Computers and Textual Criticism of the NT [Greek Scriptures] by RAK [full draft updated 6 Jan 1994, as basis for submission to Bart Ehrman of the abridged draft for publication; some corrections in the latter will need to be incorporated; update 21 Jan 1994] [Special thanks to Bart Ehrman for his editing skills, and for information and advice to Robert O'Hara, James Marchand, John Hurd, Ted Brunner, Eldon Epp, Emanuel Tov, F. Poswick, and others whom I may have forgotten!] Computer assisted textual criticism of biblical materials has received virtually no attention from the standard handbooks (Metzger, Aland, Tov). This is a pity, for it fails to encourage scholars and students to take advantage of the powerful "new" (or better, newly available to virtually anyone) tools that will help revive interest and activity with reference to various aspects of textual criticism as well as helping make the wealth of often complex textcritical data more easily available. It is not that the authors of the handbooks are not aware of such developments, but they do not attempt to encourage development of appropriate electronic resources and approaches in general, and sometimes even leave the impression that computer assisted research in textual criticism is of little significance (Metzger 1964, 169, sets the tone, by failing to focus on the positive issues; Metzger 1992\3 shows some modest progress!). Nothing could be further from the truth, especially for the future of textual criticism, but even for its present. History of Developments This is not to say that attention to computers in NT and closely related studies in general was lacking, as the appended bibliography and sequence of selected highlights illustrates. The earliest attempt to apply "the new technology" to NT textual criticism seems to have come as early as 1950-51, with John Ellison's project at Harvard (see Ellison 1967). A new age was dawning, and it seemed to hold much promise for statistic- intensive and detail-intensive subjects such as textual criticism. Various spurts of activity in the 1960s helped define the main areas of expectation: statistical analysis of manuscript relationships (Ellison, Dearing, Froger), accurate recording and manipulation of variant readings (Froger, Fischer, Ott), and production of traditional editions with extensive apparatuses (Fischer, Ott). By around 1970 the question of computers and NT textual criticism (within the context of computers and biblical studies) had become a serious issue for a significant cross-section of NT scholars, as illustrated by the discussions associated with SNTS, SBL, Beuron-Muenster, CNRS, etc. in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A consultation on this subject was held at the 1970 SNTS international meeting in Newcastle, and again in 1971 in Holland, but nothing more is heard of this initiative after its reports from those meetings. Perhaps the pessimistic report from the 1970 SNTS discussions helped create a mood of despair -- it would take, so the report claims, "the resources of 200 man-years" "to encode the available manuscripts by hand," and the development of suitable automatic scanning capabilities for that task "would require something like 20 man-years" (Grayston NTS 478-479)! Who had the time, training and resources for such undertakings? It is true that in that same period, some relevant probes were undertaken, notably in connection with the Muenster and Beuron projects (e.g. Aland-Fischer-Ott), and there were some detailed discussions of genealogical/stemmatic methodology, or at least "quantitative analysis," with an eye to the development of programming algorithms (e.g. Froger, Fischer, Dearing, Zarri, Griffith, Richards). The fledgling SBL committee on computer research even led to the nominal establishment of a "Center for Computer-Oriented Research in Biblical and Related Ancient Literatures" that was represented mainly by Richard Whitaker and his ARITHMOI newsletter (from March 1971) and attempted to collect "data sets" and transcription codes for an electronic archive; this effort gave way, around 1976, to the newly formed CARG under John Hurd, although ARITHMOI had a brief revival (with the same masthead) in 1981. But even in these developing SBL contexts, there was little attention to NT textual criticism. On the whole, at least among the "NT professionals," a pessimistic mood seems to have been the general outcome of the efforts documented through the early 1970s, fostered not only by the negativism of some influential mainstream spokespersons (see above), but by the despairing reports from even some of the activist advocates (e.g. the SNTS consultation). Probably the sensationalistic claims associated with the computer assisted work of people such as A. Q. Morton on ancient authorship (especially Paul) were a factor as well in these less than enthusiastic attitudes to the new technology. A view from within the discipline of NT textual criticism is available in Eldon Epp's 1973 JBL essay on "The 20th Century Interlude in NT Textual Criticism," which provides a brief section on "Computers in Textual Criticism" (412-413). His conclusion is that although the Muenster Institute was making use of computers to classify witnesses and in planning to create printed critical editions, very little was being done with computers and NT textual criticism in North America. Vinton Dearing's work on computer assisted general textual analysis and genealogical method is mentioned in a note (410n71), but nothing is said in detail about Dearing's "further applications to NT texts." Apart from Ellison, then, who is not even mentioned by Epp, for all practical purposes computer assisted NT textual criticism as such seems to begin quite modestly around 1970 with Wilhelm Ott's contributions to the Muenster project (and, on the Latin side, Ott's work with the Beuron project) -- and with the relatively unexamined work of Dearing. Apparently the times were not yet right for major computer projects in biblical studies, at least not in the Americas. Equipment was expensive and awkward to use; sympathetic expertise was hard to find. Indeed, traditions of collaborative scholarship such as computer assisted research would seem to require were not well established among biblical scholars. The recently founded NEH (1965) was just beginning to become part of the humanistic scholarly tapestry, the recently reorganized (1969) SBL had not developed support structures for such major projects, and there were plenty of other fish to fry besides biblical textual criticism in the newly emerging centers of electronic activity relating to humanistic texts. In addition, not much was happening with NT text criticism in any event, as Eldon Epp reports. One might have thought that the increasing availability of computers and computing power would quickly break that "interlude," but it did not happen. Vinton Dearing, as a relative outsider (coming from a distinguished career in the field of English, with his studies of Dryden), developed his projects, but few insiders payed much attention. The Muenster Institute, of course, moved forward, but more as a fixture than as a leader and developer of an international field, and certainly not with a "missionary" spirit about the new tools and the resulting data. Britain and France were mostly silent. Italy was perhaps active but relatively unheralded. Electronic editions of the Greek text of the NT became available through various sources (Morton, TLG), including at least one with morphological tagging (the Fribergs), but even this does not seem to have stimulated the encoding or analysis of NT textual variants on any significant scale. It may be that the explanation of this phenomenon (or lack of a phenomenon!) is even more simple than is suggested above. In general, concern about the reliability of available NT textual editions was not much of an issue, and training in NT textual criticism as its own reward had declined radically, perhaps partly because the establishment of the text did not seem to be a particularly pressing problem any longer. So why bother to encode all those millions of variants that would have little value for scholarship in general even if available? There were other projects to pursue, with higher claims to priority. The IGNTP survived, it is true, but without much concerted vision or resources for correcting this