---------------------- <> coordinated by Robert Kraft [24 September 1993 Draft, copyright Robert Kraft] [HUMANIST, IOUDAIOS, RELIGION, etc., 24 September 1993] [Religious Studies News 8.4 (November 1993) abridged] [CSSR Bulletin 22.4 (October 1993)] [codes: ... titles, ... emphasis, ... authors or authorities, /

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... levels of headings.] ---------------------- [Note: Because of space constraints, the hardcopy form of this column will be abridged from the electronic version, with apologies to those readers. The longer version will be archived.] Is our world shrinking, or expanding? The rapidly growing international electronic network (or "superhighway" in current e-jargon), with considerable backing from the office of the vice president in Washington DC, is providing quick and easy access to a wide variety of resources and locations, including the US government itself. Small world. On the other hand, it is not necessarily true that the average user had a prior interest in accessing all these goodies, or was even aware of their availability. Expanding horizons! However one may view it, the developments taking place and being planned are changing our world radically in a wide variety of ways, not the least of which are directly relevant to teachers and scholars in the humanistic disciplines. An informative and not-overly-technical (or political) article by Gary Stix on the Internet and its possible futures appears in the August issue of Scientific American under the title "Domesticating Cyberspace." The recently announced arrangements between TIME magazine and American Online to produce "TIME Online" and make that publication "the first newsmagazine to enter the interactive- network age" (TIME 19 Sept 1993, p.4), is symptomatic of what we can expect increasingly from the commercial communities. Similarly, the August 1993 announcement that Performance Systems International is aggressively making arrangements, starting with Continental Cablevision, to make the Internet available to cable TV customers starting early in 1994 is a striking development. "This service will allow households and businesses with a computer and cable TV connection to access the entire suite of Internet data services. These include access to the Library of Congress, international bulletin boards, and unparalleled access to research quality information and data bases." (For further information, contact Kimberly Brown at info@psi.com.) Another example of interesting commercial Internet developments comes from Book Stacks Unlimited, an on-line Bookstore and Readers' Conference System accessible by modem from anywhere in the world (telnet books.com or 192.148.240.9). One can search for BOOKS by author or title, or just browse the "shelves" by subject from over 240,000 titles. Orders are accepted electronically, and various other related services are also offered. Thus you will, I hope, be tolerant of the degree to which this and other recent OFFLINE columns have focused on this new resource reservoir. Some attempt at balance is made with items later in the column, expecially Harry Hahne's review of Bible search programs for DOS Windows, but for the most part, the network will provide the main focus. Those of you who attend the annual AAR-SBL-ASOR meetings in Washington DC in November are invited to follow up on these and related subjects at the sessions and exhibitions sponsored by the Computer Assisted Research Group (CARG), which will be represented conveniently in the traditional book display area this year. New Network Activities The 7th Revision of the Directory of Scholarly Electronic Conferences, coordinated by Diane Kovacs (DKOVACS@KENTVM.bitnet), is now available on the LISTSERV@KENTVM or ListServ@kentvm.kent.edu and via anonymous FTP to ksuvxa.kent.edu in the library directory. Detailed instructions regarding access can be obtained from the coordinator. This directory contains descriptions of electronic conferences (e-conferences) on topics of interest to scholars. E-conference is the umbrella term that includes Bitnet and Internet discussion lists, Internet interest groups, Usenet newsgroups, distributions for e-journals, e-newsletters, electronic fora, etc. Among the most recent additions to this world are the following:

ELECTRONIC ANTIQUITY: COMMUNICATING THE CLASSICS, an e-journal founded by Peter Toohey in June 1993, and also edited by Ian Worthington. Of special interest to students of religion is the article in the July 1993 issue by G. Maddox, "Religious Dissent and Political Opposition: Thoughts on Ancient and Modern Democracy." Access is via gopher or ftp, but the best way (in terms of both ease and time) is by gopher at info.utas.edu.au under Publications - Electronic Antiquity (etc.). Alternatively, try FTP.utas.edu.au (or ftp.info.utas.edu.au) --> departments --> classics --> antiquity. Queries and contributions may be directed to the editors at antiquity-editor@classics.utas.edu.au.

Two new discussion groups from H-NET: H-RHETOR and H-TEACH H-RHETOR is an international electronic discussion group sponsored by the H-Net project of the University of Illinois at Chicago (see OFFLINE 42 for details on H-NET), and provides a forum for scholars and teachers of the history of rhetoric, writing, and communication. It is moderated by Gary Hatch of Brigham Young University (gary_hatch@byu.edu). H-TEACH has been established to enable historians to communicate about teaching approaches, methods, problems, and resources. It is edited by Professor Mark Kornbluh of Washington University in St. Louis (H-Teach@Artsci.wustl.edu). H-Teach will publish syllabi, outlines, handouts, bibliographies, guides to termpapers, listings of new sources, library catalogs and archives, and reports on new software, datasets and cd-roms. It will also post announcements of conferences, fellowships, and jobs, and will carry publisher's announcements of new books, as well as commissioning book reviews. Subscription is free; subscribers will automatically receive messages in their computer mailboxes. To subscribe, send this email message to LISTSERV, either @UICVM.bitnet or @uicvm.uic.edu (Internet): SUB H-RHETOR (or H-TEACH) firstname surname school Professor Richard Jensen is the director of H-Net and may be contacted at u08946@uicvm for further information. H-Net also sponsors other lists pitched to academics.

Another new list: HISTORY-NEWS Donald A. Spaeth (gkha13@cms.glasgow.ac.uk) reports that HISTORY-NEWS has been established to provide a UK-based news and announcement service. Along with History-Methods and History- Teaching, it is run by the Computers in Teaching Initiative Centre for History with Archaeology and Art History, at the University of Glasgow. History-News will distribute any news item likely to be of general interest to historians, archaeologists and art historians, including course and conference announcements, job advertisements, seminar schedules, publications, and dataset news. We welcome announcements sent directly to the History-News list. Items need not have anything to do with computing. History-Methods and History-Teaching will be reserved for discussion about these topics, with particular reference to the application of computers. Only news items with particular relevance to methods or teaching will be circulated to these lists. To subscribe to History-News (or History-Methods, or History- Teaching), send the following one-line message to the address Mailbase@uk.ac.mailbase (or from outside the UK, Mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk), replacing "your name" with your first and last name: join history-news [or -methods, or -teaching] your name News items should be sent to History-News@uk.ac.mailbase (or from outside the UK, History-News@mailbase.ac.uk).

An Electronic Discussion Group on Electronic Text Centers: ETEXTCTR The Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (CETH) at Rutgers and Princeton Universities is sponsoring an electronic discussion group on electronic text centers, coordinated by Annelies Hoogcarspel (HOOGCARSPEL@ZODIAC.bitnet). Subscriptions should be sent to LISTSERV, either @RUTVM1.bitnet or @rutvm1.rutgers.edu, with the usual form of message -- sub etextctr (your name). Over 300 people have already subscribed to the list and the minutes have been posted from the first meeting of the American Libraries Association Discussion Group on Electronic Text Centers, held on 24 June 1993 in New Orleans, as well as a description of the text center at the University of Virginia.

