PESHER NAHUM (4QpNah = 4Q169) Translation by J. Allegro, from DJD V, 1968; adapted by R.A.Kraft 1/ . . . ] a dwelling for the wicked ones of the gentiles. "Wither the lion, the lioness went, the lion's cub [2/ and none to terrify" [[Nah 2.11]]. Its interpretation concerns Deme]trius, king of Yavan/Greece, who sought to enter Jerusalem by the counsel of the Seekers-after-Smooth-Things [3/ . . . . . . ] the kings of Yavan/Greece from Antiochus until the appearance of the rulers of the Kittim and afterwards she will be trodden down [4/ . . . . . . ] {blank}"The lion tears sufficient for his cubs, (and) strangles for his lionesses prey" [[Nah 2.13]]. [5/ . . . Its interpretation] concerns the Lion of Wrath who will smite by his nobles and the men of his counsel [6/ . . . "And he filled with prey] his cave and his den with torn flesh" [[Nah 2.13]]. {blank} Its interpretation concerns the Lion of Wrath [7/ . . . Ven]geance on the Seekers-of-Smooth-Things when he hangs men up alive [8/ . . . ] in Israel beforetime, for of the man hanged alive upon a tree it [re]ads: "Behold I am against [you] 9/ say[s YHWH of hosts, and I will burn in smoke your abundance,] and your young lions the sword shall devour. And I will cut [off from the land] his [p]rey. {blank} 10/ And [the voice of your messengers] shall no [more be heard" [[Nah 2.14]].] Its [interpre]tation: "your abundance" -- they are his warrior bands w[ho are in Jerusal]em; and "his young lions" -- they are 11/ his nobles [ . . . ] and "his prey"--it is the wealth which the [Prie]sts of Jerusalem amas[sed] which 12/ they will give [ . . . E] phraim, Israel will be given for [ . . . ] {blank} 1/ and "his messengers" -- they are his envoys whose voice will no longer be heard among the nations. "Woe city of blood, all full of [lies and rap]ine" [[Nah 3.1]]. 2/ Its interpretation: it is the city of Ephraim, the Seekers-of-Smooth- Things at the end of days, who in "lies" and falsehood[s] conduct themselves. 3/ "Prey departs not and the sound of the whip and the sound of the rattling of wheels, and galloping horses and bounding chariots, the horseman charging, a blade 4/ and flashing spear and a multitude of slain and a great heap of carcases: and there is no end to the corpses and they shall stumble over their bodies" [[Nah 3.1-3]]. Its interpretation concerns the rule of the Seekers-of-Smooth-Things 5/ when there shall not depart from the midst of their congregation the Gentile sword, captivity, and plunder, and heated strife among themselves, and exile from fear of the enemy, and a multitude of 6/ guilty corpses shall fall in their days, and there shall be no end to the total of their slain, and furthermore, in their body of flesh they shall stumble over their own guilty counsel. 7/ "Because of the multitude of the whoredoms of the well-favoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that sells nations through her whoredom and families through her witchcrafts" [[Nah 3.4]]. {blank} 8/ [Its] interpretation [con]cerns those who lead Ephraim astray, who, by their false teaching and their lying tongue and lip of deceit, will lead many astray, 9/ kings, princes, priests, and people together with the resident alien. Cities and families will perish through their counsel, n[ob]les and rul[ers] 10/ will fall because of what they say. {blank} "Behold I am against you, says YHWH of hosts, and you shall lift up 11/ [your] skirts over your face and show nations your nakedness and kingdoms your shame" [[Nah 3.5]]. Its interpretation [. . . 12/ . . .] cities of the east, for the "skirts" [ . . . ]