situation (or, until quite recently, vision about how to acquire appropriate resources, it seems [IS THIS FAIR??]). Recent Developments The advent of the increasingly powerful microcomputer (desktop computing) in the 1980s and its gradual permeation of academic offices and studies has had only minimal effects on the situation, partly, I suppose, because guidelines to assist individuals in encoding variants have not been readily available (the problem of "standards"), and the software to do significant things with encoded variants is not plentiful, easily available, or well known. So even if one would like to do some things electronically with the NT textual variants, it is not clear how to start, or what can be done without learning everything (including programming) from scratch! This is not to deny that some progress has been made, both directly and indirectly. Much experimental work has been carried out on various types of ancient and medieval textual variation in a variety of languages. Wilhelm Ott's development of the TUSTEP package at Tuebingen is a leading example from earlier times (mainframe based), which has now also been adapted to the DOS- based microcomputing world. But TUSTEP has been used mainly with texts with relatively limited textcritical demands, compared to the NT materials. More recently, an excellent program (COLLATE) for collating manuscripts has also been developed for the Apple Macintosh operating system, but to use it with NT materials would require recreating each individual MS (up to a total of 100, at present) and then feeding the corpus of individual MSS into the program. This does not encourage further exploration of such a possibility, if the variants are already recorded atomistically. Plans to adapt COLLATE to existing variant data banks are under discussion. One of the goals of the CATSS project developed in the late 1970s at the Hebrew University and the University of Pennsylvania was to encode all published variants to the ancient Greek Jewish scriptural traditions ("LXX" and related materials). This generated detailed discussion of how best to encode the complex and extensive textcritical materials for purposes of electronic analysis, thus touching on the sorts of coding issues basic to computer assisted NT textual criticism as well. The TEI discussions in the late 1980s included and advanced these technical coding issues. Most recently (1991), aspects of the old IGNTP endeavor resurfaced with a computer orientation that promises to revive interest and progress. A program called MANUSCRIPT has been developed by Bruce Morill and Jerry Lewis, in cooperation with Paul McReynolds, for use with the IGNTP John project, among other things. MANUSCRIPT is aimed at facilitating data entry as well as its organization and ultimate presentation. Thus many of the obstacles that contributed to "the interlude" are disappearing, or at least seem less formidable, and the time may be ripe for reassessing the situation with a view to moving ahead with these powerful new electronic tools as major allies. The various remaining problem areas can conveniently be isolated. (1) For the most part, the relevant data has not been encoded. Thus a formidable task faces anyone who wants to apply the power of computer technology to NT text criticism, simply at the basic level of making the textual data available. This is not as difficult a task as it might seem, insofar as several different Greek NT texts already are available in electronic form (e.g. UBS2, UBS3, UBS4=NA26, Scrivener's, Stephanus'), and scanning (OCR) technology has improved sufficiently to provide major assistance in getting the variants into electronic form simply by starting with available published apparatuses, unless one prefers the approach used in the MANUSCRIPT program. But the effective use of these resources requires technical coordination that is not readily available to most scholars, and the very thought of pursuing these tasks remains intimidating to many. Thus the solution to this problem probably requires significant teamwork in the framework of organized and funded projects. The IGNTP is attempting to reorganize in these directions. (2) Closely connected to the basic problem of encoding the data is the question of how to FORMAT it effectively (see Hockey for some examples). The models provided by printed textual apparatuses are for the most part inappropriate to the electronic approach, although it is possible to work back and forth between the traditional and the relatively unexplored new possibilities - - see, e.g. the developments of TUSTEP or of COLLATE, among others, and now MANUSCRIPT. Already in the 1950s, Ellison suggested a list of important textcritical phenomena to be "tagged" in dealing with such computerized data: e.g. pluses, minuses, substitutions, transpositions, and several varieties of orthographic variation (proper names, itacism, case/tense endings, nonsense). The CATSS project followed similar procedures for the first four categories, without seeing the need to distinguish the orthographical in just these ways (they can normally be discovered without having specific tags). Recently, the TEI project has developed some systematic recommendations pertaining to such matters of coding and format, which promise to help encourage the production of predictably consistent sets of data, which in turn can be manipulated and analyzed by appropriate general software. (3) Since there is not yet much relevant data encoded for NT textcritical research, we can hardly expect to find much software in place for studying the data. TUSTEP and COLLATE and now MANUSCRIPT have been mentioned above, and doubtless the Muenster Institute has developed various programs for producing and manipulating its data (as has CATSS), but until the data is firmly in place little can happen at the exciting level of exploring the data with shared software! Probably too much attention has been paid thus far to using the computer to replicate old print formats. We will need to explore even more carefully the many non-print applications that have been discussed in the past, but are only now becoming practical realities for most individual scholars. Programs that analyze stemmatic (or other) relationships from one direction or another are already under development on microcomputers (e.g. COLLATE's cladistic analysis module), and promise to help open new possibilities for NT textual anlysis. Other examples of desirable standard software would include the ability to recreate any given MS or subgroup of MSS from the encoded data; the ability to analyze types of variation in relation to scribal habits from particular times and/or places, etc. (see Froger); the ability to identify subgroupings of MSS and trace fluctuations in textcritical alliances and groupings over set ranges of text (see Fischer, Griffith, Duplacy); and numerous similar matters. (4) Ultimately, computer technology will permit the textcritical data to be integrated with a wide variety of other relevant material by means of "hypertextual" linkages. For example, the user might encounter a difficult biblical passage (in English or Greek or whatever), and might wish to explore various avenues of investigation including viewing the textcritical situation, perhaps even some of the key MSS in digitized facsimile, checking various relevant electronic tools (e.g. dictionaries, grammatical information, MSS listings, standard abbreviations, etc.) for further enlightenment, searching the text or other ancient materials for similar modes of expression, etc. Sound can also be included in the hypertext environment, if our electronicized textcritic is interested in how "errors of the ear" might have come about (and if experts in such matters have produced appropriate data!). The Challenge We have, in short, not come very far in actually realizing the promise offered by computer assisted research for NT textual criticism, although much of the groundwork has been laid out. This condition cannot last much longer, given the resources readily available today and the number of scholars interested in textcritical matters. Nevertheless, the tendency to isolated, individualistic research -- especially at the level of encoding the textcritical data -- must be resisted if progress is to be made in a timely manner. Similarly, some of the timeworn practices and attitudes at work in