14; 17.10ff.; Mark 9.11f.; John 1.45; 5.46; 6.14; 7.40; Acts 7.37; Rev. 11.3ff. Often alternates with priestly forerunner. (Note that both Moses and Elijah were priests.) Cp. Test. Levi, v.13-20; Heb. 3.1; 4- 15ff-; 5.4,10; 6.20. (e) Messianic 'Star' Z vii.18 Based on Num. 24.17. Cp. Test. Levi, v-15; Judah, iv.20; Samaritan Liturgy, ed. Cowley, ii.88 Heh 10; 92.17; 96.32; (all by Abisha b. Pinehas, d. 1376). On Messiah(s) more generally, see 1QS; CD; 11QMelch.; 4Q246; 4Q285; 4Q541; 4Q521 (cf. Duhaime Conf. 1997) (f) 'Faithful Shepherd will arise NC 3,2,8 Based on Isa. 63.11. Cp. Heb. 13.20. 'Shepherd of souls': I Peter 2.25. Cp. also John,10,11,14; I Peter 5.4. Enoch 90.17-27 speaks of God as the Master Shepherd who will deliver his flock from the seventy evil shepherds. (g) New Covenant will be concluded NC 2,6 Based on Jer. 31,32-33. For the true meaning, see above, pp. 4,24. The Covenant will be inscribed on human hearts: H xviii.27. Cp. Jer. 31.33; Rom. 2.14f. (Stoic parallel adduced in Feine, Der Romerbrief [1903], 95ff. On the "Covenant" idea in general, see also M 1.7 (of kindness), 1.16 (establish), 1.24 (enter), 4.22 (everlasting); CD 12.11 (of Abraham) (h) God records deeds of men for reward or punishment H i-23-24; xvi.10 Cp. Dan. 7.10; II Esdras 6.20; Rev. 20.12; Slavonic Enoch 50.1; Odes of Solomon 9.12; Apoc. Baruch 24.1. Rabbinic parallels in L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, v.128, n.141. Iranian parallel: Yasna 31.13-14; 32.6 (record kept by Ahura Mazda). (i) Righteous will acquire crown of glory' M iv.7; H ix.24; Odes of Solomon 9.11; 1 Peter 5.4; Dctr. 6.1[?]; Mandaean: Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 4f.,29,108,177,243,267. Initiants in mystery cults sometimes received a crown: Apuleius, Met. xi.24; Tertallian, Cor. :15a; Praescr. haer. 40. Was this a prefiguration of the heavenly crown which awaited them? (j) Righteous will acquire robe of majesty and eternal light M iv.8 Cp. Enoch 62.16; Slavonic Enoch .22.8. (k) Righteous will unite in triumphant song H xi.5,14,26 Cp. TB Sanhedrin 19b: 'All the prophets will then intone a song in concert'; Yalqut, Isa. 296. Iranian parallel: Bundahesh 31, (1) Future Community will be the true temple of God M viii.5f.; F i.6: Cp. I Cor. 3.16-17; Eph. 2.20-22. Cp. also Heb. 8.2; Barnabas, 3.12. F. ANGELOLOGY (see Gaster 564-567) Revised Index Section (RAK) See in general Theodore Gaster, "Angel" in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. 1. General names for angels and spirit-beings. 1.1 "divine beings" Heb. )LM: 1QH 10.8; frag. 2.3, 1QM 1.10, 11; 14.15, 16; 15.14; 17.7; 1Q22 4.1 (GM 277); AL (a) 2, 5, 10 Heb. )LWHM: AL (b) 5, 7 1.2 "holy ones" CD 20.8; 1QH 3.22; 4.25; 10.35; 11.12; 1QM 12.4, 7, 8; 18.2; 1Q22 4. 1 (GM 277), etc. Cp. Enoch, passim. 1.3 "host of heaven" 1QH 3.35; 1QM 7.6; 12.1, 8, 9 1.4 "host of the holy ones" 1QH 3.22; 10.34-35. Cp. "host of angels", 1QM 12.8 1.5 "eternal host" 1QH 11. 13 1.6 "communion of the holy ones" 1QH 4.25; frag. 63.2 Derived from Ps. 89.8 (7). 1.7 "sons of heaven" 1QH 3.22; frag. 2.10; 1QM 4.22; 11.8 Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3. 1.8 "stalwarts" GBRY-KWX 1QH 8.11; 10.34-35. (Cp- 1QM 5.21; 3.35-36; AL (a) 5) Derived from Ps. 103-20, 1.9 "glorious ones" 1QH 10.8 Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles); Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9- 2. Classes of angels and spirit-beings: 2.1 seven archangels AL (a). Called "arch-princes"; cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1. Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.21-22; Test Levi 8.1; Luke 1.19, 26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim 9.31; Hechaloth c.4. 2.2 "angels of the presence" or "of the face" 1QH 14[6].13 (GM 340); 1Q28b(=Sb) 4.25-26 (GM 433); AL (b) I Cp. Enoch 104.1; Slavonic, Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29; Test. Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature. 2.3 "ministering angels" 1QH 5.21; 12.23; 15.24; frag. 2.14; AL (a) 1 Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy mentions the "holy ones" and the "ministering angels" as standing "at the crest of the world", singing praises and "receiving each from each the yoke of the kingdom of heaven" (Singer, p. 38). 2.4 "angels of sanctification" or "holiness" 1QS 7.6; 10.11; 1QH 1.11; 1Q22 2.8{?? GM 276} ; Blessings 3.6; AL (a) 4Q418\a(SapWork\a) frg 55.8 (GM 390) 2.5 "Cherubim" AL (a) 4Q403ii15 (GM 423), 4Q405f20-22 (GM 428f) Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7; Slavonic Enoch 21.1. 2.6 "Watchers" CD 2.18 (GM 34) See Gen 6.1-4; Enoch; Jubilees 2.7 "ravaging angels, bastard spirits, demons, Liliths, owls..." 4Q510\a(=Shir\a) frg 1.5=10.1 (GM 371=373), frg 35.7 (GM 375) 2.8 "angels of destruction" (see also below 3.1.2) CD 2.6 (GM 34); 1QM 13.12, 14.10 (GM 108-109); 4Q387\a(psMos\b) frg 2.4 (GM 279) 2.9 "satans" (see below, Satan) 2.10 NPLM/Giants (offspring of spirit-beings and women) see the Enoch traditions and Gen 6.1-3 3. Particular Angels and/or Spirit-beings: 3.1 Described by Opposing Characteristics and Influences -- 3.1.1 Prince of Lights, Angel of Truth, Spirit of Truth 1QS 3.18-4.8 (GM 6); see CD 5.18 (GM 36; opposed to Belial) 3.1.2 Angel of Darkness, Spirit of Deceit, Angels of Destruction 1QS 3.18-21, 4.9-14 (GM 6-7); Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans speak similarly of "angels of perturbation" (mala'che rigzah). 3.1.3 "adversary"(&+N; see also below, under Satan) and "ruinous spirit" (M$XT) 1QH frags. 4.6 (GM 358), 45.3 (GM 360); 1Q28b(=Sb) 1.8 (GM 432) See Ex 12.13, as popularly interpreted. 