The International Philosophical Preprint Exchange The International Philosophical Preprint Exchange is a new, free, service on the Internet intended to make it easy for philosophers with Internet access of any kind to exchange working papers in all areas of philosophy, and to comment publicly on each other's work. The Exchange provides storage for working papers, abstracts, and comments, and provides a variety of means by which papers and abstracts may be browsed and downloaded. The IPPE is located at Chiba University, Japan, through the generosity of the Department of Philosophy and of Cognitive and Information Sciences, Chiba University. It is administered by an international volunteer group headed by Richard Reiner (York University; rreiner@nexus.yorku.ca). Please send any comments or questions about the service by email to phil-preprints-admin@phil-preprints.l.chiba-u.ac.jp. Paper submissions are accepted from all, on the sole condition that papers must be of interest to contemporary academic philosophers. In addition to original papers, comments on papers already available on the system are encouraged. Papers and abstracts on the IPPE can be retrieved by email, by ftp, and by Gopher. This means that anyone with Internet access of any kind can use the service. If you need detailed help in getting started, send a piece of email to the address phil- preprints-service@phil-preprints.l.chiba-u.ac.jp containing exactly the following four lines of text: begin send getting-started index end and a detailed beginner's guide and a list of files available on the system will be returned to you by email (they will be preceded by a detailed message acknowledging your request). Otherwise, just ftp to phil-preprints.l.chiba-u.ac.jp (log in as "anonymous" or "ftp"); or point your gopher at apa.oxy.edu or at kasey.umkc.edu (look under "Science Studies"); or send email containing mail-server commands to phil-preprints-service@phil-preprints.l.chiba-u.ac.jp (the command "help" is a good way to begin). We encourage you to upload your working papers -- the sooner the better. To make life easier for the coordinators, please read the submission instructions available on the system before uploading. New E-Text Resources Just as the Internet provides access to a plethora of discussion groups and a growing number of electronic publications, it also is becoming a major delivery mechanism for obtaining electronic texts. For example:

Update on the Oxford Text Archive (OTA) Lou Burnard (lou@vax.ox.ac.uk) and Alan Morrison (archive@vax.ox.ac.uk) of the Oxford Text Archive are pleased to announce: (1) a new Short List of titles held at the OTA, (2) 40 titles now available in TEI format for anonymous FTP, (3) a new FTP service for licensed access via the Internet. They continue by noting (among other things) that the OTA staff have been converting texts to a standard TEI-compatible mark up (with much appreciated help from Jeffrey Triggs at Bellcore, and John Price- Wilkin at Virginia), and have been experimenting with ways of saving time and money by using FTP, Gopher, World Wide Web, etc., to deliver material rather than tapes and disks. The latest catalogue lists 1336 titles, in 28 languages, with about 1.2 Gb of textual data, most of it freely available, some of it restricted in one way or another. The OTA expresses a special interest in obtaining scholarly minority-interest material which is not going to turn up on CD-anything in the foreseeable future. The archiving and distribution service offered by the OTA is free to the contributors of textual materials. The ftp address is: ota.ox.ac.uk. Log on as anonymous, quoting your e-mail address as a password. The following useful files will be of general interest: ota/textarchive.list our current catalogue ota/textarchive.info information file + order form There are two classes of texts available from this FTP server (a) texts which are in TEI format and are made freely available (these all appear as category P texts in the shortlist). It is expected that recipients won't redistribute these texts in a mutilated state or without acknowledgment of the source. (b) texts which are available only under standard OTA conditions of use (these all appear as category U or A in the shortlist). To see what (a) class texts are currently available, look in the directory ota. It's arranged, like the ShortList, by language, and within that by Author. Each text has a conformant TEI header, and each text is a legal TEI compatible document, using a special document type definition (dtd), which you can also download from the same directory (look in ota/TEI). Eventually, there will be some more introductory stuff on what SGML is, why the TEI is a good thing etc etc. Here is a sample list: Anonymous: Gammer Gurtons Needle Edgar Rice Burroughs: A Princess of Mars Wilkie Collins: The Woman in White Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim; Nigger of the Narcissus Charles Darwin: Origin of Species Arthur Conan Doyle: Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; Casebook of Sherlock Holmes; His last bow; Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes; Sign of Four; Valley of Fear; Hound of the Baskervilles; Return of Sherlock Holmes; A study in Scarlet Henry James: The Europeans; Roderick Hudson; The Watch Jack London: Klondike Tales; The Seawolf; The Call of the Wild; Whitefang Andrew Marvell: English Poems (1688) Herman Melville: Moby Dick John Milton: Paradise Lost Lucy M. Montgomery: Ann of Avonlea William Morris: News from Nowhere Baroness Orczy: The Scarlet Pimpernel Bram Stoker: Dracula Antony Trollope: Lady Anna; Ayalas Angel; The Eustace Diamonds; Can you forgive her; Phineas Finn; Phineas Redux; Rachel Ray; Dr Wortle's School; Mark Twain: A Connecticut Yankee at the court of King Arthur H.G. Wells: The Invisible Man; The War of the Worlds; The Time Machine The majority of texts in the Archive are class (b), restricted access, held in trust for a Depositor and available by means of the standard user declaration form. Because it is a contract, OTA has to have a signed paper copy of the declaration in hand before it can issue copies of the texts. Once the signed declaration is received, OTA can send the signer copies of restricted texts, on diskette, cartridge or magnetic tape, or even over the network. The procedure for network access is to send OTA a signed order form, as usual; on the order form, specify a password of your choice. OTA will place copies of the files you ordered in a special directory under ota, access to which requires you to quote both a personal identifier (which OTA will supply) and the password you have designated. OTA will send you e-mail giving details of how to access the directory, and you will download copies of the files you ordered, using conventional ftp commands. After a fixed period of time (usually about a week) your personal identifier will be removed and the file copies deleted. With regard to other types of distribution (diskette, tape, etc.), there is some bad news. OTA has been told very firmly to increase prices to something a bit nearer a realistic level. Not only that, but within the European Community OTA must charge VAT at 17.5% on every order. The result of rethinking and revising the fee structures has produced the following schedule: Magnetic tape: #50 ($80) each DC350 tape cartridge #30 ($50) each Diskette #20 ($35) each Invoicing charge #10 ($20) payable if order is not prepaid Postage surcharge #10 ($20) for orders outside EC Add VAT at 17.5% for orders within EC OTA will continue to give an estimate for the cost of any order free of charge. And, of course, if you use the new FTP service, then you don't need to pay OTA a penny!