NT text criticism (e.g., relative distain for or despair at attempting stemmatic analysis; being content to deal with only a small fraction of the known evidence) need reassessment, along with the understandable tendency to view things from the perspective of printed pages. The elements are in place for coordinated and systematic efforts towards creating the desired data bank of NT textual materials. What seems lacking thus far is effective organizational leadership, and appropriate funding. =====(appendix) Computers and Biblical Studies: a Brief Outline by RAK (2 Sept 1993; update 21 Dec 1993) Selected highlights (by date) of computer developments of special relevance for biblical studies: 1942 Martin Joos dissertation (Wisconsin) on statistical studies of Gothic phonology 1949 Roberto Busa's Aquinas Project begun (study of literature) 1951-57 John Ellison's Harvard Dissertation (NT textcriticism) 1955 Centre d'Analyse Documentaire pour l'Arche/ologie founded (Jean-Claude Gardin) 1957 Ellison's Concordance of RSV, electronically produced 195? Grace and Harry Logan, concordance programs for Middle English 1958 Leonard Brandwood (London diss) on word order in Plato 1960ff Raymond Martin (Dubuque, U.Minnesota) studies of translation technique [how much computer use?] 1960 Roy A. Wisbey (Cambridge) Early Middle High German Indices 1961-64 A. Q. Morton, et al. (Edinburgh) stylistic studies of Paul, etc. [builds W. C. Wake's work on sentence lengths, 1946, 1957] 1961 Paul Bratley (Edinburgh) Dictionary of Older Scottish 1961 Founding of LASLA (Laboratoire d'Analyse Statistique des Langues Anciennes) at University of Liege, Belgium (L. Delatte) 1964 Literary and Linguistic Computing Centre (Cambridge, R. Wisbey) 1964 Gerard E. Weil (CNRS, Nancy FR), CATAB Project on Hebrew Bible (cantillation, etc.) 1965 LASLA publishes its journal REVUE 1965 Creation of NEH (National Endowment for the Humanities) in US 1965 James Marchand (U.Illinois, Urbana) creates Gothic Bible concordance [see Vanderbilt dissertation by Joseph Puryear (1967)] 1966 Computers and the Humanities Journal (J. Raben) 1967 David W. Packard (Harvard) dissertation on Minoan Linear A, and concordance to Livy 1967 Richard E. Whitaker (Harvard) Ugaritic concordance, dissertation 1967 Original COCOA (word COunt and COncordance generation on the Atlas computer) program written by D. B. Russell [where?] 1967-1979 CALCULI newsletter by Stephen Waite (Dartmouth) 1967 CETEDOC established (Paul Tombeur) [CALCULI 152] 1968 journal of Computer Studies in the Humanities and Verbal Behavior 1968 British Academy Committee on the Use of Computers in Textual Criticism, chaired by K. J. Dover [when did it begin?] 1968 Beuron Vulgate Concordance Project (Fischer, Ott) 1969 Hebrew Computational Linguistics Bulletin begun 1968ff Y. T. Radday (Haifa ISR) studies Hebrew Bible styles 1969 American Philological Association Repository begun 1970 Yehuda T. Radday works on Isaiah Authorship 1970 Cambridge ENG Conference on "Computer in Literary Research" 1970 consultations, reports & activities (SBL, SNTS-Grayston, Fischer, etc.) 1970 F. I. Andersen & D. Forbes (Hebrew scriptures; syntax) 1971-81 Richard Whitaker, ARITHMOI (biblical studies) 1971ff Maredsous Project (biblical texts and translations) 1971 Arthur Baird and David N. Freedman, Computer Bible Series, Biblical Research Associates 1972 TLG Project begins (Theodore Brunner, UCal Irvine) 1973 Association for Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) founded, Bulletin begins 1973 beginning of Tuebingen Colloquia on computing 1973 David Packard Morph Analysis Program 1974 Raymond Martin (translation technique, style, etc.) 1975 David Packard develops early IBYCUS (1977) prototypes 1975 Yakov Choueka (BarIlan ISR), Responsa Project begins 1975-78 SBL Consultations on Computing (J. C. Hurd) 1976 Oxford Text Archive established 1977 Werkgroep Informatica at Amsterdam (E. Talstra, F. Postma) 1977 Joseph Raben Directory of Scholars Active in Computer Assisted Research in The Humanities (Pergamon) 1978 CNRS Colloquium on Computers and Textual Criticism [CALCULI 291f.; published by J.Irigoin and G.P.Zarri in 1979 -- see articles by Griffith, Kleinlogel, etc.] 1978 Association for Computers and Humanities (ACH) founded 1978 CATSS Project Probes at UPenn (Greek Jewish Scriptures) 1979 H. Van Dyke Parunak (Hebrew Scriptures; lexical density plots) 1979 GRAMCORD (Reference Manual; Paul Miller) 1979 CARG (Computer Assisted Reserch Group) of SBL; John Hurd (Toronto) 1980 CIB (Centre: Informatique et Bible) of PROBi (Promotion Biblique et Informatique) founded in Maredsous BEL (F. Poswick), followed in 1981 by its periodical INTERFACE 1981 Friberg NT Morph article published (ed Patton) 1981 Michigan-Claremont BHS text encoding begun (Parunak-Whitaker) 1982 Association Internationale "Bible et Informatique" (AIBI) 1983 Rutgers Inventory of Electronic Texts begins (Maryann Gaunt) 1984 IBYCUS Scholarly Computer (microcomputer) prototype displayed 1984 OFFLINE column begins (SBL), CCAT at UPenn 1985 AIBI First International Colloquium, Louvain-la-Neuve 1985 TLG CD-ROM "A" is published ("B" 1986; "C" 1987; "D" 1992) 1987 PHI (Packard Humanities Institute) established in Los Altos CA 1987 John Hughes, Bits, Bytes & Biblical Studies (Zondervan) 1987 Perseus Project begun (hypertext Classical Studies; G. Crane) 1987 International Colloquium on 10th anniversary of Werkgroep Informatica in Amsterdam 1987 TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) planning conference, with the actual project begun (SGML based) in 1988 1988 AIBI Second International Colloquium, Jerusalem 1991 AIBI Third International Colloquium, Tuebingen 1993 TSI (Textual Software Initiative) proposal 1994 AIBI Fourth International Colloquium, Amsterdam ===== Catalogue of Relevant Resources for NT Text Study (July 1993) === Ancient Texts and Versions: UBS2 and 3, UBS 3 corrected Stephanus (no diacritics) Byzantine text (" ") Scrivener text of 1894 [KJV base reconstructed] (" ") Syriac (Aramaic) - The Way [BBBS 569] Syriac Peshitta MSS - Dale Johnson [BBBS 570] Coptic - CATSS/CCAT & PHI Latin - Fischer/Stuttgart Vulgate (Ott) === Major Biblical Textcritical & Concordance Projects: CATSS (for Jewish Greek Scriptures) Muenster Institute IGNTP (see MANUSCRIPT software] Beuron Latin projects (Vetus Latina, Vulgate) Vinton Dearing [BBBS 492 n11] The Computer Bible series [not textcritical] Denis on Pseudepigrapha (1987) [not textcritical] === Software & Coding (see also Hockey; Yearbook 406ff): AFFILI (see below) OCP (Oxford Concordance Program) (Susan Hockey, et al., built on COCOA experience, see above) TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Recommendations for SGML-type markup of all types, including textual variants. TUSTEP (& micro-TUSTEP; Tuebingen System of Text-Processing Programs) software package (Wilhelm Ott) [Yearbook 407f.] CATSS Format and Software (developed for OG/LXX) COLLATE program by Peter Robinson [Yearbook 406; can deal with large numbers of MSS, includes cladistic analysis module.] UNITE [Yearbook 408; for preparing critical editions with small numbers of manuscripts.] OCCULT (see below) URICA! (User Response Interactive Collation Assistant) [Yearbook 409; for small scale collation.] PHYLIP & BLUDGEON [Yearbook 407; cladistic analysis] MANUSCRIPT, by Bruce Morrill and Jerry Lewis (for IGNTP) Interpreting MSS, by Timothy W. Seid [Yearbook 27; for NT manuscript training and analysis.] Gk MSS Identification module (from Parsons Technology) ===== Bibliography (see also CALCULI, ARITHMOI): Ott, Wilhelm. "Bibliographie: Computer in der Editionstechnik," ALLC Bulletin 2.1 (1974) 74-77 [annotated by Oakman 138: Most complete published bibliography of computer usage in editing, divided into two parts: computers in textual criticism and in automated book production]; and in Sprache und Datenverarbeitung 4 (1980) 177-84 [includes titles to 1983!]. Hockey 1980, 166-67. Hughes, BBBS [esp 492 n11] (Zondervan, 1987) Lancashire, Ian (ed). Humanities Computing Yearbooks for 1988, 1989. OFFLINE (passim) AIBI Maredsous Newsletters and Bibliographies (1) Cathy Vanhove-Romanik, 1981 (Reports of Centre IB) (2) Servais, Ge/rard. "Bible et Informatique: Bibliographie 1981-1985." Pp. 311-321 in Actes du Premier Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Le Texte.... Louvain-la- Neuve (Belgique) 2-3-4 septembre 1985 (Champion-Slatkine, 1986). (3) Poswick, R.