3.1.4 "chief of demons" 4Q511(Shir\b) frg 2.1.3 (GM 372) 3.2 Names of Angelic Antagonists -- see also the named "fallen" angels in the Enoch traditions 3.2.1 Belial and his forces 1QS 1.18, 1.23-24, 2.4, 10.21 & passim (GM 3ff); 1QM 1.1 & passim (GM 95ff); CD 4.13, 4.15, 5.18, 7.2, and passim (GM 35ff); RB passim; 4Q286(Blessings\a) frg 7.2.1 (GM 435) Cp. Beliar in OrSib 2.165f; Jubilees 1.20; TReuben 2.2, TLevi 3.3, 19.1, TZebulon 9.7, TNaphtali 2.6, TBenjamin 6.1, 6.7. Identified with "darkness" TLevi 19.1, TJoseph 20.2; cp. also Matt 24.5-12, 2 Tim 3.1f, 2 Cor 5.15, Didache 21.3 [sic Barn?] For a more detailed treatment, see T. Lewis "Belial" in Anchor Bible Dictionary and the following compilation by Marsha B. Cohen. --- Compilation of and Index to BELIAL References in the DSS by Marsha B. Cohen <73467.1352@CompuServe.COM> 18 November 1996 *Not in GM Accursed, Belial (also damned) )RWR Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 13:4; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 13:4: 4QBlessings: : 4Q286f7ii2; 4Q286f7ii;5-6 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:6 Anger against Belial XRN LKL Belial 1QHymnsa : 1QH 11:28 4Q428f3:3; 4Q432f4ii:3* Army of Belial XYL Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 1:1; 1QM 1:13; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 18:1; 4Q285f5:4 Assembly of Belial (DT Belial 1QHymnsa; 1QH 10:22 Comes upon you, when Belial. 11Q Apocryphal Psalms\a = 11QPsAp\a 4:5 Counsel of Belial YW(C/ (CT Belial. 4Q Halakhic Letter: 4Q397f8:2;4Q398f2ii:5;4Q399f1ii:3; 1QHymnsa : 1QH14:21; 4Q429f2i:11 Damned, Belial Z(M Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 13:2; 1QM 13:4: 4Q287f6:1; 4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:1; 4Q286f7ii:3 ; 4Q286f7ii;5-6; 4Q287f6:1; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:5; See Accursed, Belial Destroyed in anger, Belial Belial LH)BDMH BXRNW. 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i4 Dominion (also reign; empire) of Belial MM$LT Belial. Rule of the Community:1QS1:18; 1QS1:24;1QS2:19;4Q256f1ii:6. 5QRule: 5Q13f4:4; War Scroll: 1QM14:9; 1QM18:1; 4Q491f8,9&10:6.* 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:8. 4Q Pseudo-Moses Apocalypse: 4Q390f2i:3. Fire, Belial devoured with YTMMU Belial B)$. 11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 3:7 Hand of Belial YD Belial. 5QRule: 5Q13f5:2; Damascus Document: CDam 8:2; CDam 19:14; 11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:13; 11QMel 2:25; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i7*; 4QParaphrase of Kings: 4Q382f31:2* Heart, Belial in Belial.. BLBBY. Rule of the Community: 1QS 10:21; 4Q260f1v:2 (4QSf) Horde of Belial KL HMWN Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 18:3 Hordes of Belial GDWDY Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 11:8 Inclination, Belial present in (evil) KY Belial (M HP( YCR. 1QHymns(a) : 1QH 15:3 Intrigues of Belial (also plots) MZMWT Belial. 1QHymns(a) : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:10; 4Q430f1:1 Jannes and his brother, Belial raised up WYKM Belial )T YKNH W)T )XHW. Damascus Document CDam 5:18; 4Q266f3ii:14 (4QD\a); 4Q267f2:2 (4QD\b); 6Q15f3:1 (6QD); Lot of Belial GWRL Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 1:5; 4Q496f3:5; 1QM 4:2; 4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:2; Man/Men of Belial )$/)N$Y..Belial 1QHymns\a : 1QH 13:26 (GM)**; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f10-11:4=II:4GM; 4QTestimonia: 4Q175 23 ** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it is identical to 4Q429 f1 iii:8 which has DBRY in the text where the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26. Men of the lot of Belial (QL) )N$Y GWRL Belial Rule of the Community: 1QS 2:5; 4Q256f1ii:16; 4Q257f1ii:1; 5Q11f1i:3; War Scroll: 1QM 1:15; 1QM 4:2; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i11(=IV:16GM) Men of the sons of Belial )N$YM BBNY Belial. Temple Scroll; 11QT 55:3 Nets of Belial, Three $L$T MCWDT Belial. Damascus Document: CDam 4:15 Pit, Belial created for the (&YTH Belial L$XT. War Scroll: 1QM 13:11; 4Q495 f2:3 Protected from Belial L$MRM MBelial. 4QBless, Oh my Soul(a): 4Q434f1ii:12* Prince of enmity, Belial identified as. 11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a) 1:5-6 Remnant will remain ...Belial, WN$)R ... 4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 2:2 Removed from Belial HWSRH MBelial. 11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:22 Scheming (also plans) of Belial MX$BH Belial. 1QHymns\a : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:12; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i6; 4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8 Sent against Israel, Belial Belial M$LWX BY&R)L Damascus Document: CDam 4:13 Snares (also traps) of Belial PXY Belial. 4QPsalms Pesher(a): 4Q171f1-2ii10. See also Nets of Belial. Sons of Belial BNY Belial. 4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:3; 4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8; 4QPseudo-Ezekiel(b): 4Q386f1:ii:3; 11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a): 11QPsAp(a) 5:3 Sons of Darkness, Belial assists Belial L(ZRT BNY XW$K. War Scroll: 1QM 16:11; 4Q491 f11ii:8 Soul surrounded by Belial. 1QHymns(a): 1QH13:39 Spirit(s) of Belial RWXY Belial. Damascus Document: CDam 12:2; 4Q271f3i:18; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:10;4Q177 IV:14(GM) Spirits of the lot of Belial RWXY GWRL Belial. War Scroll: 1QM 13:2; 11QMelchizedek 2:12 Time when Belial will open H)T )$R YPTX Belial. 4QFlorilegium: 4Q174f4:3 Torrents of Belial NXLY Belial. 1QHymnsa: 1QH 11:29; 1QH 11:32; 4Q428f3:4; 4Q432f4ii:4; Words of Belial DBRY Belial. 