Project Gutenberg In the Project Gutenberg Newsletter for Sepetmber, 1993, director Michael S. Hart (Hart@vmd.cso.uiuc.edu) provides an extensive list of the project's releases thus far: Mon Year Title and/or Author (filename.ext) ## Sep 1993 The Online World/de Presno [online11.xxx] 80 Aug 1993 Terminal Compromise/NetNovel[termc10x.xxx] 79 Aug 1993 Tarzan of the Apes/Burroughs[tarzn10x.xxx] 78 Aug 1993 House of 7 Gables/Hawthorne [7gabl10x.xxx] 77 Aug 1993 Huck Finn [Wiretap/Twain] [hfinn10x.xxx] 76 Jul 1993 Email 101 by John Goodwin (email025.xxx) 75 Jul 1993 Tom Sawyer [Wiretap/Twain] (sawyr10x.xxx) 74 Jul 1993 Red Badge of Courage, Crane (badge10x.xxx) 73 Jul 1993 Thuvia, Maid of Mars [#4] (mmars10x.xxx) 72 Jun 1993 Civil Disobedience, Thoreau (civil10x.xxx) 71 Jun 1993 What Is Man? Mark Twain (wman10xx.xxx) 70 Jun 1993 The 32nd Mersenne Prime (32pri10x.xxx) 69 Jun 1993 Warlord of Mars, [Mars #3] (wmars10x.xxx) 68 May 1993 Black Experience (Coombs) (blexp10x.xxx) 67 May 1993 The Dawn of Amateur Radio (radio10x.xxx) 66 May 1993 The First 100,000 Primes (prime10x.xxx) 65 May 1993 Gods of Mars, [Mars #2] (gmars10x.xxx) 64 Apr 1993 The Number "e" [Natural Log](ee610xxx.xxx) 63 Apr 1993 A Princess of Mars [Mars #1](pmars10x.xxx) 62 Apr 1993 The Communist Manifesto (manif10x.xxx) 61 Apr 1993 The Scarlet Pimpernel (scarp10x.xxx) 60 Mar 1993 Decartes' Reason Discourse (dcart10x.xxx) 59 Mar 1993 Milton's Paradise Regained (rgain10x.xxx) 58 Mar 1993 Aladdin and the Magic Lamp (alad10xx.xxx) 57 Mar 1993 NREN, by Jean Armour Polly (nren210x.xxx) 56 Feb 1993 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (wizoz10x.xxx) 55 Feb 1993 The Marvelous Land of Oz (ozland10.xxx) 54 Feb 1993 LOC Workshop on Etexts (locet10x.xxx) 53 Feb 1993 The Square Root of Two (2sqrt10x.xxx) 52 Jan 1993 Anne of the Island (iland10x.xxx) 51 Jan 1993 Pi (circumference/diameter) (pimil10x.xxx) 50 Jan 1993 Surfing the Internet (Surf10xx.xxx) 49 Jan 1993 The World Factbook (world192.xxx) 48 Jan 1993 Clinton's Inaugural Address (clintonx.xxx) na Jan 1992 Frederick Douglass (duglas10.xxx) 24 Jan 1992 O Pioneers! Willa Cather (opion10x.xxx) 25 Feb 1992 1991 CIA World Factbook (world91a.xxx) 26 Feb 1992 Paradise Lost (Raben) (plrabn11.xxx) 27 Mar 1992 Far From the Madding Crowd(crowd13x.xxx) 28 Mar 1992 Aesop's Fables (Advantage)(aesopa10.xxx) 29 Apr 1992 Data From the 1990 Census (uscen901.xxx) 30 Apr 1992 New Etext of Bible (KJV) (bible10x.xxx) 31 May 1992 Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy(oedip10x.xxx) 32 May 1992 Herland (for Mother's Day)(hrlnd10x.xxx) 33 Jun 1992 The Scarlet Letter (scrlt10x.xxx) 34 Jun 1992 Zen & the Art of Internet)(zen10xxx.xxx) 35 Jul 1992 The Time Machine-HG Wells)(timem10x.xxx) 36 Jul 1992 The War of the Worlds-HGW)(warw10xx.xxx) 37 Aug 1992 The 1990 US Census (2nd) (uscen902.xxx) 38 Aug 1992 The Hackers' Dictionary (jargn10x.xxx) 39 Sep 1992 Hitchhiker Internet Guide (hhgi10xx.xxx) 40 Sep 1992 NorthWestNet NUSIRG Guide (nusirg10.xxx) 41 [NUSIRG has been removed on request from the copyright holders because we could not translate the PostScripts into a reasonable Plain Vanilla ASCII file, but we now hope to do this with Adobe Acrobat. If any of you can help with this project, please let us know] Oct 1992 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (sleep10x.xxx) 42 Oct 1992 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde #1 (hyde10xx.xxx) 43 Oct 1992 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde #2 (hydea10x.xxx) 43 Nov 1992 Anne of Green Gables (anne10xx.xxx) 44 Nov 1992 Song of the Lark (Cather) (song10xx.xxx) 45 Dec 1992 A Christmas Carol (Dickens) (carol10x.xxx) 46 Dec 1992 Anne of Avonlea (avon10xx.xxx) 47 Dec 1992 The Gift of the Magi-O Henry (magi10.txt) (This is too short to zip, and will join xmasx.xxx) (These 1991 etexts are now in> cd /etext/etext91) (Do a dir *.zip or dir *.txt to see exact names.) Jan 1991 Alice in Wonderland (alice29x.xxx) 12 Feb 1991 Through the Looking Glass (lglass16.xxx) 13 Mar 1991 The Hunting of the Snark (snark12x.xxx) 14 Apr 1991 1990 CIA World Factbook (world12x.xxx) 15 May 1991 Moby Dick (From OBI)* (mobyxxxx.xxx) 16 *Moby Dick is missing Chapter 72 Jun 1991 Peter Pan (for US only)** (peter14a.xxx) 17 *Please do not download Peter Pan outside the US Jul 1991 The Book of Mormon (mormon13.xxx) 18 Aug 1991 The Federalist Papers (feder12x.xxx) 19 Sep 1991 The Song of Hiawatha (hisong11.xxx) 20 Oct 1991 Paradise Lost (plboss11.xxx) 21 Nov 1991 Aesop's Fables (aesop11x.xxx) 22 Dec 1991 Roget's Thesaurus #1 (roget11x.xxx) 23 Dec 1991 Roget's Thesaurus #2 (roget12x.xxx) 23 (Books from earlier years will available in 1994) 1971 Declaration-Independence (whenxxxx.xxx) 1 1972 Bill of Rights (billxxxx.xxx) 2 1973 U.S. Constitution (constxxx.xxx) 3 1974-1982 The Bible (#1) (biblexxx.xxx) 4 1983-1990 Complete Shakespeare (shakesxx.xxx) 5 [The Shakespeare has never been released due to an extraordinary amount of copyright hassles] 1974 The Gettysburg Address (4scorxxx,xxx) 6 For further information or to retrieve electronic books, FTP directly to the Project Gutenberg archives (please do NOT use mrcnext between 10AM and 6PM weekdays): ftp mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu (or 128.174.201.12) login: anonymous password: name@login [your email address] cd etext/etext91 [for 1991 releases] cd etext/articles [for Project Gutenberg articles and newsletters] cd etext92 [for 1992 releases] if /etext/etext92 is down dir [to see files] get or mget [to get files. . .set bin for zip files] GET INDEX [for a list of books] GET NEW GUT [for general information] MGET GUT* [for newsletters] Questions about Project Gutenberg should go to: dircompg@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu Director/Communications Requests for disks should go to: John Mechalas (pgdisks@jg.cso.uiuc.edu) or via U.S. Mail 302 Hawkins Grad House West Lafayette, IN 47906 To subscribe to the paper edition of this newsletter, mail stamps and mailing labels, and/or donations to: Project Gutenberg P. O. Box 2782 Champaign, IL 61825

Some Sanskrit Texts Dominik Wujastik (ucgadkw@ucl.ac.uk) has made available some Sanskrit texts on ftp.bcc.ac.uk in the directory /pub/users/ucgadkw/indology. saula.asc the text of the Saundaryalahari by Sankara saulawi.asc a word-index to the above tei.hed a preliminary SGML header for saula.asc according to the recommendations of the Text Encoding Initiative. Includes a description of the transliteration scheme and coding used in saula.asc. buca.asc A/svagho.sa's Buddhacarita TEI/SGML varbrhs.asc VarAhamihira's BRhatsaMhitA Text was input by Kyoto-Harvard System sutrapat.tex Panini's Sutrapatha in TeX charset.tex Standardization of Sanskrit for Electronic Data Transfer and Screen Representation