-Ferdinand, in Interface and DEBORA-Doc (with updates on file at CIB-Maredsous). CNRS annual bibliographies in religion ==== chronological list of publications (focus on text criticism): Ellison, John William. The Use of Electronic Computers in the Study of the Greek NT Text. Unpublished Harvard Diss, 1957. [Project conceived in 1950 and begun in 1951; see his autobiographical 1967 article. Metzger\1 169n1 gives title as ...Electric...Greek Text of the NT, corrected in \2 to ...Electric...Greek NT Text.] Dearing, Vinton A. Methods of Textual Editing. UCLA Pamphlet (1962). [Focuses on his Dryden project. Mentioned by Metzger 169n1. See further Oakman 119.] Metzger, Bruce Manning. The Text of the NT: its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford U, 1964. [Discusses "statistical methods" of Quentin (163) and Greg-Hill-Dearing (165); concludes with skepticism that computer methods "will replace the use of rational critical processes in evaluating 'good' and 'bad' readings" (169) = 1968\2 1992\3] Chenique, Francios and Gerard E. Weil. "Prolegomenes a l'utilisation des methodes de statistique linguistique pour l'etude historique et philologique de la Bible hebraique et ses paraphrases." Vetus Testamentum 14 (1964) 344-366. Froger, Jacques. "La critique de texte: une variante de la methode de Dom Quentin." Revue des Etudes Latines 42 (1964) 187- 192. [Marchand thinks Froger first started publishing ca 1960.] Morton, A. Q. and J. McLeman. Christianity in the Computer Age (Harper, 1964). [Reviewed by Ellison in JBL 85 (1965) 190-91; nothing particularly relevant to textual criticism.] Burch, Jack. "The Use of a Computer in NT Textual Criticism." Restoration Quarterly 8 (1965) 119-125. [Metzger\2 271 = \3 257 cites title as ...Computor...Text Criticism; based on unpublished Abilene Christian College thesis A Critical Study of the Greek Text of Second Timothy as Seen in Selected Uncial, Cursive and Lectionary Manuscripts (2 vols, 1963)] Froger, Jacques. "La collation des manuscrits a\ la machine e/lectronique." In Bulletin d'information de l'Institut de Recherche de d'Histoire des Textes 13 (CNRS 1965). [Noted in Froger, Machine 123n12, on a Latin text] Froger, Jacques. "The Electronic Machine at the Service of Humanistic Studies." Diogenes 52 (1965) 104-142. [lengthy introduction and survey of possible uses: mentions textual criticism experiment, in passing, in the context of verification and reliability of data (123); 126 refers to the same project as begun in 1960 at the Compagnie des Machine Bull, and 126n14 gives further bibliographical references, including a forthcoming book on the topic (focus on tracing genealogical relations); 134f gives a more focused expression of use in text crit -- to do the objective basis from which intelligent conjecture can proceed; 135f explores possible controls for identifying scribal errors and modifications; 141 brief discussion of automatic reading of MSS] Ellison, John W. "Computers and the Testaments." Pp. 160-169 in Computers in Humanistic Research, ed Edmund A. Bowles (Prentice- Hall 1967). [somewhat rambling and autobiographical, but excellent awareness of some basic aspects of NT textcriticism, such as having an overall variation grid and categorizing the types of variation for evaluation. Deals also with authorship analyses and resistance of humanists to computers.] Dearing, Vinton A. "Some Notes on Genealogical Methods in Textual Criticism," NovT 9 (1967) 278-297. [See Epp, Interlude 410n71] [attempts to expound Greg's theoretical observations about genealogical relationships of texts against Metzger's simplistic observations; very theoretical and often obtuse -- seems to build arguments from single variation instances rather than seeing the complexity of MSS. Argues for complete examination via computer usage, and refers to appropriate software including his own (297)] Huston, Hollis W. "Beatty Papyrus 1 and Gospel Text Types," CHum 1.3 (January 1967) 108. Froger, Jacques, and Philippe Pore/. La critique des textes et son automatisation (Initiation aux nouveaute/s de la science 7; Paris: Dunod, 1968). [So Hockey; Oakman 118 n12 says 1967; reviewed by Dearing in CHum 4 (1969) 151; Oakman 136 n39 adds: Ju%rgen Mau and his associates at Go%ttingen have developed a series of computer routines called AFFILI to develop stemma on Froger's principles. See Ju%rgen Mau, "Affiliation Programs," RELO Revue 3 (1972) 63-76, and Heinz-Jo%rg Ahnert, "Affiliation Programs (Part II) Using the Program 'AFFILI,'" RELO Revue 4 (1972) 34-54.] Silva, Georgette and Cliff Bellamy. Some Procedures and Programs for Processing Language Data (Monash University [Australia], 1968) 41-45. [Discussed in Hockey 147f.] Fischer, Bonifatius. Vetus Latina Institut der Erzabtei Beuron, Bericht 3 (1969), 25ff [referred to in Fischer, Computers 307n1, as describing the GNT sample ed of Ep.James] Griffith, John G. "Numerical Taxonomy and Some Primary Manuscripts of the Gospels," JTS 20 (1969) 349-406. [Summary in Hockey 160; extends his earlier work on Juvenal (1968)] Silva, Georgette and Harold Love. "The Identification of Text Variants by Computer," Information Storage and Retrieval 5 (1969) 89-108. [Oakman 122.] Aland, Kurt. "Novi Testamenti Graeci Editio Maior Critica: Der gegenwa%rtige Stand der Arbeit an einer neuen grossen kritischen Ausgabe des Neuen Testaments," NTS 16 (1969-70) 163-177. [Fischer, Computers 307n1, refers to sample ed of Ep.James due to appear by 1975; Ott, Applications 206 includes in bibliog.] Cabaniss, Margaret Scanlon. "Using the Computer for Text Collation," pp. 1-33 in Computer Studies in the Humanities and Verbal Behavior 3.1 (January 1970). [CALCULI 134 = ARITHMOI 1.2; Hockey 151f; PL/1 program used on 14th century French text; Oakman 117.] Farrington, Michael G. "Symposium on the Uses of the Computer in Literary Research: A Conference Report," CHum 4.5 (May 1970) 315- 317 [On the 1970 Cambridge Conference reported in ARITHMOI 1.1 by Stuart G. Hall.] Froger, Jacques. "La critique des textes et l'ordinateur." Vigliiae Christianae 24 (1970) 210-217. [Presented at the 5th International Congress of Classical Studies in Bonn, Germany, Sept 1969 (Calculi 69=79=81).] Fischer, Bonifatius. "The Use of Computers in NT Studies, with Special Reference to Textual Criticism." JTS 21 (1970) 297-308. [See Epp Interlude 412n1, Ott Applications bibliog.; see section 6 on textcritical theory, sec 7 on the sample ed of Ep.James "in 5 years' time" (with description of encoding procedures, etc.), and the idea of being able to check changes in MS alignments during course of a text (308)] Ott, Wilhelm. "Transcription and Correction of Texts on Paper Tape: Experiences in Preparing the Latin Bible Text for the Computer," LASLA Revue 2 (1970) 51-66. Petty, George R. and William M. Gibson. Project OCCULT: The Ordered Computer Collation of Unprepared Literary Text (NYU Press, 1970). [Described in Hockey 149-51, Oakman 115.] Sarna, David E. Y. A Computer-Aided Edition of the Tosefta Sotah (Waltham, MASS: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1970) [ARITHMOI 1.2 -- includes description of MSS collation programs and formatting for print; see also Sarna and Laurence H. Schiffman, "Computer-Aided Critical Editions of Rabbinic Texts," Hebrew Computational Linguistics (Bar Ilan University) Bulletin 2 (May 1970) 47-63 (ARITHMOI 53).] Grayston, Kenneth. "Computers and the NT [reporting on the 1970 Consultation on the subject at Newcastle]." NTS 17 (1970-71) 477- 480. [from H. Greeven's report recorded in Epp, Interlude 413n80: pessimistic assesment of time to encode NT variants -- 200 man- years (478) -- and 20 man-years to develop scanning software (479); 480 recommend GNT electronic texts with major vars] Mullen, Karen A. "Using the Computer to Identify Differences among Text Variants." CHum 5 (1970-71) 193-201. Love, Harold. "The Computer and Literary Editing: Achievements and Prospects," pp. 47-56 in The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Research, ed. R. A. Wisbey (Cambridge University Press, 1971). [Annotated by Oakman 138: Practical discussion of ways computers can aid the several phases of textual editing by the designer of an automated collation program for poetry.] Widmann, Ruth L. "The Computer in Historical Collation: Use of the IBM 360/75 in Collating Multiple Editions of A Midsummer Night's