1QHymns\a: 1QH 13:26 (Abegg)**; 4Q429f1iii:8; 4Q511f18ii:5*; ** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it is identical to 4Q429 f1 iii:8 which has DBRY in the text where the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26. Fragments containing with no discernible context: 1QM 15:17*; 1Q40:f9:3*; 4Q176f8-11:15; 4Q177f1-4:10; 4Q177f12-13ii:2; 4Q177f12-13ii:7; 4Q178f10:1; 4Q225f2ii:14; 4Q226f7:6; 4Q253f4:4; 4Q463f1:3; 4Q471f3:6; 4Q491f14:10*; 4Q511f103:4; 4QpapHodayot-Like f4:2; 6Q18f3:3; ===end of Marsha Cohen index to BELIAL=== 3.2.2 Mastemah CD 16.5 (GM 39) = 4Q270 (GM 64), 4Q225(PsJub\a) 2.1.9-11 (Schiffman 188) Cp. Jubilees 17.16, 49.2. The name is related to Satan. 3.2.3 Melki-resha (see also Melki-zedek! Kobelski monograph) 4Q280(Blessings\f) line 2 (GM 434) 3.2.4 Satan and/or "satans" (perhaps just "adversaries") 11QPs 19.15 (GM 306), 1QSb 1.8 (GM 432), 1QH 4.1 frgs 4 & 45 (GM 358 and 360), 4Q504 1+R 4.12 (GM 414) 3.3. Named Protective Angels: 3.3.1 Gabriel 1QM 9.16 Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, 5.21. Origen. De princip., 1.81, says that Gabriel is the angel of war. Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentary text from Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D. Barthelemy and J. T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judean Desert 1 (1955), 84-86. 3.3.2 Michael 1QS 9.15, 16; 17.6, 7 Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op. cit., 5.4. 3.3.3 Raphael 1QS 9.15, Enoch/Giants (GM 261) 3.3.4 Sariel (or Uriel) 1QM 9.15 3.3.5 "The Power" Enoch/Giants (GM 261) 4. Other Characteristics and Functions of Angels 4.1 Angels possess transcendental knowledge 1QS 4.22; 1QH 3.23; frag. 13.23; AL (a) 1 Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB H_agi-gah 16a. Michael, Uriel and Raguel initiate Enoch into the "mysteries of the world": Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5. Michael tells Adam and Eve the mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis 3.13. 4.2 Angels sing praises in heaven 1QH 9. 13; AL (a) passim They sing the Trisagion: Isa. 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB H_ullin 14a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israel, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10. On the liturgy of the angels, cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test. Abraham B, 4; Pal. Targum, Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer, Authorized Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160. 4.3 Angels participate in the eschatological war 1QH 3.35f.; 6.29f.; 10.34-35; 1QM 15.14 Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19 G. PERSONS OF NOTE Adam (& Eve) M 4.23 (glory of Adam) Cain (& Abel) Seth (see above, "sons of Seth") Enoch Traditions Barag'el (p260)(262 + father of Macharvi?) Hobabes Adkim Ohyah (p.260 = broth. of Enoch? (p.261)(262) Hahyah (p.260 = broth. of Enoch? (p.261)(262) Azasel Mahewai (p.260, 261)(262)(Son of Baragel) Shemiharah Noah Abraham (& Sarah) Melchizedek 11Q Melch (see also Nag Hammadi); Kobelski monograph Isaac Jacob Patriarchs Levi 4Q540-48, Jub 1 (and eternal priesthood Gen 14/Ps 110) Moses -law of M. -hand of M. = M 8.15 -M. wrote 4Q504|f1-2|3.12 4Q504|f1-2|2.9f (M. atoned for their sin) 4Q504|f1-2|5.14 (commanded through hand of M. your servant) Aaron Phineas Joshua David 4Q504|f1-2|4.6 (established covenant with D., shepherd & prince) Solomon Prophets in general -servants the prophets M 1.3, 4Q504|f1-2|3.12 (sent, + Moses) Elijah - Elisha Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Ezra Maccabees/Hasmoneans see Jonathan, Prayer for H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH after Blank Spaces 4.7 By the spirit 4.9 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the secrets 4.16 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the spirits 4.23 [You, Lord, prevent] your servant 4.26 [I give you thanks, Lord, because] ... spirit 5.13 These are those you fou[nded] 5.22 If he brings about evil 5.24 And I, your servant, have known (see 20.11) 6.8 [I give you thanks,] Lord, for ... wisdom 6.12 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known, thanks to your insight 6.17 But I, I have known, thanks to your goodness 6.21 I will not admit into the council 6.23 I give you thanks, Lord, according 7.16 But I, I have known, thanks to your intellect 7.21 But the wicked 7.26 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known that 9.10 You have stretched out 9.13 You have created 9.21 These things I know 9.28 You created breath 9.31 And you, in your compassion, 9.35 Listen, wise men 10.20 I give you thanks, Lord, because 10.31 I give you thanks, Lord, for 11.6 Now my soul [...] 11.19 I thank you, Lord, because 11.37 I give you thanks, Lord, for you 12.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because 13.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because 13.18 But you, my God, have 13.20 {I give you thanks}/Be Blessed,/ Lord, because 13.32 And you, my God, have opened 14.4 [But you, my God,] have opened 14.9 For all your deeds are 14.33 For to God Most High 15.6 I give you thanks, Lord, because 15.26 I give you [thanks, Lord,] because 15.31 For you are an eternal God 15.34 [I give you thanks,] Lord, because 16.4 [I give you thanks, Lord,] because 16.11 But you, O God, protect 16.16 But you, my God, have placed 17.18 But in you I [...] 17.23 For you, my God, [...] 17.38 [...(major break)...] 18.14 Be blessed, Lord, God of compassion 18.20 And I ... [extol your great name] 19.3 I give you thanks, my God, because 19.10 For your glory, you have 19.15 I give you thanks, my God, I exalt you 20.11 And I, the instructor, have known you, my God (see 5.24) *** APPENDIX: GASTER'S FULL OUTLINE (1976) A. THE COMMUNITY 1. The community as a whole is called 'the Congregation' 2. The Community is distributed over several 'encampments' 3. The several 'chapters' called 'commune or 'cenobies' (YXD). 