Classical Latin texts on the Internet: PROJECT LIBELLUS Konrad Schroder reports that the purpose of project Libellus is to make available, for any use whatever, classical texts and associated materials in electronic form. It is not attempting to create new works, but only to make available those which already exist. For more information consult the various README files in the archive, in directory libellus/info. If what you want to know is not there, try sending e-mail to perseant@u.washington.edu. The current host name is ftp.u.washington.edu /public/libellus or /pub/user-supported/libellus Login as "anonymous" or "ftp" use your e-address as password Available texts include: The entire Aeneid, Georgics, and Eclogues of Vergil; Caesar's De Bello Gallico, books 1-3 (with commentary); Livy's Ab Urbe Condita, book 1; Cupid and Psyche, of Apuleius; Cicero's orations 1-2 In Catilinam; and a few selections from Catullus. Work is being done here on the rest of the De Bello Gallico, and Allen & Greenough's New Latin Grammar; we have been offerred a Latin-English dictionary, and hope to have those reasonably soon. There is also a utility program, tex2asc, for converting TeX documents into straight ASCII, ANSI, or RTF format. Also a spell-checking companion, lexp, that attempts to deduce the conjugation/declension of words in a word-list, thereby greatly increasing the number of words that the spellchecker can access. This program is not recommended for use on a desktop PC; but it is effective on a mainframe. If you want to add specific words to a dictionary, lexp will also act as a quick declension/conjugation engine. Currently this program is offerred as a beta-test version; but wordlists generated by it are available in the utils directory. Any utilities held in the archive will be redistributable at no cost -- whether they be Public Domain, Freeware (may not be sold), GPL, or what have you: if you got it here, you can give it away. The tex2asc and lexp programs are under the GNU General Public License; see the file COPYING in libellus/utils for more details. Software Reviews, Notes and Releases Moving off of the Internet, there is no lack of ongoing activity such as the production of new CD-ROM packages, usually with their own "proprietary" software, or of various utilities and datasets available under various conditions and states of completion. Finding one's way through this forest is no easy task. Thus it is greatly appreciated that we have received permission to provide an abbreviated form of the review of Bible Search software by Harry Hahne (Lecturer in New Testament at Ontario Theological Seminary and a Doctoral candidate at the University of Toronto) that appeared recently, with illustrations and feature comparison charts, in Todd Blayone's Computer-Assisted Research Forum: An Independent, Non-technical Bulletin for Academics and Educators in the Humanities (CARF; see OFFLINE 42).

High-Tech Bible Study: PC Bible Programs With A Graphical User Interface, by Harry Hahne (hahne@epas.utoronto.ca), condensed and adapted for OFFLINE by the coordinator

Computers can greatly enhance the study of biblical and related texts. With the right software one can quickly isolate words and phrases, compare translations and perform thematic studies. Many programs instantly parse and define words in Greek and Hebrew, encouraging rapid reading of original language texts. Bible-search programs for IBM PC-compatible computers have been available for several years. However, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) such as Microsoft Windows often makes these programs easier to use. While programs differ in their strengths and weaknesses, a well- implemented GUI-based program may offer several advantages over command or menudriven programs: 1) easier manipulation of search results; 2) tighter integration with word processors; 3) scalable Greek and Hebrew fonts that can be used by other programs; 4) side-byside display of multiple versions; and 5) "point-and-select" searching, parsing and dictionary lookup. Unfortunately, such programs often have several weaknesses: 1) greater hardware requirements, 2) slower screen display; 3) less powerful searches, owing to the limitations of "point-and-select" searching; and, 4) more restricted grammatical search capabilities. This review compares four GUI-based Bible-search programs that run on IBM PC-compatible computers. The first three run under Microsoft Windows, while TheWord uses a proprietary, DOS-based GUI to integrate a wide variety of Bible-study tools.

Overview and Basic Information Bible Windows 2.1 blends ease-of-use with the most powerful Greek and Hebrew grammatical search ability of the programs reviewed. The ease of manipulating texts and obtaining accurate parsing and dictionary information simplifies reading of original-language texts. The program's major limitations are relatively slow searches, lack of notes capability, limited English search capability and occasionally finicky word highlighting. (Silver Mountain Software, 1029 Tanglewood, Cedar Hill, TX 75104-30019 USA; Phone/Fax (214) 293-2920; Internet john@ling.uta.edu) BibleWorks for Windows 2.0 has impressive search speed. The creative use of word and grammatical lists makes basic lexical and grammatical searches easy and enjoyable. Word statistics, quick parsing and dictionary look-up based on good scholarly resources make this a valuable research tool. The multilingual note editor is a handy bonus that makes it easier to use this information. On the down side, complex grammatical searches are difficult to enter in encoded form on the command line. This program would be easier to use with point-and-select grammatical searches, wider use of menus and multiple windows for Bible texts. (Hermeneutika, P.O. Box 98563, Seattle, WA 98198 USA; Phone/Fax (206) 824-3927; (206) 824-7160) Logos Bible Study Software 1.6B has the most polished Windows user-interface and the widest selection of Bible texts. It searches quickly and includes a wide range of search options. It is well suited to those who do not need more than basic Greek and Hebrew study tools. Because it lacks Greek and Hebrew grammatical searching, uses outdated dictionary tools, favours the Textus Receptus, and lacks a convenient way to search for Greek and Hebrew words by dictionary form, it will have little appeal to students, scholars and others who work with the original languages. If future versions include morphologically tagged, critical Greek and Hebrew texts, better dictionaries and a suitable way of entering grammatical searches it will become a first-class advanced Bible research tool. (Logos Research Systems, Inc., 2117 200th Avenue West, Oak Harbor, WA 98277 USA; Phone (800) 87-LOGOS; (206) 679-6575) TheWord Advanced Study System 3.0 allows flexible searches, with a combination of command line and point-and-select grammatical searches. However, the cumbersome and slow graphical interface hinders a cleverly conceived and powerful program. When it becomes available in a Windows version it should have broader appeal. (WordSoft, A Division of Word, Inc., 5221 N. O'Connor Blvd. Suite 1000, Irving, TX 75039 USA; Phone/Fax (214) 556-1900; (214) 401-2344) The variety of Bible-search programs can make the selection of a suitable program a difficult process. All of the programs reviewed here are capable programs, with many creative ideas. Using any of the programs will open exciting new avenues for biblical research.

Bible Windows 2.1: Some Details

General Design Bible Windows 2.1 (BWin) is easy to learn and makes good use of the Microsoft Windows interface. It offers a movable icon bar, multiple windows for displaying different passages or Bible versions, and point- and-select grammatical searching. Those who are familiar with Windows will master this program very quickly. In addition to KJV and RSV English translations, BWin includes a morphologically-tagged Greek NT (UBS3/CCAT text), tagged Septuagint (LXX), tagged Hebrew Bible (BHS) and the Vulgate. It also includes the UBS Greek lexicon and a Hebrew lexicon based on Holladay and Brown-Driver-Briggs (BDB). Scalable Greek, Hebrew and Coptic (!) fonts in TrueType and PostScript/ ATM Type 1 format are included. A version is available which will search the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae and Packard Humanities Institute CD-ROMs which include Greek classical texts and documentary papyri, and Coptic biblical and Nag Hammadi texts. BWin displays multiple windows, each of which can contain a different version of the Bible or a different passage in the same version. One can link windows to scroll through several versions simultaneously. Unfortunately, BWin does not indicate which windows are linked. One cannot link search results except in the interlinear display form, and linking of search windows is possible only after the search is complete. Greek, Hebrew and English screen- font sizes can each be set with a menu option. Up to five bookmarks can be set. Unfortunately, setting a bookmark for the current verse requires entering a reference, rather than simply clicking on a button. Even though the multiple-window interface is flexible and easy to use, there are several rough edges in the way that windows are displayed and manipulated. Since open windows can contain only a single biblical book; there is no way to browse through the whole Bible without opening several windows. (The "Jump to Reference" option allows one to enter a chapter and verse, not a new book name.) Moreover, displayed text does not automatically wrap to fit a resized window. This leaves three options: 1) scroll horizontally to see part of the verse; 2) enlarge the window; or, 3) change the font size. When viewing search results in English, one can click on a reference and the verse will be shown in context. Clicking on a verse in the Greek or Hebrew search-results window displays the verse in an interlinear display format, with encoded grammatical information beneath each word. For Greek and Hebrew searches, the matching term is highlighted in the interlinear-display format only. Highlighting is incomplete. If more than one term is included in the search, or there is more than one match in a verse, only the first matching term is highlighted. To define or parse a word, simply click on it with the left mouse button, then click with the right button and select "Show Dictionary" or "Show Parsing" from the pop-up menu. This helpful feature would be improved if both parsing and dictionary information were in the same pop-up window. For Hebrew words, all parts of the word (e.g., inseparable conjunctions, articles and prepositions) are listed separately in the dictionary and parsing windows.