Dream," pp. 57-63 in The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Research, ed. R. A. Wisbey (Cambridge University Press, 1971). [Discussed in Hockey 148f; Oakman 120, while Oakman 116 refers also to her article on "Computer Collation" in Computer Studies in the Humanities and Verbal Behavior = CSHVB 4 (1973) 45-47.] Zarri, Gian-Pierro. "L'automazione delle procedure di Critica Testuale, problemi e prospetive," pp. 147-166 in Problemes poses par la formalisation et l'automatisation de methodes d'analyse de la transmission su discours, ecrit ou oral (Centre d'analyse documentaire pour l'archeologie, 1971). [unsigned]. "SNTS Committee on Computer Aids" [report]. NTS 18 (1971-72) 459-461. [460 ref to Ian Moir project on classifying the "late MSS of Ephesians and Colossians"] Eshbaugh, H. "Biblical Criticism and the Computer," Perspective 13 (1972) 34-58. [Mentioned in Hughes's BBBS bibliography p. 608; contains references to a number of then recent computerized NT text-critical projects (see pp. 41-42 and his notes). Blayone lett.] Oakman, Robert L. "The Present State of Computerised Collation: A Review Article," Proof 2 (1972) 335-48. Howard-Hill, T. H. "A Practical Scheme for Editing Critical Texts with the Aid of a Computer," Proof 3 (1973) 335-356. [Annotated by Oakman 137: A reasonable manifesto arguing the feasibility of man-machine interaction with today's technology to develop a total editing system from input to final production of a critical edition; Oakman 134 n35 refers also to his "Computer and Mechanical Aids to Editing," Proof 5 (1977) 217-35, on hardware issues.] Fischer, Bonifatius. "Computer und der Text des Neuen Testamentes." Studia Evangelica 6 = TU 112 (1973) 109-121. Gilbert, Penny. "Automatic Collation: A Technique for Medieval Texts," CHum 7 (1973) 130-47. [Discussed in Hockey 152f.] Griffith, John G. "The Interrelations of Some Primary Manuscripts of the Gospels in the Light of Numerical Analysis." Studia Evangelica 6 = TU 112 (1973) 221-238. [his earlier work on "numerical taxonomy" = "A Taxonomic Study of the Manuscript Tradition of Juvenal," Museum Helveticum 25 (1968) 101-138 and in JTS 20 (1969) 389-406 is referred to by Fischer, Computers 306n1, and Metzger\3; here he discusses the value of botanical models for numerical taxonomy to discover near-neighbor relationships.] Griffith, John G. "Non-stemmatic Classification of Manuscripts by Computer Methods," Colloques Internationaux du CNRS (1973) 579. Ott, Wilhelm. "Computer Applications in Textual Criticism." Pp. 199-223 in The Computer and Literary Studies (ed J. Aitken et al.; Edinburgh University Press, 1973). [See Epp, Interlude 412- 413. Focuses on GNT Ep.James project, and on value of computer assisted printing of complex materials. Annotated by Oakman 138: A textual scholar with extensive work on Greek New Testament manuscripts emphasizes computer application to later editing phases -- analysis of variants, emendation, and photocomposition of the final text and critical apparatus.] West, Martin L. Textual Criticism and Editorial Techniques Applicable to Greek and Latin Texts (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1973). [ARITHMOI 4.1/43.] Zarri, Gian Piero. "Algorithms, Stemmata Codicum and the Theories of Dom H. Quentin." Pp. 225-237 in The Computer and Literary Studies (ed J. Aitken et al.; Edinburgh University Press, 1973). [Discussed in Hockey 159f.] Epp, Eldon E. "The 20th Century Interlude in NT Textual Criticism." JBL 93 (1974) 386-414. [402n52 ref to German work on General Eps with computer assistance; 409 refers to "the computer program in use at the Muenster Institut" then 412-13 has section on "Computers in Textual Criticism": ref to Muenster, W. Ott, use in classification of witnesses, preparation of critical texts; notes relatively little activity in North America] Dearing, Vinton A. "Determining Variations (in the Greek NT Text) by Computer." SBL 1974 Seminar Papers 2, 14-35. Dearing, Vinton Adams. Principles and Practice of Textual Analysis. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). [CALCULI 222 (but ARITHMOI 47 says 1975); Gospel Project begun 1975 (CALCULI 237); Oakman 136 n39 comments: primarily concerned with developing genealogical relations between texts, including the use of computer models.] Ott, Wilhelm. "Remarks on the Specialist Group for Textual Editing Techniques," ALLC Bulletin 2.1 (1974) 35-37. [CALCULI 223; focus on publishing techniques.] Poole, Eric. "The Computer in Determining Stemmatic Relationships," CHum 8 (1974) 207-216. [Reported in Hockey 158. Annotated by Oakman 138: A recent, lucid assessment and critique of computerized research on genealogy of texts leads into Poole's own method.] Duplacy, Jean. "Classification des e/tats d'un texte, mathe/matiques et informatique: repe\res historiques et recherches me/thodologiques," Revue d'histoire des textes 5 (1975) 249-309 (repr in E/tudes de critique textuelle du Nouveau Testament, ed. Joe%l Delobel [Bibl. ETL 78; Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987] 193-257). [Mentioned by Metzger\3 286, in context of computer applications.] Gilbert, Penny. "Using the Computer to Collate Medieval Latin Manuscripts." Pp. 106-113 in The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Studies (ed A. Jones & R. F. Churchhouse; University of Wales Press, 1976). [Hockey 152ff; Oakman 117.] Zarri, Gian Piero. "A Computer Model for Textual Criticism." Pp. 133-155 in The Computer in Literary and Linguistic Studies (ed A. Jones & R. F. Churchhouse; University of Wales Press, 1976). [One of a series of articles, dating from 1968 and attempting to create algorithms that reflect Quentin's stemmatic textcritical principles: not directly involved in NT textcriticism. See also CALCULI 270.] Griffith, John G. "An Application of Cluster Analysis to Classifying Manuscripts." Unpublished paper read at Oxford Symposium [reported in Hockey 166] (1976). [see also CALCULI 242 for an earlier form of the paper, 1975.] Cannon, Robert L., Jr. "OPCOL: An Optimal Text Collation Algorithm," CHum 10 (1976) 33-40. [Mentioned in Hockey 155; annotated thus by Oakman 137: A theoretical computer scientist puts well-known methods of prose collation through efficiency tests and proposes a new scheme designed to maximize effectiveness in comparing words between two texts.] Richards, William Larry. The Classification of the Greek Manuscripts of the Johannine Epistles. SBLDS 35 (Scholars, 1977). [25 use for quantitative analysis and profile classification, with details on categories used; 136 "Computer Programming" short section (non technical); critique by Amphoux, 1981, see below.] Richards, W. L. "A Critique of a New Testament Text-Critical Methodology -- The Claremont Profile Method," JBL 96 (1977) 555- 566. [Mentions on 563n8 that the quantitative analysis was facilitated by computer, and refers to his dissertation] Zarri, Gian Piero. "Some Experiments on Automated Textual Criticism," ALLC Bulletin 5 (1977) 266-290. [CALCULI 296.] Fischer, Bonifatius. Novae Concordantiae Bibliorum Sacrorum Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem Critice Editam. Stuttgart: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977. [Includes variant readings, as in computer version of the Stuttgart Vulgate text (1975\2).] Warnock, David R. A Methodological Investigation of the Uses of Electronic Data Processing in NT Studies. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Southwestern Baptist Theol. Seminary (Fort Worth TX), 1977 [or 1978?]. [CALCULI 289: evaluates the methodology used in studies involving the Greek text of the NT and proposes a preliminary design for a data base for textual criticism of the NT. See also CALCULI 209 (1974) = ARITHMOI 4.1.] Hockey, Susan M. "Colloquium on the Use of Computers in Textual Criticism: A Report." ALLCB 6 (1978) 180-181. [CALCULI 311: summarizes selected papers of the conference in Paris on March 28-31, 1978 (= CALCULI 291f).] Amphoux, C.