4. Another term is 'the corporation' XYBWR. 5.The Community constitute 'the Elect' 6. They are 'those in the lot (portion) of God' 7. They enjoy special 'illumination' designated "Sons of Light" (a) The illumination is an 'enlightenment of the countenance' (b) It is called 'Light-Perfection' )WR-TM. 8. Members of the Community are 'Sons of Truth'. 8a. It is described as 'the House of Truth' 9. Forms of Revelation: (a) The Community is the recipient of God's 'truth'. (b) this 'truth' is an esoteric doctrine. (c) God has 'opened the ears' of the faithful. (d) God has engraved the 'truth' on their hearts. (e) they are especially 'schooled by God. (f) they possess the 'vision' of knowledge (or understanding) (g) they drank from the fountain of knowledge. (h) they share the transcendental knowledge of God and angels. (i) they have direct access to God, need no intermediary. (k) they ascend to the 'height of eternity.'. (1) God's 'power' is manifested in them HGBR. 10. The members as styled 'volunteers MTNBDYM. 11. The Community is called 'Gods, (eternal) plantation. 12. With the celestial hosts (communion of the saints). 13. Its members are driven from their native haunt. 14. They are dwelling in a desert, or in 'the land of Damascus' 15. They are being tested and proven [[+Common Table ]] [[+spiritual progress, healing?]] B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY 1. The formal Deliberative Council 'esah. 2. Officers (a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation' (b) 'Overseer of All the Camps' (c) high priest (d) priests (e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok' sons of Aaron (f) courses of priests age of priests (g) 'the priest anointed for war' (h) the 'teacher of righteousness' moreh zedeq. (i) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren (k) three priests at head of community (l) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men (m) judges (n) levites [priests...Levites...congreg.] (o) 'messiahs' (anointed) (p) 'overseer, inspector' (q) 'overseer of the camp' (r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many). (s) 'inspector' paqid (t) 'interpreter' (u) 'expositor' doresh (v) 'instructor' maskil C. LAWS AND PRACTICES ablutions atonement blasphemy calendar celebrations/feasts contamination death penalty defectors demoniacal possession dietary laws disrespect expulsion fraud incest lost property lying marriage name of God oath oath, abrogation of prayer punctuality purity revenge sabbath sacrifices sanctuary, defilement of slaves testimony treason vows wine D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD 1. Belial and his forces 2. 'Children of Corruption' 2a. 'Men of Corruption' 3. 'Sons of Darkness.' 4. 'Builders of a rickety wall' that gets daubed with whitewash 5 'Prophets of deceit (delusion)' 6. 'False prophets' 7. 'Lying (deceitful) interpretere 8. 'Seekers after smooth things.' 9. 'The froward helkaim. 10. 'Furtive men, dissemblerg' na'alamim. 11. Specific Opponents: (a) 'Man of lies' (b) 'Preacher of Lies' (c) 'Man of Scoffing' (d) 'Men of Scoffing who are in Jerusalem! Sons of Seth?? (e) 'House of Absalom! (f) 'House of Feleg' (g) 'The Wicked Friese (h) 'The Lion of Wrath E. PAST AND FUTURE 1. History divided into 'Era of Wrath' and 'Era of Favor' (a) 'Era of Wrath! (b) 'Era of Wickedness' (c) 'Era of Favor? 2. Requital (a) 'The Final Era qes. (b) 'Time of Visitation Inquisition' pequdah (c) Final Judgment (d) 'Day of Requital (e) Spirits and angels also will be judged (f) 'Messianic Travail (g) Conflagration (Ekpyrosis) (h) Messianic Era of Forty Years (i) War against Belial, Gog, etc. (k) Other Disasters: 3. Rewards: (a) Renewal (Rebirth) of the World (b) Eternal Peace (c) Sevenfold Light (d) Prophetic Forerunner of Messianic Age (e) Messianic 'Star (f) 'Faithful Shepherd will arise (g) New Covenant will be concluded (h) God records deeds of men for reward or punishment (i) Righteous will acquire crown of glory' (j) Righteous will acquire robe of majesty (k) Righteous will unite in triumphant song (1) Future Community will be the true temple of God [[+ Treasure]] F. ANGELOLOGY [see appended revised form of this section] 1. General names for angels: (a) 'divine beings (b) 'holy ones' (c) 'host of heaven' (d) 'host of the holy ones' (e) 'eternal host' (f) 'communion of the holy ones' (g) 'sons of heaven' (h) 'stalwarts' gibbore koh (i) 'glorious ones' 2. Classes of angels: (a) seven archangels (b) 'angels of the presence' (c) 'ministering angels' (d) 'angels of sanctification' (e) Cherubim 3. Particular angels: 4. Protective Angels 5. Angels possess transcendental knowledge 6. Angels sing praises in heaven 7. Angels participate in the eschatological war 8. Evil Spirits: (a) 'angels of destruction' (b) 'satans (see above Belial)' (c) 'ruinous spirit' mashhith Additional entries, mostly of Vermes index age of priests CD xiv.7-12 ages of creation 4Q180 children CD xv.5-6; 1QSa 1.6-9 common table 1QS vi.4-5; 1QSa ii.17-21 consolations 4Q176 creation, Ages of 4Q180 crucifixion 4Q169 ii.12; 11QT lxiv.6-13 death penalty CD xvi; ix.1; 4Q169 ii.12; 11QT lxiv.6-13; 4Q159 defectors 1QS vii.22-23 disrespect 1QS vi.25.25-27; vii.2-5 exhortation to seek wisdom 4Q185 expulsion 1QS viii.21-24; vi.27-vii.2; vii.16-17, 22-23. horoscopes 4Q186; 4QMessAr incest CD v.7-9; cf. 11QTS lxvi.16-17 lying 1QS vi.25-27; vii.3 nakedness 1QS 7 prayers daily 4Q503 for festivals 1Q34 and 34bis; 4Q507-9 liturgical 1Q34 and 34bis of Nabonidius 4QprNab punctuality 1QS i.13-15; 1QH xii.5ff. Sage, Songs of the 4Q510-11 sanctuary 1QS viii; ix.6; 1qhab xii.3-4 Seductress 4Q184 spiritual progress, annual inquiry into CD xiv.3-6 taxes 4Q159 treason 11QT.liv-lv treasure 3Q15 wife, Gentile 11QT.lxiii.13-14 wine 1QS vi.4-5; 1QSa 2.17-21 women 11QT.lxiii.13-14 1 The following translations are from James H. Charlesworth, editor, The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls Project, 1991--. --- F. ANGELOLOGY [see revised form of this section] See in general the writer's article, 'Angel' in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. 