Search Capabilities Of the programs reviewed, BWin provided the simplest and most powerful Greek and Hebrew grammatical searching. By clicking on a word in a Bible passage, the word and the grammatical information are inserted as search criteria. Parts of speech (verb, noun, etc.), grammatical elements (tense, voice, mood, case, gender, etc.), and lemmas (dictionary forms of words) are selected from list-boxes with the mouse. In grammatical searches, words cannot be entered apart from the word list and wild cards or multiple lemmas are not allowed. Searches can use Boolean AND, OR, NOT operators, but Greek and Hebrew searches cannot be grouped with parentheses. Agreement can be required between all words for any grammatical element. This allowed me to search for Greek genitive absolutes (a construction that includes a genitive noun and a genitive participle agreeing in gender and number). This was the only program reviewed which could search for this basic Greek grammatical construction. Searches do not require that one enter Greek accents or Hebrew vowel points, though these are displayed in the text. This makes searches simpler to enter and reduces incomplete search results due to accents which are changed by context. Unfortunately, the Greek and Hebrew search screens do not exclude impossible options, such as specifying a "common noun" as a subclass of "verb." The program will simply begin searching for the impossible construction. BWin should incorporate error-checking on search expressions. Even better, it should dim the menu options which are not relevant, or remove the irrelevant options to reduce screen clutter and confusion. Allowing the exclusion of specific words or grammatical forms between the search terms would open new search possibilities. None of the reviewed programs included this feature. At first glance, it appears that one could use the NOT option to exclude a word. However, this can produce undesirable side-effects. For example, searching for a genitive absolute construction produces several false matches, since verbs sometimes occur between the genitive noun and participle. If one instructs BWin that the second term must NOT be a verb, no matches are found, since all participles are verbs. With a true "Exclude Intervening Word" option, the item excluded is not a search term, but a specification about what must be absent for a search-result to qualify. It also would be helpful if the agreement option could be limited to specified search terms. This would allow one to search for the common Greek expression "article1 article2 noun2 noun1," where article1 and noun1 agree and article2 and noun2 agree. Searches may be limited to selected books of the Bible by clicking on the desired book names with the mouse. Unfortunately, it is time-consuming to have to repeat this process for every search. It would be simpler to specify the search books in the "Search Preferences." Greek and Hebrew search criteria can be saved. However, one must remember to save the search criteria before beginning a search, because the previous search-criteria screen is cleared before a new one is entered. English search criteria cannot be saved. Search speed in English was slow compared to other programs tested. However, the Greek and Hebrew search speeds were comparable to the other programs.

Concluding Observations BWin cannot attach personal notes to verses of the Bible. It allows only rudimentary printing of single verses or highlighted verses, with no control on formatting. It may be preferable to paste verses into a word processor file, then arrange page layout before printing. The manual for BWin is very thin and lacks explanations of some features and options. It could be improved by including more examples, an index and a discussion of the tagging philosophy used in the tagged Greek and Hebrew texts. The version tested contained several minor bugs and inconsistencies. If two windows were opened to different books, it would not prevent a link (e.g., Genesis and Matthew linked on the same chapter and verse). Similarly, the program does not prevent trying to go to Genesis in the Greek New Testament. More error checking and warning messages would make the program more professional. Clicking on a word sometimes selects the word, sometimes not. Occasionally only dragging the mouse over a word selected it. The program allows one to begin a search without selecting any books to search, resulting in no matches. The font of a dependent window (such as a verse in context or interlinear display of a verse) was not always the same size as the main window. The size of such windows must be set after the windows are opened.

BibleWorks for Windows 2.0: Some Details

General Design BibleWorks for Windows 2.0 (BWorks) has a significantly different user interface from most other Windows programs. However, once one adjusts to this way of working, BWorks proves to be a powerful tool. BWorks includes a good range of texts, including KJV, ASV and RSV English versions (some with Apocrypha), morphologically- tagged Greek NT (UBS3/Friberg text), LXX (with Apocrypha) and Hebrew Bible (BHS, Westminster corrected BHS and Westminster tagged text). It also includes Englishman's-Strong's numbering and the Treasury of Scripture Knowledge (for cross-references and topical studies). In the future, the publisher plans to incorporate many other biblical and related texts into BWorks. Scalable Greek and Hebrew fonts in TrueType and PostScript/ATM Type 1 format are included. (The fonts are licenced from Lingua Software.) The screen is organized into three parts. The Command-Center Window includes a command line for entering searches, an icon bar and a "pick-list" of words. It shows search statistics and a list box of verse references matching the search criteria. The Results Window displays the matching verses or a selected passage in several Bible versions at the same time. The Editor Window presents a powerful, multiple document, multilingual editor. There is a fair amount of flexibility in the arrangement of the three windows. Although there is only one window for the Bible text BWorks can display multiple versions at once. (The versions are automatically linked to display the same passages.) On the one hand, this layout simplifies the linking problems that can occur with other programs. On the other hand, because only one window can be displayed, starting a new search or browsing to another part of the Bible causes the original text in the Results Window to be lost. Multiple windows would make it easier for comparing passages (e.g., NT citations of the Hebrew Scriptures). To work around this limitation verses may be copied to the editor. The procedure for using BWorks is to run a search, then select a verse from the list of matching verses. The first verse in the list is automatically displayed in the selected versions. The verses can be browsed, viewed in context and saved.

Search Capabilities The easiest way to conduct a search is to double click (with the left mouse button) on a word in the Bible text. All verses containing this word will be shown in the verse-list box. Most searches, however, are conducted from the command line. One can enter a biblical reference and the passage will be shown in the Results Window. One can also enter a Englishman's-Strong's number (KJV only) or a word. When entering a word, all words that begin with the specified letters will be listed. One can select a word from the list with the mouse. Multiple words can be selected by holding down the Shift key using the mouse. Searches can be repeated by cycling through the list but there is no provision to selectively save them. A miniature on-screen keyboard, showing the positions of the Greek and Hebrew letters, can simplify entering Greek or Hebrew search expressions.) One of the most non-intuitive aspects of the command line is that most search expressions must begin with a period. The period indicates that the word(s) which follow must be in the verse. Therefore, it functions as a logical AND even though it starts the expression. Similarly, to indicate a Boolean OR search, the command line must start with a "/". While this method can minimize typing, a more conventional command syntax would be easier to learn, i.e., one in which "AND" or "&" were used between terms. One can conduct searches with the Boolean operators (AND, OR and NOT) and use parentheses to group search criteria. For example, ".God (/man woman)" will find verses which include "God" and either "man" or "woman." Searches can include the "*" and "?" wild cards. By default, the search context is one verse, but this can be changed to any number of verses. A multiple verse-search context is helpful for thematic analysis. For grammatical searches, it would also be useful to allow a context of a certain number of words or a whole sentence. Searches can also specify an exact phrase. There is no provision to require a particular word order, so the search for de/*de/ failed to find the desired verses. There is also no provision for forced grammatical agreement between words or the ability to exclude a lemma or grammatical form between search terms. Therefore, my search for genitive absolutes failed. BWorks allows very powerful Greek and Hebrew grammatical searches. Unfortunately, compound and wild-card searchs must be performed from the command line using terse, encoded commands. For example, ".ginomai@v-a?p???" searches for the "aorist participle of gi//nomai." The symbols * and ? are wild cards for grammatical elements. One can search for a specific word or use any combination of words with wild cards. When combined with Boolean operators and search-context delimiting, extremely powerful searches are possible. It would be helpful if a pop-up window showed the meaning of the grammatical tags. Many users would prefer an optional point-and-select method of entering grammatical parameters. (It was reported that this has been implemented in the shipping version.) As one enters a grammatical search expression, words that match the portion already entered are displayed in the word list, along with their full parsing (in encoded form and with standard grammatical terms). Because there is no horizontal scroll bar on this list one must change the font size or resize the window to view long entries. This grammatical search system is valuable for exploring how words are used in context and the various forms that occur. Entering a word on the command line brings up a list of all related forms with frequency statistics. To view all the verses with a particular form, simply click on the form in the list. One limitation of grammatical searches is that Greek and Hebrew words must be entered in transliterated form. Fortunately, the words are displayed in Greek and Hebrew in the word list, though without Greek accents and breathing marks, or Hebrew vowel points. This makes it is impossible to distinguish between several words until one sifts through the fully accented and pointed results. A double click of the right mouse button on a word in an original-language text displays its parsing, usage frequencies, the lemma, the UBS dictionary definition (Greek) and all its forms. (A Hebrew and LXX dictionary linked to lemmas are not yet available.) If a word can have more than one parsing, the one appropriate to the current context is not identified. However, this information can be obtained by displaying the morphologically-tagged text. If a morphology window lists more than one parsing, one can click on a parsing to see a list of other verses that use the word in this way. In Hebrew one can select part of the word, such as an inseparable preposition. For example, clicking on the preposition -b revealed a list of 10153 verses (and 15609 matches) in just three seconds! One of the great strengths of BWorks is its search speed. Most searches take less than a second and even complex searches with multiple wild cards and grammatical constructions take only a few seconds. In word searches the matching search terms are highlighted in the Bible text. However, words are not highlighted in grammatical searches in Greek and Hebrew. This is a serious limitation since tags can be hard to find by scanning a verse.