-B. "Les manuscrits grecs de l'Epi^tre de Jacques d'apre\s une collation de 25 lieux variants," Revue d'Histoire des Textes 8 (1978 [1980]) 247-276. Martyn, J. R. C. "The Value of the Computer in Editing an 'Open Tradition' Text." ALLCB 6 (1978) 242-244. [CALCULI 311: Suggests the use of taxonomy for traditions with many manuscripts to avoid chronological presuppositions.] Berghaus, Frank-Gunther. "The Validity of Various Methods of Automatic Clustering in Discovering Manuscript Relationships," pp. 1-24 of International Organization for Ancient Languages Analysis by Computer Revue 1 (1978). [CALCULI 302 (= ARITHMOI 52) -- "describes the usefulness of different techniques applied to glossed Old English interlinear versions of the Psalter."] Irigoin, J. and G. P. Zarri (eds). La Pratique des Ordinateurs dans la Critique des Textes [Proceedings of the 1978 CNRS Colloquium]. (CNRS, 1979). [ARITHMOI 53.] Dearing, Vinton A. "Computer-Aided Textual Criticism: the Greek Text of the Gospels Before the 10th Century." ALLC Bulletin 7 (1979) 276-282. Dearing, Vinton A. "Textual Analysis: a Consideration of Some Questions Raised by M.P. Weitzman." VT 29 (1979) 355-359. Richards, W. L. "Manuscript Grouping in Luke 10 by Quantitative Analysis." JBL 98 (1979) 379-391. [379n.4 describes software & hardware in general: keypunched cards, fortran IV programming. Computer used to do raw statistics, most interestingly in "taxonomy" comparisons] Richards, W. L. "An Examination of the Claremont Profile Method in the Gospel of Luke: A Study in Text-Critical Methodology," NTS [[get info: "accepted for publ." in 1977]] Ott, Wilhelm. "The Output of Collation Programs." Pp. 41-45 in Advances in Computer-Aided Literary and Linguistic Research, ed. D. Ager et al. (Birmingham: University of Aston Press, 1979). [Focus on TUSTEP collation program.] Hockey, Susan. "Textual Criticism." Ch. 7 (144-167) in A Guide to Computer Applications in the Humanities (Johns Hopkins Univ 1980). [Discusses 1. collation, 2. relationships, 3. reconstruction of text, 4. compiling critical apparatus, 5. printing text and apparatus.] Oakman, Robert L. "Textual Editing with a Computer." Ch. 6 (113- 138) in Computer Methods for Literary Research (Columbia SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1980; reprinted Athens GA: Univ. Georgia, 1984). [Outlines same stages as Hockey, prefaced by collection of texts, and refers to Love, Howard-Hill, and Ott; specific focus on approaches to collation.] Amphoux, C.-B. "Note sur le classement des manuscrits grecs de 1 Jean," Revue d'Historie et de Philosophie Religieuse 61 (1981) 125-135. [Critiques Richards' monograph 1977; CNRS based, but no specific reference to computer use.] Amphoux, C.-B. "L'analyse factorielle au service de l'e/dition des textes anciens: application a\ un texte grec du Nouveau Testament, l'Epi^tre de Jacques." Pp. 285-295 in Pratique de l'Analyse de donne/es 3: Linguistique et Lexicologie, ed. J.-P. benze/cri et al. Paris: Dunod, 1981. Amphoux, C.-B. "Quelques te/moins grecs des formes textualles les plus anciennes de l'Epi^tre de Jacques: le groupe 2138." NTS 28 (1981-82) 91-115. Weitzman, M. P. "Computer Simulation of the Development of Manuscript Traditions." ALLC Bulletin 10 (1982) 55-59. Benduhn-Mertz, Annette. "Methodological Aspects in Automatically Discovering Genealogical Dependencies among greek New Testament Manuscripts." ALLCJ 5 (1985) 31-35. [Yearbook 405: creating a directed graph representing a stemmata of 750 manuscripts of the General Epistles, a project of the Institut fu%r Neutestamentliche Textforschung at the University of Mu%nster.] Weitzman, Michael P. "The Analysis of Open Traditions," Studies in Bibliography 38 (1985) 82-120. [A substantial discussion of how to reconstruct the history of contaminated manuscript traditions (O'Hara); including mathematical formulae for mapping MS relationships? Refers to scaling techniques described by E.E.Roskam and J.C.Lingoes, A Mathematical and Empirical Analysis of Two Dimensional Scaling Algorithms. Psychometrika 38 (1973) = monograph supplement.] Amphoux, C. "Pour un Repertoire des Manuscrits des Versions Anciennes du Nouveau Testament" [precis]. Pp. 405-406 in Proceedings of the First International Colloquium "Bible and Computer: The Text" (Louvain-la-Neuve, 2-4 Sept 1985) (Champion- Slatkine, 1986). Kraft, Robert. "Treatment of the Greek Textual Variants," pp. 53- 68 of Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint Studies I: Ruth, ed. by R. Kraft and Emanual Tov (Scholars, 1986). [Describes CATSS coding conventions and formatting.] Tov, Emanuel. "A New Generation of Biblical Research." Pp. 413- 443 in Proceedings of the First International Colloquium "Bible and Computer: The Text" (Louvain-la-Neuve, 2-4 Sept 1985) (Champion-Slatkine, 1986). Aland, Kurt. Text und Textwert der Griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments. I. Die Katholischen Briefe (W. de Gruyter, 1987). [Presumably includes the long awaited ed. of Ep. James.] Hughes, John J. Bits, Bytes and Biblical Studies: A Resource Guide for the Use of Computers in Biblical Studies. Zondervan, 1987. Price, James D. "A Computer Aid for Textual Criticism," Grace Theological Journal 8 (1987) 115-129; and "A Computer-Aided Textual Commentary on the Book of Philippians," 253-290. [Mentioned by Metzger\3 286n4: "Price used the computer to prepare a genealogical tree of witnesses, as reflecting evaluations by the editors."] Weitzman, Michael P. "The evolution of manuscript traditions," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 150 (1987) 287-308. [Develops a statistical model of the process of manuscript descent (O'Hara).] Salemans, Ben. "Van Lachmann tot Hennig: cladistiche tekstkritiek." Gramma 11 (1987) 191-224. [Yearbook 406: application of cladistic analysis to the derivation of stammata for a manuscript tradition.] Fischer, Bonifatius. Die lateinischen Evangelien bis zum 10. Jahrhundert (Vetus Latina: Aus der Geschichte der lateinischen bibel; 4 vols; Friburg: Herder, 1988-91). [A 5th volume with evaluations of the evidence is planned.] Uthmann, K. H. "Ordinateur et stemmatologie: Une Constellation contamine/e dans une tradition grecque." Pp 265-277 in Spatial and Temporal Distributions, Manuscript Constellations: Studies in Language Variation offered to Anthonij Dees on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, ed Pieter van Reenen and Karin van Reenen- Stein (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988). [Yearbook 405: comparison of a program by Anthonij Dees to reconstitute stemmas with Lachmann's method.] Pierce, R. H. "Multivariate Numerical techniques Applied to the Study of Manuscript Traditions." Pp. 24-45 in Tekst Kritisk Teori og Praksis. Oslo, 1988. [Yearbook 406.] Ott, Wilhelm. "Software Requirements for Computer-aided Editing." Pp. 81-103 in Editing, Publishing and Computer Technology: Papers Given at the Twentieth Annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University of Toronto, 2-3 Nov 1984, ed. S. Butler and W. P. Stoneman (NY: AMS Press, 1988). [Yearbook 406: special and multilingual character sets, automatic pagination and collation, indexing and concording, techniques for decomposing texts into elements to be sorted and formatted, and photocomposition software imply "a new organization of editorial work" and "set new quality standards for critical editing." These capabilities have been built into the TUSTEP system from Tu%bingen.] Harder, Raymond G. "The Rendering of Greek Particles in the Peshitta Gospel of John: A Study in Microcomputer Flexibility." Pp. 299-307 in Actes du Second Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Me/thodes, Outils, Re/sultats... Je/rusalem, 9-13 juin 1988 (Champion - Slatkine, 1989). Ott, Wilhelm. "Transcription Errors, Variant Readings, Scholarly Emendations: Software Tools to Master Them." Pp. 419-434 in Actes du Second Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Me/thodes, Outils, Re/sultats... Je/rusalem, 9-13 juin 1988 (Champion - Slatkine, 1989). [Focus on automatic collation software, esp. TUSTEP.] Heather, Michael A. and Rossiter, B. Nick. "A Generalized Database Management Approach to Textual Analysis." Pp. 517-535 in Actes du Second Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Me/thodes, Outils, Re/sultats... Je/rusalem, 9-13 juin 1988 (Champion - Slatkine, 1989). [Towards a "hypertext" model for biblical materials.] Weitzman, Michael P. "The Analysis of Manuscript Traditions: Isaiah (Peshitta Version) and Matthew." Pp 641-652 in Actes du Second Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Me/thodes, Outils, Re/sultats... Je/rusalem, 9-13 juin 1988 (Champion - Slatkine, 1989). [Value of computers even in cases of wide textual contamination. Notes need to classify types of variation (n1); talks about 3-D vectoring procedures (n5).] Najock, Dietmar. "Computer-assisted Reconstruction of Texts." Pp. 534-544 in Computational Linguistics: An International Handbook on Computer Oriented Language research and Applications.... ed. I. S. Ba/tori, W. Lenders and W. Putschke (De Gruyter. 