1. General names for angels: (a) 'divine beings Heb. elim: H x.8; frag. ii.3,10; W i.10,11; xiv.15,16; xv.14; xvii.7; Oration iv.1; AL (a) 2,5,10 Heb. elohim: AL (b) 5,7 (b) 'holy ones' Z x.8; Hiii.22; iv.25; x.35; xi.1.2; W xii.4.7,8; xviii.2; Oration iv.1, etc. Cp. Enoch, passim. (c) 'host of heaven' H iii.35; W vii.6; xii.1,8,9 (d) 'host of the holy ones' H iii.22; x.34-35. Cp. 'host of angels', W xii.8 (e) 'eternal host' H xi.13 (f) 'communion of the holy ones' H iv.25; frag. lxiii.2 "Watchers" DD 2.17ff; Enoch cycle Derived from Ps. 89.8(7). (g) 'sons of heaven' H iii.22; frag. ii.10; W iv.22; xi.8 Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3. (h) 'stalwarts' gibbore koh H viii.11; x.34-35. (Cp. W v.21; iii.35-36; AL (a) 5) Derived from Ps. 103.20. (i) 'glorious ones' H x.8 Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles); Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9. 2. Classes of angels: (a) seven archangels AL (a). Called 'arch-princes'; cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1. Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.2:1-22; Test. Levi 8.1; Luke 1.19,26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim. 9.31; Hechaloth, c.iv. (b) 'angels of the presence' H vi.13; Blessings iv.25-26; AL (b) 1 Cp. Enoch 104.1: Slavonic Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29; Test. Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature. (c) 'ministering angels' H v.21; xii.23; xv.24; frag. ii.14; AL (a) 1 Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy mentions the 'holy ones' and the 'ministering angels' as standing 'at the crest of the world', singing praises and 'receiving each from tje yoke of the kingdom of heaven' (Singer, p. 38). (d) 'angels of sanctification' M vii.6; x.11; H I.11; Oration ii.8; Blessings iii.6; AL (a) (e) Cherubim AL (a) Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7: Slavonic 21.1 3. Particular angels: (a) Prince of Lights M iii.20, ZS.18 (b) Angels of Darkness M iii.20-21 (c) Angel of Truth M iii.24 (d) Mastemah Z xvi.5; PsJub a 2.1.9-1; 4Q 225 (e) Belial 1QS/M passim; DD passim (see D.1) [see special section above by Marsha Cohen] (f) Satan (GM 306); 11Q PS 19.15; 1QH 4.1 (see GM 358 (frag. 4) and 360 (frag. 45) Cp. Jubilees 49.2 The name is related to Satan. 4. Protective Angels (a) Gabriel W ix.16 Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, v.21. Origen. De princip., I.81, says that Gabriel is the angel of war. (b) Michael M ix.15, 16; xvii.6, 7 Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op.cit., v.4. (c) Raphael M ix.15 (d) Sariel (or Uriel) W ix.15 Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentarry text from Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D. Barthelemy and J.T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judaen Desert, I (1955), 84-86. 5. Angels possess transcendental knowledge M iv.22; H iii.23; frag. xiii.23; AL (a) 1 Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB Haigah 16a. Michael, Uriel and Raguel initiate Enoch into the 'mysteries of the world': Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5. Michael tells Adam and Eve the mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis 3.13. 6. Angels sing praises in heaven H ix.13; AL (a) passim They sing the Trisagion: Isa 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB Hullin 14.a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israe, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10. On the liturgy of the angels, Cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test. Abraham B. iv: Pal. Targum. Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer, Authorized Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160. 7. Angels participate in the eschatological war H iii.35f.; vi.29f.; x.34-35; W xv.14 Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19 8. Evil Spirits: (a) 'angels of destruction' M iv.12; Z ii.6; W xiii.12; xiv.10 Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans speak similarly of 'angels of perturbation' (mala'che rigzah). (b) 'satans (see above Belial)' H frags. iv.6; xiv.3; Blessings I.8 (c) 'ruinous spirit' mashhith H frags. iv.6; xiv.3 Derived from Ex. 12.13, as popularly interpreted. //end of earlier draft// Places of Note Jordan & Jordan Valley in the DSS (thanks to Dierk van den Berg) 1Q20GenAp XXI,5 1Q22 I,10 4Q243 Frg. 2,3 4Q379 Frg. 12 4Q559 Frg.x 4,3 5Q17 Frg.1,3 The reference in Aramaic Enoch (1 Enoch 6:5-6) to the descent (presupposing YRDW in Hebrew) of the Watchers on Mount Hermon potentially includes in its range of puns the name of the Jordan, given the association of the myth in the passage with the descent of the snow, etc., on the mountain (included explicitly in Syncellus -- "There will descend on it [Mount Hermon, where the angels took the oath] neither cold, nor snow, nor frost, nor dew, unless they descend on it in malediction, until the day of the Great Judgement") and latter on with the waters of Dan (see 13:8). (The translation is by Milik, Books of Enoch, p. 318). David Suter Saint Martin's College --- From: stwersky@sas.upenn.edu (Shoshana M Twersky) Subject: Index to Biblical Persons of Note in DSS To: kraft@ccat.sas.upenn.edu (Robert Kraft) Date: Thu, 6 May 1999 12:06:47 -0400 (EDT) Dear Professor Kraft, Hi. Here is my index. I didn't include page numbers for every reference but I did for most. Thanks for everything, Shani Twersky Master Key to the Index 1. Example- Rule of the Community: 1QS 4.23 (GM#7). This means that the reference is in Rule of the Community (which is 1QS), column 4, line 23. GM#7 means that it can be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated" on page 7. 