Concluding Observations An icon bar provides access to a variety of commands. However, unlike most Windows programs, these commands are not available from menus. This makes the program harder to learn because the meaning of some icons are not intuitive (e.g., a hand limits a range of books to search). The developer reported that a newer version provides explanatory cues when the mouse passes over an icon. BWorks's includes a note editor that handles Greek, Hebrew and Roman fonts. Hebrew can wrap from right to left. One can copy verses, copy dictionary articles, word statistics or parsing information with the click of the mouse. Documents can be up to 32,000 lines long-over 1MB in size! Notes can be attatched to chapters and verses. Cut-and-paste from the editor can transfer multilingual notes, verses and grammatical notes to a word processor. BWorks can also use DDE to paste verses in a word processor file. Printing in BWorks is unusually flexible, since the page layout is controlled through this built-in editor. The word lists had a few minor statistical errors and occasionally the program had to be restarted due to a Windows General Protection Fault. The manual is fairly complete, but the explanations are sometimes unclear. More examples, an index and better binding would be most welcome. Fortunately, online context-sensitive help is included.

Logos Bible Study Software 1.6B: Some Details

General Design Logos Bible Study Software 1.6B (Logos) is easy to learn, and makes excellent use of the Windows user interface. Logos offers a wider selection of Bible texts than any program reviewed. English texts include KJV, NKJV, ASV, New American Bible, NIV, New Jerusalem, RSV and NRSV (several texts include the "Apocrypha"). Dutch, Spanish and French translations are also available. The Hebrew BHS text and several Greek texts are available, including NA26, Scrivener, Stephens 1550 Textus Receptus and Byzantine/Majority Textform. Unfortunately, no morphologically-tagged Greek or Hebrew texts are available, though there are plans to add them through a new version by the end of 1993. This is partially compensated by the optional TVM module, which allows one to search by verb tense, voice and mood in the Textus Receptus Greek text and the BHS Hebrew Bible. Scalable Greek and Hebrew TrueType and PostScript/ATM Type 1 fonts are included. The screen layout is attractive and offers exceptional flexibility in manipulating the display of the Bible text. Windows include some special buttons, but not so many that their appearance is cluttered. Commands may be chosen from menus, an optional icon bar or numerous command keys. One can open multiple windows with different Bible versions or different passages in the same version. The version displayed in a window can be changed from a menu. The passage displayed can be selected with the scroll bar or by entering book, chapter and verse in the upper left corner of the window. The scroll bar moves through the entire Bible, not a single book as in BWin. One can click on arrows in the right corner of the window to move up or down through books and chapters. Text wraps to fit all windows sizes. Numerous display options are available: paragraph or separate-verse display, italics on/off, red letters for the words of Jesus, Englishman's- Strong's numbers (KJV only), translators notes, cross references (predefined and user defined) and personal notes. Up to ten bookmarks can be set. A menu item places a bookmark in the current verse. To jump to the bookmark, simply click on the numbered icon. Notes may be attached to any verse. When the note display option is on, notes display in a resizable subsection of the Bible text window. Notes are linked to individual verses. Therefore, changing the verse also changes the note. Unfortunately, notes are limited to 4K per verse. The editor allows cut and paste and word wrap. Greek or Hebrew fonts and search-and-replace are not supported. If the KJV is set to display Englishman's-Strong's numbers, one can click on the number and see the dictionary entry for a word. Many words do not display a Englishman's-Strong's number and hence cannot be looked up. The Greek dictionary is based on Thayer's lexicon, an outdated (but readily available) 19th century work, with supplements from Smith's Bible Dictionary. The Hebrew dictionary is based on BDB and Smith's Bible dictionary, and is more useful. Windows are linked by selecting a "Link" menu option or by holding down the mouse button, and moving the mouse pointer between two windows. Since links are bi-directional, changing the passage displayed in any linked window changes all linked windows. It is easy to unlink a window by selecting an option in the "Window" menu. Searching a linked window affects all linked windows.

Search Capabilities The simplest way to conduct a search is to click on a word, then select "Speed Search." A "Search Results" window displays the matching references. The "Search Results" window is the control centre for browsing matching verses. Click on a reference to display the verse. The search results are displayed in the currently active window and all search terms are highlighted. One can print or transfer verses to the clipboard. Unfortunately, the "Search Results" window is not resizable and it sometimes gets in the way of text windows. More sophisticated searches are conducted in the search dialog box. Supported search-types include: concordance searches (word searches), phrase searches, approximate searches and note searches. The approximate search allows one to type, for example, "Zorrobubble" and find verses with the word "Zerubbabel." One can guess at the wording of a verse: "I press on towards the prizes" will find Phil 3:14 "I press on towards the mark for the prize..." Unfortunately, this type of search is slow, sometimes requiring fifteen minutes. Fortunately, searches work in the background while the program is used in other ways. Searches can be restricted to standard ranges (e.g., Minor Prophets) or custom ranges. One can search a particular Bible version and display the results in another version. If one enters a word that is not recognized, Logos suggests alternatives. Words can also be selected from an optional list. As one types letters, words beginning with these letters are listed. Only matching words are listed, in contrast to BWorks which lists all words, starting with the closest match. One cannot search for many small words (e.g. "in," "and," "for"). Searches can include wild cards. However, only thirty-two matching words are allowed. One can set search proximity by verses, but not by words or sentences. Phrase searches cannot cross a verse boundary. This is a serious limitation since many sentences encompass several verses. Searches can use AND, OR, NOT and XOR ("exclusive or") Boolean operators, with multiple level nesting using parentheses. "Exclusive or" finds verses where one or the other but not both search terms are found. Searches can be case sensitive or insensitive. One can recall up to sixteen previous search expressions, though they are lost upon exiting the program. The biggest limitation in this version of Logos is the lack of grammatically-tagged Greek and Hebrew Bible texts and grammatical- search options. If tagged texts are added to complement the flexible search engine, Logos will be a powerful tool for research in the original languages. The optional TVM module allows a limited grammatical search for tense, voice and mood in Greek or stem and mood in Hebrew. In Greek this is based on the Textus Receptus, so results will not match searches on the UBS3/NA26. As a result, the matching word may not even be found in the Greek text displayed. Matching words are not highlighted in any case. Most users who know some Greek or Hebrew will find this module too limiting to be useful. The Greek and Hebrew searches cannot find a lemma (dictionary form). A work-around is to find an example of the word in the Greek text, highlight it in the KJV and search on the Englishman's-Strong's number. However, this is awkward and the search is limited to the Textus Receptus Greek text. Entering Hebrew search expressions with Boolean operators is also awkward, since one must type AND backward as DNA because Hebrew words are entered from right to left! Using a symbol (e.g., &) would be less confusing.