1989). [Yearbook 405: methods based on intermediacy relation (e.g. Zarri), on manuscripts (e.g. Froger, Dearing, Kochendo%rfer/Schirok and Najock), and on dissimilarity methods (Weitzman, Buneman, Sattath/Tversky); three possible criteria (e.g., compatibility, parsimony, maximum likelihood); probabilistic approaches, reliability studies, computer-assisted editions and tools.] Nieuwoudt, Bernard A. "Beyond CATSS: Utilizing Relational Databases for Text-critical Research." L&LC 4 (1989) 254-259. Tov, Emanuel. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. Fortress 1992 (Hebrew original, 1989). [Almost no mention of computer aspects, or of genealogical/stemmatic approaches; exceptions include 141 (CATSS also in abbrevs) and 163, 190 stemmatics.] Lee, Arthur R. "BLUDGEON: a Blunt Instrument for the Analysis of Contamination in Textual Traditions." Pp 261-292 in Computers in Literary and Linguistic Research: Literary and Linguistic Computing 1988 (Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of the ALLC; Jerusalem, 5-9 June 1988), ed. Y. Choueka. Paris- Geneva: Champion-Slatkine, 1990). Hughes, John J. and Peter Patton. "Concordances to the Bible: a History and Prospective." Pp. xiii-xxxii in vol. 1 of the Analytical Concordance to the New Testament, ed. T. and B. Friberg and Philip S. Clapp (2 vol, Grand Rapids MI: Baker, 1991). Ott, Wilhelm. "Computers and Textual Editing." Pp. 205-226 in Computers and Written Texts. Edited by Christopher S. Butler. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992). forthcoming-- Robinson, Peter M.W., & Robert J. O'Hara. (In press.) "Cladistic analysis of an Old Norse manuscript tradition," pp.??-?? in Research in Humanities Computing (Oxford University Press, 199?). Brunner, Theodore F. "Accessing Antiquity: The Computerization of Classical Databases." Pp. ???-??? in ???Classics and the Computer (University of Arizona, 1994?). Mealand, David L. [Just a brief note to say that E.Gu"ting and I are just completing a study of Asyndeton in Romans to 2 Corinthians which analyses the textual variants and then from a list counts which mss. are most prone to losing or inserting particles. So forthcoming somewhere (I hope) is Gu"ting and Mealand on Asyndeton in Paul.] Blayone, Todd. [My thesis work at McGill University includes documenting the history of computerized NT research and assessing its impact and value in a number of key areas. (Textual criticism is one of these areas.) cxfw@musica.mcgill.ca] ========== Some General Background Treatments Poswick, R.-F. "Informatique et Bible, 1985." Pp. 717-726 in Acts of the ALLC 12th Int. Conf. (Nice, 5-8 June 1985) (Brunet, 1986?/87?). Mealand, David. "Computers in NT Research: an Interim Report." JSNT 33 (1988) 97-115. [Yearbook 20 summary, esp. stylometry.] Tov, Emanuel. "Achievements and Trends in Computer-assisted Biblical Studies." Pp 33-60 in Actes du Second Colloque International Bible et Informatique: Me/thodes, Outils, Re/sultats... Je/rusalem, 9-13 juin 1988 (Champion - Slatkine, 1989). Poswick, R.-F. "Le Centre : Informatique et Bible de Maredsous et la Recherche Biblique." INTERFACE 91/41 (15 Juin 1991) 1-8. ===== Some historical items of possible interest: Joos, Martin. Statistical Studies in Gothic Phonology. Unpublished Wisconsin Dissertation [cf U. Wisconsin Summaries of Doctoral Dissertations 6 (1942) 305-307. "He used Hollerith punched cards furnished by Zipf; his method is quite sophisticated, and this is exactly what Busa proposed to do" (Marchand note)] Wake, W. C. "Sentence-Length Distribution of Greek Authors." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A120 (1957) 331-346 [many examples from Greek NT; did 1946 London dissertation on Hippocratic Corpus (computer assisted ?); A.Q.Morton refers to him frequently] Morton, A. Q. Literary Detection (NY: Scribner's, 1978). =====additional material for digesting===== Date: 23 Apr 1993 14:16:47 -0500 (EST) From: RJOHARA@iris.uncg.edu Subject: Trees of history bibliography WORKING INTERDISCIPLINARY BIBLIOGRAPHY: 'TREES OF HISTORY' IN SYSTEMATICS, HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, AND STEMMATICS. Version of February 1993. Compiled by Robert J. O'Hara, Center for Critical Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412-5001, U.S.A. (Email: RJOHARA@UNCG.bitnet or RJOHARA@iris.uncg.edu.) Suggestions for additions, deletions, and corrections are very welcome; my own field is systematics, so that is the area in which this list is most reliable. My object here is not to create an exhaustive bibliography, but rather a bibliography that will help advanced students in any one of these fields get a good sense of what has gone on and is going on in the other fields, with special reference to theory. Studies of particular biological taxa, language families, or manuscript traditions that do not have a theoretical or historical emphasis are generally excluded from this list. Asterisks indicate works that may be particularly useful to beginners. This bibliography may be freely distributed in print or electronically as long as the references and this header remain intact. 1. Interdisciplinary Works 2. General and Theoretical Works - Systematics 3. General and Theoretical Works - Historical Linguistics 4. General and Theoretical Works - Stemmatics 5. Historical Works - Systematics 6. Historical Works - Historical Linguistics 7. Historical Works - Stemmatics 8. Trees of History Elsewhere 9. Miscellaneous Works on Evolution in Relation to Other Fields 1. INTERDISCIPLINARY WORKS =Hoenigswald, Henry M., & Linda F. Wiener, eds. 1987. Biological Metaphor and Cladistic Classification: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [The most important single interdisciplinary collection, with papers on all three subjects.] =Lee, Arthur. 1989. Numerical taxonomy revisited: John Griffith, cladistic analysis and St. Augustine's Quaestiones in Heptateuchum. Studia Patristica, 20:24-32. [Application of cladistic techniques to a stemmatic problem.] =Robinson, Peter M. W., & Robert J. O'Hara. In press. Cladistic analysis of an Old Norse Manuscript tradition. Research in Humanities Computing. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [Application of systematic techniques to a stemmatic problem.] 4. GENERAL AND THEORETICAL WORKS - STEMMATICS Clark, A. C. 1918. The Descent of Manuscripts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Colwell, Ernest Cadman. 1947. Genealogical method: its achievements and limitations. Journal of Biblical Literature, 66:109-133. Dawe, R. D. 1964. The Collation and Investigation of Manuscripts of Aeschylus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [On the limitations of stemmatics.] Greg, W. W. 1927. The Calculus of Variants: an Essay on Textual Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Greg, W. W. 1930. Recent theories of textual criticism. Modern Philology, 28:401-404. [Reply to Shepard (1930).] [Griesbach. 1796. Prolegomena to his second edition of the New Testament. (Establishes the principle of lectio difficilior, and other rules, fide Shepard 1930.)] Kleinlogel, Alexander. 1968. Das Stemmaproblem. Philologus, 112:63-82. Maas, Paul. 1958. Textual Criticism. (Translated from the German by Barbara Flower.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. Quentin, Henri. 1926. Essais de Critique Textuelle. Paris: Picard. Reeve, M. D. 1986. Stemmatic method: 'qualcosa che non funziona'? The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture (Proceedings of the Oxford International Symposium, 1982, edited by Peter Ganz), 1:57-69. Bibliologia, vol. 3. Brepols, Turnhout. *Reynolds, Leighton D., ed. 1983. Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. *Reynolds, Leighton D., & N. G. Wilson. 1991. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Third Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Reviews: Possanza, M. 1991. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, 2:431-438.] Shepard, William P. 1930. Recent theories of textual criticism. Modern Philology, 28:129-141. [Critique of Quentin (1926) and Greg (1927); see Greg (1930) for a response.] =Weitzman, Michael. 