2. A different example (which is part of a fragment)- 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.8 (GM#51). This means that the phrase is in 4QDamascus Document/b (which is also 4Q267) and it is fragment 3 (f3=fragment 3), column 4 (iv=column 4), line 8. GM#51 means that it can be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated" on page 51. 3. Another example- 4Q Damascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.[7]- This document 4QDamscus Document/c (also called 4Q268) is in fragment 2, column 2 , line 7. The brackets around the 7 (the line number) indicates that the whole phrase is in Garcia Martinez's brackets. In these brackets were holes in the documents which he filled in. 4. Finally, if a line number is not bracketed but after the reference part of the phrase is bracketed, this is meant to indicate that that part of the phrase in brackets is in brackets in Garcia Martinez's book and the rest is not. Persons of Note A. Adam (& Eve) 1. Glory of Adam-isn't clear that it is actually talking about Adam and not just man kind in general Rule of the Community: 1QS 4.23 (GM#7) The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.20 (GM#35) B. Cain (& Abel) C. Seth (see above, "sons of Seth") sometimes seems to be used of the community D. Enoch Traditions 1. Baraq'el a. 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f1.2(GM#260) b. Baraq'el, my father, was with me 6QBook of Giants: 6Q8f1.4(GM#262 + father of Macharvi?) 2.Hobabes 3.Adkim 4.Ohyah a. Then O'hyah said 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f4.3(GM#260) (GM#260=broth. of Enoch?) b. 'Ohyah, his brother acknowledged and said 4QBook of Giants/b: 4Q530 2.15 (GM#261) c. Ohyah' 4QBook of Giants/c:4Q531f2.9 (GM#262) 5.Hahyah a. Said to Hahyah 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f4.3(GM#260) broth. of Enoch? GM#261 and GM#262-previous index had this, but don't see the name there 6.Azasel 7.Mahawai a. To you Mahawai 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f2.3 (GM# 260) Mahaw[ai](Son of Baragel) A. Mahawai speaking 1. And Mahawai replied 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f7ii.1-4 (GM#260) Maha[wai . . .] 2. Hardly had Mahawai finished telling 6QBook of Giants:6Q8f1.5 (GM#262) B. Mahawai being spoken to 1. They called to Mahawai 4QBook of Giants/b: 4Q530 2.21 (GM#261) 2. Said to Mahawai 6QBook of Giants: 6Q8f1.2 (GM#262) 8.Shemiharah E. Noah 1. With Noah you established [a covenent . . . ] Festival Prayers: 4Q508f3.2(GM#412) 2. With Noah, your chosen one 5QRule: 5Q13f1.7 (GM#73) 3. Sons of Noah The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.1 (GM#34) F. Melchizedek 1.11Q Melch (see also Nag Hammadi); Kobelski monograph G. Patriarchs 1. Abraham A. Actions done/or not done by Avraham a. Abraham did not walk in it The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.2 (GM#34) b. Abraham circumcised himself The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.6 (GM#39) 4Q Damascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.[7] c. Covenant of Abraham he Damascus Document: CD/a 12.11 (GM#42) 2. Isaac a. Isaac The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.3 (GM#34) 3. Jacob a. Jacob The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.3 (GM#34) A. Discussing Jacob w/his immediate sons a. Son of Jacob (referring to Levi-Jacob's immediate son) The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.15 (GM#35) b. Jacob's sons-these are his immediate sons The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.4 (GM#34) a. A star moves out of Jacob (part of Numbers 24:13) The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.19 (GM#38) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.8 (GM#51) [A star] moves out [of Jacob 4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f5.3-4 (GM#68) . . .[A star] moves out of [Jacob] b. Sin of Jacob (is unclear if this refers to Jacob himself) The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.17 (GM#46) [Ja]cob 4. Reuven 5. Simeon 6. Levi a. Levi, son of Jacob The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.15 (GM#35) b. Sons of Levi War Scroll: 1QM 1.2 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18v.16 (GM#57) 4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11ii.11 (GM#67)[ . . . sons of Levi . . .] 5QRule: 5Q13f2.8 (GM#73) c. Name of . . . Levi War Scroll: 1QM 5.1 d. Tribe of Levi The Damascus Document: CD/a 10.5 (GM#41) 4QDamascus Document: 4Q267f17iii.4 (GM#55) 7. Yehuda a. Sons of Yehuda War Scroll: 1QM 1.2 b. Princes of Judah The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.3 (GM#38) The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.15 (GM#45) (is from Hos 5:10) c. Wicked men of Judah The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.26-27 8. Isaacher 9. Zeveulen 10. Naphtali 11. Dan 12. Gad 13. Asher 14. Benjamin a. Sons of Benjamin War Scroll: 1QM 1.2 15. Manassah 16. Ephraim A. Refers to the separation of the Kingdoms of Israel a. Since the day Ephraim departed from Judah The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.12 (GM#37) b. When the two houses of Israel separated, Ephraim detached itself from Judah The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.13 (GM#37) c. Ephraim became separated from Judah The Damascus Document: CD/a 14.1 (GM#44) 4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f11ii.3-4 (GM#62) Ephraim became separated from [Judah d. Since the day Ephraim separated from Judah 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.