Concluding Observations Word processor integration is exceptional in Logos. Verses can be copied to the Windows clipboard and pasted into any Windows word processor file. One can also export to an ASCII text file or a Rich Text Format file which DOS word processors can read. One can use DDE to paste a verse while editing a document with a word processor. Moreover, Logos includes its own "Dynamic Verse Insertion" (DVI) capability allowing one to access/paste a verse from inside any Windows program! A variety of print options is available. A clever diagram of the page layout, showing margins and text location, helps to visualize the page layout. Reports can have up to three columns, and can include notes, cross-references and Treasury of Scripture Knowledge cross-references along with the Bible text. The Bible version can be specified, but only one version can be included at a time. It would be handy if Greek, Hebrew and one or more English versions could be arranged side by side. Logos was the most bug-free of any of the programs tested. Operation was consistent and reliable, with none of the dreaded "Unrecoverable Application Errors" that plague so many Windows programs. Because of its well designed user-interface, Logos is very easy to learn. The manual is well written, neatly typeset, well bound and includes a good index. An optional 1 hour video is available, but it is hardly necessary.

TheWord Advanced Study System 3.0: Some Details

General Design TheWord Advanced Study System 3.0 (TheWord) is not a Microsoft Windows program. It uses a proprietary DOS-based GUI that integrates a variety of WordSoft modules. Numerous texts and tools are available, including KJV, NKJV, NRSV, Englishman's-Strong's Dictionary, morphologically-tagged Greek NT (UBS3/Friberg text) and morphologically-tagged Hebrew Bible. A morphologically-tagged LXX is planned for Fall 1993. Future plans include other add-on modules (e.g., dictionaries, atlases and commentaries). While TheWord will run on a 286 with as little as 512K of memory, screen drawing is painfully slow. A 486 is desirable for pleasant operation. The GUI was designed so that most commands can be executed without a mouse, though a mouse simplifies many operations. Most commands are assigned to buttons located around the edge of each window. Up to ten windows may be open at once. Setting up windows is very awkward. Windows can be linked so that English translations and the text in an original language can be compared. However, linked windows will not redraw if even part of the window is overlapped by another window. Linking is not bi-directional, so one must scroll the master window to move the linked window. It is more difficult to link and unlink windows than most programs. The only way to unlink windows is to close them. This causes the window settings (e.g., the Bible version, colours and other parameters) to be lost. One can change links by opening new windows from scratch and linking them. It saves time to save window definitions to disk, but the process is still complicated. Linking can be especially awkward when working with Greek or Hebrew. Original-language texts comes in three forms: normal Bible text, a text with words in lexical roots, and a database of morphological tags. The recommended procedure is to link all three windows together. To perform a grammatical search that requires specific lemmas, one must search the roots text, which must be the master window. The main-text and morphology windows must be linked. This forces the text window to display the matching verse after the search is complete. However, since linking is not bi-directional, browsing through the Bible text to view parsing and lemma-related data requires one to close all original-language windows (and any linked English windows), open and define new windows, and link them to the Greek Bible window. The linking must be changed again to search or browse the English text and compare it to the original-language text. This procedure is unnecessarily complex. To see the parsing of a word, click with the mouse on the word. For example, with the lemma and parsing texts linked to the Greek NT window, the corresponding word is highlighted in the other windows. The morphology is indicated in an encoded form (e.g., "vaai1s" means "verb, aorist, active, indicative, 1st person, singular"). There is no definition given in the roots window, but one can click on a word to get the word meaning from the Strong's dictionary (sold as a separate module.)

Search Capabilities TheWord possesses flexible search options. Boolean searches use AND, OR, NOT and XOR operators. Parentheses can be used to group search expressions, such as "God AND (man OR woman)." Wild cards can be placed at the beginning and end of words, but not in the middle. There is a limit of 300 matching words for wild cards. When I tried to search for an expression that created more matching words, the program crashed! One can search for an exact phrase or specify that words must occur in a certain order, even if separated by other words. Searches can be case sensitive. Finally, search expressions can be saved. An optional word list can be used when entering a search expression. If one enters a word on the search command line which is not found, the list will highlight the most similar word. The list shows words in the original-language scripts and in the transliterated form. Unfortunately, the list is not sorted in Greek and Hebrew alphabetical order, but ASCII order! Thus accents and breathing marks affect the sort order. For example, a)/ghoia ("a)/gnoia") is not next to a(gno/j ("a(gno/j") but it is separated by several dozen words. One can type in a word, but it can sometimes take two to three minutes to find the word. It often takes longer to find the word in the list than to execute the Bible search! A search is performed on the text in the currently active window. When a search is complete, the matching verses are shown back-to-back. Matching words are highlighted, even for grammatical searches. However, occasionally the word highlighted does not correspond to the search term, particularly with a complex grammatical search. One can change the window display to a verse list by changing the windows parameters. Greek and Hebrew grammatical search capabilities are very powerful. One can define up to ten grammatical elements. Each element consists of a part of speech, with optional aspects such as tense, voice, case and gender. These are selected by clicking on the appropriate items with a mouse. Once the elements are defined, they can be linked to a particular lemma, and one can combine them with other types of word, phrase and grammatical searches using Boolean operators. The grammatical elements defined with the point-and-click method are represented in the command line by a symbol such as GRAM1. As a result of these flexible search provisions only TheWord and BWin could find a Greek future perfect periphrastic construction. However, there is no provision for forced grammatical agreement between words or the ability to exclude a lemma or grammatical form between search terms, so it was not possible to search for genitive absolutes. A major weakness of Greek searches is that accents must be entered. Not only are accents difficult to remember for many users, but they are also affected by context, which can make search results incomplete. It would be helpful if search preferences could be set to use or ignore such diacritical marks. The process of entering searches is also made more difficult because all words must be transliterated and Hebrew words must be entered in reverse order. Thus u(io/j tou= a)nqrw/pou must be entered as "ui(o\j tou= a)nqrw/pou" and )rb must be entered as "BrX". Since the program includes a simple Greek and Hebrew editor for notes, it could be easily incorporated in setting search criteria. On the whole, setting up grammatical searches is not as easy as the point-and-select method used in BWin. However, it is more intuitive than a pure command-line approach. TheWord has great search power, since the grammatical elements can be combined with Boolean logic. It would be simpler to create grammatical searches if a brief summary of each grammatical element were shown in the list of elements, so one would not have to open a window to see what GRAM0 and GRAM1 mean. Searches are generally fast. A typical word search or simple single term grammatical search is completed in about two seconds. However, once the search is complete it takes four seconds or more to redraw the window and display the verses! For complex searches a search progress window shows the percentage of text searched. However, sometimes the search-progress message cleared even before the search was complete. I thought the computer had locked up, but about one minute later the verses were displayed.