1985. The analysis of open traditions. Studies in Bibliography, 38:82-120. [A substantial discussion of how to reconstruct the history of contaminated manuscript traditions.] =Weitzman, Michael. 1987. The evolution of manuscript traditions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 150:287-308. [Develops a statistical model of the process of manuscript descent.] West, M. L. 1973. Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique. Stuttgart. Whitehead, F., & C. E. Pickford. 1951. The two-branch stemma. Bulletin Bibliographique de la Societe Internationale Arthurienne\Bibliographical Bulletin of the International Arthurian Society, 3:83-90. Zuntz, G. 1965. An Inquiry into the Transmission of the Plays of Euripides. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7. HISTORICAL WORKS - STEMMATICS Holm, Gosta. 1972. Carl Johan Schlyter and textual scholarship. Saga och Sed (Kungliga Gustav Adolf Akademiens Aarsbok), 1972:48-80. [Reproduces Schlyter's stemma of legal texts (earliest known) from 1827.] Prete, Sesto. 1969. Observations on the History of Textual Criticism in the Medieval and Renaissance Periods. Collegeville, Minnesota: St. John's University Press. [A lecture given in the series "Medieval and Renaissance Studies" at St. John's College.] Timpanaro, Sebastiano. 1981. La Genesi del Methodo del Lachmann, third edition. Padua. ===== Subject: Re: Computers in NT criticism To: RJOHARA@iris.uncg.edu Date: Fri, 23 Apr 1993 12:08:11 -0500 (EST) Thanks for the note. I would very much like to see the current form of the study -- I have tried to keep track of Peter's progress as he pursued this approach, and did see earlier discussions. You will have noted that COLLATE was included in my discussion plans, but it would be useful to have the bibliographical connection as well! (And, of course, Peter is connected as well through his work on the TEI committee for textcritical things, on which I also served.) Indeed, if only we all had the time, the next step from my end was for Peter to figure out how we could get my textcritical data for the Greek Jewish Scriptures ("Septuagint") into COLLATE to see how it would be analyzed, but I haven't talked to him about this recently. I did do a very brief experiment with Philippians (NT Greek) and COLLATE for demonstration purposes a year or two ago, but much more needs to be done for us ancient types and our pre-digested data (taken from textual apparatuses rather than from the sequential MSS). If you would like to send anything by printed mail, the address is Robert Kraft Box 36 College Hall Univ. of Penn Philadelphia 19104 (but truth be told, I prefer things electronically!). Thanks again, Bob Kraft > > Dear Bob: I saw your note on AIBI soliciting references on computers and > biblical criticism, and wanted to offer a paper by Peter Robinson and myself > that is in press, and ought to be out some time soon (famous last words). > While not specifically a NT study, we think it may be of general interest > to people interested in textual criticism. Peter and I have been collaborating > in the application of a set of techniques used by evolutionary biologists to > the problem of reconstructing manuscript stemmata. These techniques have > been rather more successful than expected, and our project has begun to > generate a fair amount of interest (Peter has presented it a several meetings > already). A short notice of our collaboration has appeared in _Bryn Mawr > Classical Review_, 3:331-337, and you can get a sense of what we are up to > from that. I'd be happy to send you a copy of the paper that's in press > as well, if you'd like; just send me a snailmail address. It's current > citation is: > > Best regards, > > Bob O'Hara > ----------------------------------------------- > Robert J. O'Hara, Postdoctoral Fellow > Center for Critical Inquiry in the Liberal Arts > University of North Carolina at Greensboro > Greensboro, North Carolina 27412-5001, USA > ----------------------------------------------- > RJOHARA@UNCG.bitnet RJOHARA@iris.uncg.edu > ----------------------------------------------- > Date: 23 Apr 1993 14:14:48 -0500 (EST) From: RJOHARA@iris.uncg.edu Subject: Re: Computers in NT criticism Thanks for your interest, Bob. Unfortunately our paper has some old-fasioned figures in it, so I don't have an e-version. I will send the hard copy off to you shortly. I do have something else in e-form that might be of general interest however -- I've been putting together a bibliography on "trees of history" in various fields (manuscript stemmata, evolutionary trees, language trees, etc.). Most of the text-critical references in it will be familiar to you, but perhaps some of the other citations may be of interest. I'll forward a copy right after this message. Best regards, Bob O'Hara RJOHARA@UNCG.bitnet ===== Subject: Bibliographical Database To: sabourco@ere.umontreal.ca Date: Thu, 6 May 1993 20:03:24 -0500 (EST) With reference to your BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DATABASE that you announced on HUMANIST a couple of weeks back, it was not clear to me from the listed topics whether you have included materials on the use of computers in textual criticism. I am gathering information for a survey article on computers and New Testament textual criticism, and would be elated to find that your database could help me locate earlier treatments. If it can, how shall I proceed? Bob Kraft, UPenn/CATSS/CCAT ===== Subject: Re: History of Computer Assisted Research To: DULING%canisius.bitnet@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU (Dr. Dennis Duling @ Religious Studies) Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1993 23:16:19 +22306256 (EST) > > Bob: Would you be interested in the fact that Eastern Great Lakes Biblical > Society (regional SBL, CBA, ASOR) had its first Computer Assisted Biblical > Research session last April, and what went on there? This was somewhat > introductory, though one or two things might be interesting. Dennis > Thanks for this item. I think that I'll create a sketchy time-line for documenting the impact of computing on biblical studies. But my main interest at present is computers and NT text criticism. If you had anything of that sort at the regional meeting, I would especially like to know. Bob ===== Date: Mon, 09 Aug 93 17:35 EDT From: "Bart D. Ehrman" To: Bob Kraft Subject: Your (woops!) article Got home from Germany last Thursday; broused the E-mail that had accumulated; quickly read 100 lines or so of your draft (which, in fact, appeared to be in much better shape than you made it out to be); decided to defer til I had more time, and, evidently, proceeded to delete the thing. Woops. Could you zap me another copy? Had a nice talk with Barbara Aland at their Institute. Appears to me that they're doing scarcely anything at all interesting with computers. She had first heard of E-mail last week; from what I could gather, they use word processors and _maybe_ a simple program for some calculations. But it was very hard to get any solid information from them about it, and the collation program designed for IGNTP was beyond their comprehension. When I suggested that the volumes of Text und Textwert could be produced electronically rather than on zillions of unaffordable and bulky pages, I was scoffed out of modernity; when I proposed to Kurt that they consider electronic publication for the editio maior, he rhetorically asked me _who_ I thought would be able to have access to such a monstrosity.... And so it went. Others have told me that in fact they have some rather sophisticated computer shtuff. Maybe you know more about it? In any case, sorry about the inconvenience. Will it be possible, do you think, to polish this baby off before the semester starts? (Er, um... *Fall* semester) By the way, you may not get the Princeton Seminary Bulletin. I do, by default. Jim Roberts has a very interesting assessment of the book by Metzger, Harrelson, and Denton on the NRSV. (You probably don't recall that we first met in the early 80's in connection withthe NRSV; I was one of Metzger's research grunts serving as a secretary to the committee at the time). In any case, Jimmy Jack doesn't pull any punches. He did not at all appreciate the final three person editorial committee reversing decisions made by the committee of the whole. Hope your summer is otherwise gliding along. -- Bart