[2] (GM#51) H. Moses 1. Moses 4QFestival Prayers/c: 4Q509f1-4.8 (GM#412) A. Basically this is the Bible (as we think of it) 1. Law of Moses Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.8, 1QS 8.22 4QRule of the Community: 4Q255f5.7 (GM#21) 4QRule of the Community: 4Q258f1i.6 (GM#22) The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.2 (GM#39) The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.9 (GM#39) The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.12 (GM#39) The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.2 (GM#39) The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.5 (GM#39) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f17i.3 (GM#54) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18v.6 (GM#56) 4QDamascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.4 (GM#58) [ . . . law] of Moses 4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.[20] (GM#67) [ . . .law of Moses . . .] 4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f3-4.5 (GM#91) 2. Book of Moses Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [91] (GM#79) Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95 Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 103 [book] of Moses 4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8. [6] (GM#84), 4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8.10 4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q398f1.4 b[ook of Mo]ses 2QJuridical text: 2Q25f1.3 (GM#86) ------------------------------------------------------------ B. What is done/said by G-d to/through Moses 1. Commanded through the hand of Moses or commanded by means of the hand of Moses Rule of the Community: 1QS 1.3 (GM#3) Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.15 (GM#12) 4QRule of the Community/a: 4Q255f1.3 (GM#20) [com]manded through the hand of Moses 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.7 (GM#23) ha[nd of Moses] 4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q25 3.[6]GM#27) Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f4.8 (GM#416) Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504 5.14 (GM#415) 2. As he says through the hands of Moses 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f185.1-2 (GM#56) 4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.17 (GM#67) 3. What you [said] by Mose's hand War Scroll: 1QM 10.6 (GM#102) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Hand of Moses 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.17 (GM#51) hand of [Moses . . .] 4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q268f2.5-6 (GM#60) hand of [Moses] 4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f4i.3 6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.4 (GM#71) [ . . .hand of Mos]es Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f3ii.16 (GM# 416) [ . . . hand of ] Moses 2. Your holiness which walks in front of us . . . in front of Moses, your servant Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f6.12 (GM417) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- B. Things that Moses does (though in some of these examples it comes from G-d) 1. Moses wrote Word of the Luminaries: 4Q504 3.12 (GM#414) 2. Moses said (and then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.8 (GM#36) 3. Moses says (and then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.26-27 (GM#46) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.(GM#51) Moses sa[ys . . .] 4. And what Moses said (and then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.14 (GM#38) 5. Moses atoned for their sin Word of the Luminaries: 4Q504 2.9 (GM#414) 6. covenant oath which Moses established with Israel The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.8 (GM#39) I. Aaron A. All of these deal with the community being a kind of holy house/fortress for Aaron 1. God . . . from Aaron raised men of knowledge or God . . . raised from Aaron men of knowledge The Damascus Document: CD/a 6.2 (GM#36) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3.ii.[18-19] (GM#51) 4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f2.8 raised [from Aaron men of knowledge] 6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.5 (GM71) [ . . . and from Aaron raised men of knowledge . . .] 2. Holiness in Aaron (implying a community) Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.6 (GM#8) 4QRule of the Community/b: 4Q255f5.[5] (GM#21) 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1i (GM#22) 3. It will be the most holy dwelling for Aaron (It refers to the community) Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.8-9 (GM#12) 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.3 (GM#23) [for Aaron] 4. Holy of holies for Aaron Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.5-6 (GM#12) 4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.12 (GM#26) 5. Holy fortress for Aaron 4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.15 (GM#26) --------------------------------------- 1. Holies for Aaron (the meaning here is unclear) 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.[1] (GM#23) 2. The Community shall set themselves apart (like) a holy house for Aaron Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.6 (GM#13) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. House of Aaron 4QRule of the Community/d:4Q258f2ii.6 (GM#24) B. This is the lineage of Aaron (both his immediate sons, the priests, and also the Messiah) 1. Sons of Aaron (referring to Nadab and Abihu) War Scroll: 1QM 17.2 (GM#112) 2. Sons of Aaron (referring to priests) Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.7 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1ii.1 4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2ii.7 Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [15] (GM#77) Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 19-20 sons of [Aaron], Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 81 Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [85] 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q394f1i.15 (GM#80) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q395f1.6 (GM#81) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv.8 (GM#82) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv:[11] (GM#82), 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q397f5+6.