Concluding Observations Notes can be attached to any verse. Notes are limited to one hundred lines per verse. The note editor includes Greek and Hebrew capabilities. Hebrew is entered from right to left, though the Hebrew does not properly wrap to the next line. Verses and notes can be printed and can include Greek and Hebrew fonts. There is little control over the page layout. Drivers are included for twenty-one dot matrix printers and the HP LaserJet series, but not Postscript printers. Verses can be exported to ASCII text files and WordSoft's Scribe program. The biggest hindrance to the usability of TheWord is its slow and idiosyncratic GUI. Even on an average 386DX-based system, window redrawing accounts for a major part of the search time. Windows are frequently completely cleared and redrawn, sometimes two or three times. This is distracting. In addition, window manipulation is different than for most other GUIs. This makes TheWord harder to learn. The good news is that a Windows version of the program is under development. [Note also that Harry Hahne has reviewed multilingual software such as ChiWriter 4 (successor to MegaWriter 3) in CARF.]

Viewing and Searching ZIP Files,/> A network tidbit from Geoffrey B. Muckenhirn (eharager@ux1.cso.uiuc.edu) regarding access to files compressed by the popular ZIP programs: There is a shareware utility that allows one to view (and search) ZIP files. It is called ZipView (I believe) and can be found in the Simtel20 collection: MSDOS.ZIP as ZIPV120.ZIP. The Simtel collection can be found all over (I usually telnet to wuarchive.wustl.edu: /mirrors). ZipView, however, requires V. Buerg's LIST.COM (MSDOS.TXTUTL as LIST77A.ZIP) and PKUNZIP.EXE (casbah.acns.nwu.edu:/pub/recguns/PKZ204G.EXE). The program works well, but its speed decreases with the size of the archive being searched (naturally). I also find it quite valuable when I'm inspecting my booty after a day of scouring the net. Buerg's LIST.COM is worth having even if you don't like ZipView. It's one of the better text viewing utilities available and can even function as a sort of DOS Shell. PKUNZIP.EXE, of course is a must-have for anyone working with lots of texts on an MS-DOS platform. As far as I know v2.04g is the newest version available.

Update on Hebrew Language Tutorials Ed Wright (University of Arizona; EDWright@ccit.arizona.edu) provides the following supplement to the information he provided in OFFLINE 42: 1) The computer-based course in elementary Hebrew that I am working on is being produced by Cygnus Group Inc. of Seattle WA. We hope to have the first semester ready for Beta-testing in December-January. The second semester will be ready in late spring 1994. 2) "Hebrew Tutor" is a program based on Lambdin's grammar. It consists of vocabulary, paradigms and translation drills based on Lambdin. These drills can be modified somewhat to fit individual needs. "Hebrew Tutor" is available from Software Connections Inc., 12629 North Tatum Blvd., #101, Phoenix, AZ 85032, (602) 996-0662 or (800) 635-0549. 3) Parsons Technology has a program that follows Mansoor's Biblical Hebrew grammar. I understand that this program is available from Christian Book Distributors of Peabody, MA (508) 977-5050.

GRAMCORD for the Mac = ACCORDANCE A version of the well-known GRAMCORD NT concordancing program (DOS) for the Apple Macintosh operating system is reportedly being readied for release by mid-November under the name ACCORDANCE. For further information contact Paul Miller or his staff at The Gramcord Institute, 2218 NE Brookview Drive, Vancouver WA 98686 (phone 206 576-3000). Miscellaneous Items of Possible Interest

Encyclopedia Britannica on CD-ROM Janet Dombrowski (National Geographic Society Library; natgeo2@capcon.net) reports that Encyclopedia Britannica has developed an electronic version called the Britannica Factchecking System (BFS). This database contains the text of the Macropedia and Micropedia, as well as the book of the year. Also included are Merriam Webster's dictionary, geographic dictionary, and biographical dictionary. The system allows a natural language query. I have seen this demostrated and it looks very promising! The interface looks pretty good, but could use some improvement for public (occassional) users. This database is ENORMOUS -- 1 Gigabyte! It is loaded using cdroms; but you need a hard drive to allow simultaneous access to the entire database. A 486 PC is recommended. This product is currently available for a single user workstation only. Britannica needs to know that people would like to see a LAN version. The standalone version is projected to run around $5000-6000; this may be prohibitive for a single user setup. For more information about this product, contact: Lisa Carlson, Director of Electronic Rights, Merriam-Webster Inc., 47 Federal Street, P.O. Box 281, Springfield MA 01102; phone (413) 734-3134.

NetPower Resource Guide Now Shipping

[Here is an advertizing blurb that seemed worth passing along, with the advice that OFFLINE has not seen the publication. See OFFLINE 42 on other similar hardcopy publications.] Netpower, written by technology writer Eric Perrson, is available directly from Fox Chapel Publishing, Box 7948, Lancaster, PA 17604-7948 for $39.95 (800 pages). Dial 1-800-457- 9112 to order toll free in the US and Canada. Visa/MasterCard gladly accepted. Personal checks too. Orders may also be placed with NetPower1@aol.com over the Internet, or with NetPower1 on America Online. Sponsored by the National Education and Technology Alliance (NETA), a not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting network use in education, the guide explains how to get an account on the Internet and connect to information services worldwide. With Internet, you can search and download hundreds of megabytes of software, often for free, and browse through the world's libraries in the comfort of your home or office. You can also communicate with thousands of others who have similar interests, and transfer electronic mail to another computer anywhere in the world in seconds. Netpower includes an America Online starter kit (with disks) and free online time, a free Compuserve account and $15 worth of online credit, and discounts for service on nationally known supersystems such as Delphi, The Well, Portal, and The World. All told, these discounts more than exceed the cost of Netpower! (Starter disks can only be obtained by ordering direct from Fox Chapel either through e-mail or the 800 line.) And Netpower readers will soon have access to an even more powerful resource: The Netpower Digest! Each month subscribers will get the latest information available about the online world, including network reviews, online service information, and reviews of bulletin board services of interest. A key feature of the Digest will be listings and information on where to find all types of information on Internet! The Digest also includes a tutorial section that will relate to one aspect of the Internet and online systems each month. Those purchasing Netpower get a free copy of the Digest, which begins publication in December 1993. The Politics of Electronic Text Recommended If Willard McCarty (founder of HUMANIST) says the book is worth reading, I feel comfortable in passing that word along: John Lavagnino recommended the recent book, The Politics of Electronic Text, ed. Cherniak, Davis, and Deegan. I'd say that this book is essential reading and feel irresistibly moved to give you all a listing of the contents: Introduction Warren Chernaik and Marilyn Deegan 3 Manuscript Politics Peter Robinson 9 Authorship and Collaboration: The Problem of Editing Shakespeare Peter Holland 17 Text-editing and the Computer: Facts and Values Ian Small 25 The Fluid Text and the Orientations of Editing Marcus Walsh 31 Electronic Editions and the Hierarchy of Texts Michael Leslie 41 Challenging Assumptions: Women Writers and New Technology Kathryn Sutherland 53 The Politics of Knowledge Christopher Shelley 69 The Politics of Access Clive Bradley 73 The Politics of the Electronic Text: An Historian's View Peter Denley 77 Books and Electronics Robin C. Alston 81 It is available, I understand, for 5 pounds (shipping not included?) from the Office for Humanities Communication, Oxford University Computing Services, 13 Banbury Road, Oxford OX26NN. <-----> Please send information, suggestions or queries concerning OFFLINE to Robert A. Kraft, Box 36 College Hall, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104-6303. Telephone (215) 898- 5827. Internet address: Kraft@ccat.sas.upenn.edu (please note that the previous BITNET address is no longer operational). To request printed information or materials from OFFLINE, please supply an appropriately sized, self-addressed envelope or an address label. A complete electronic file of OFFLINE columns is available upon request (for IBM/DOS, Mac, or IBYCUS), or from the gopher at ccat.sas.upenn.edu (login: gopher). //end #43//