[8] (GM#83) 4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f10.8 (GM#91) sons of Aa[ron] 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f6ii.5 (GM#52), 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f6ii.11 (GM#52), 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f9i.13 (GM#53) 4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f9ii.6 (GM#64) 4QDamascus Document/g: 4Q272f1ii.2 (GM#70) [ . . . so]ns of Aaron 3. Messiah/s of Aaron Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.11 The Damascus Document: CD/a 12.23 (GM#43) The Damascus Document: CD/a 14.19 (GM#44) [messiah] of Aaron The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.10-11 (GM#45) The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.1 (GM#46) 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18iii.12 (GM#56) 4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f13.2 (GM#69) [ . . .messiah of] Aaron and Israel 4. Sons of Aaron (where I wasn't sure what it was referring to) 4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f4iii.8 [ . . .sons of A]aron J. of Nadab and Abihu War Scroll: 1QM 17.2 (GM#112) [of Nadab and Abi]hu K. Phineas L. Joshua M. David 1. David Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 111 (GM#79) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q399f1i.[9] (GM#85) War Scroll: 1QM 11.2 (GM104) -"David, your servant" Words of the Luminaries: 4Q5044.6 (GM#415) ("and established your (God) covenant with David") The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.1 (GM#36) ('however, David had not read the sealed book of the law . . . ) 2. Words of David Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95 (GM#79) [words of . ] . . David 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8.10(GM#84) [words of . ] . . David 3. David's deeds were praised The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM#36) A. David's lineage (both direct and in the future) 1. The son of David (referring to Solomon) Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM#79) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM#84) 2. Bud of David 4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.3 (GM#124) 4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.4 (GM#124) bu[d of David] ------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Sukkat of David The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.16 (GM#38) 4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f5.[1] (GM#68) N. Solomon 1. Solomon Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM#79) 4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM#84) O. Prophets 1. Elijah 2. Elisha a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch . . . and Elisha to Giezi his servant The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38) 2. Isaiah a. By means of the prophet Isaiah (then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13 (GM#35) b. Of whom Isaiah said (then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 6.8 (GM#37) c. Written in the words of Isaiah . . . which says (then says a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM#37) 3. Jeremiah a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.20 (GM#38) 4. Ezekiel a. By means of Ezekial the prophet (then it quotes a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.21 (GM#35) b. As Ezekial said The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.{11} (GM#45) c. By the hand of Ezekial The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.12 (GM#45) 5. Ezra 6. Zechariah a. Which is written by the hand of Zechariah, the prophet (followed by a verse) The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.7 (GM#45) P. Maccabees/Hasmoneans See Jonathon, Prayer for Q. Other People of Note 1. Amoz (father of the prophet Isaiah) a. Son of Amoz The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13-14 (GM#35) The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM#37) 2. Eleazar a. Since the day of death of Eleazar The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.3 (GM#36) 3. Joshua a. Joshua and the elders had hidden The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.4 (GM#36) 4. Uriah a. Uriah's blood (is saying how David was praised except for Uriah's blood) The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM#36) 5. Baruch a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch, son of Neriah The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38) 6. Neriah a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch, son of Neriah The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38) 7. Giezi a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch . . . and Elishah to Giezi his servant The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.21 (GM#38) 8. Peleg a. House of Peleg The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.22 (GM#47) 9. Nebuchadnezzar a. Into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon 4QDamascus Document/a: 4Q266f1.[13-14] 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f2i.10-11 Ne[buchadne]zzar Note-there were a couple of times that it mentioned Moses and Aaron and I had no idea what the reference was to. //end of supplemented file//