INDEX to DSS Subjects

(under construction/revision March 2002, October 2004)

Based on Theodore Gaster's "Analytical Index" to the Dead Sea Scriptures in English (1976\3) as expanded and modified over the years by R.Kraft, and more recently with help from Jeffrey Pettis, Sigrid Peterson, students in the DSS classes, and other specific contributions as noted below.

For detailed information and contextualization on specific topics, see the Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls edited by Lawerence H. Schiffman and James C. VanderKam (Oxford University Press 2000), henceforth designated as "DSSEncyc."

Quicklinks:

General Index (with links to sub-topics)
Gaster's Full Outline of Subjects (with links)

Assignments:

1. Formatting --

2. Verify accuracy of references
3. Expand existing category references
4. Add other categories or sub-categories (e.g. from Vermes' index)
5. Refine categories of references (e.g. "scriptural" citations, "sectarian" passages)
6. Expand cross-references and links to other information

NOTE: The language used in parts of this index assumes a certain amount of homogeneity between the various "sectarian" DSS (thus terms such as "the community," "the brotherhood," and the like). This is due in large part to the history of this index (see below), and will be open to modification in future editions.

Editorial Preface by Jeff Pettis (Fall 1997):

Theodore Gaster's Dead Sea Scriptures in English (Doubleday 1956\1, 1976\3) provides one of the earlier translations of the DSS along with an "Analytical Index." The following is an expanded and updated form of that index. The initial expansion came mostly from the annotations of Robert Kraft in his work with the DSS at the University of Pennsylvania. The main contemporary translations used in the expansion and adaptation are

The DSS identification scheme (coded titles) which is now relatively standard is set parallel to Gaster's somewhat idiosyncratic scheme in the listing of "topics" at the beginning of this index. It is to be referred to in using Gaster's system which is gradually being replaced in the index proper. Subject headings have been added and removed at various places in the index, and particular subject areas of the index (e.g. "Officers," under GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY) have been expanded and annotated. [Note also the appended skeleton of Gaster's outline, followed by some topics from the index to Vermes' 4th edition (?).] [JP]


ANALYTICAL INDEX

This index consists of a list of some of the major themes and concepts which appear in the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are arranged in the following categories:

A. THE COMMUNITY
B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
C. LAWS AND PRACTICES
D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD
E. PAST AND FUTURE (Eschatological Aspects)
F. ANGELOLOGY (expanded, including BELIAL; see also Gaster's original section)
G. PERSONS OF NOTE (also PLACES)
H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH
I. PESHER FORMULAS

Within each category the reader will find listed the topics relevant to it and where references to these topics occur in the scrolls themselves and elsewhere in ancient literature. The abbreviations used are as follows. These same abbreviations are used as well in the following index entitled BIBLICAL QUOTATIONS AND PARALLELS (not yet included in the electronic file). See DSSEncyc 2.1013-1034 for a "Provisional List" of the fragments and their various designations.

newID

Gaster

Expanded Title in Gaster [alternative]

source IDs

Shir
Shabb

AL

The Litany of the Angels

4Q400-407

VisAm

Am

The Last Words [Visions] of Amram

4Q543-548

Ber (Sb)

Blessings

A Formulary of [Rule of the] Blessings

11Q14/Ber; 1QSb (GM-432)

JN?

C

The City of God

4Q232 ??

 

CD

The Coming Doom

1QS?

 

D

David (Psalm 151)

11Q5=Ps\a

Ages
Creat

ET

Epochs of Time

?4Q 180-181

 

Ex

Exhortation: Weal and Woe

 

Flor

F

A "Messianic" Florilegium

4Q174

H

H

The Book of Hymns (Hodayot)

1QH

pHab

HabC

The Commentary (Pesher) on Habakkuk

1QpHab

 

Hfr

Fragments from the Book of Hymns

 

 

HI

The Hymn of the Initiants (=Manual 10-11)

1QS(end)

pHos

HosC

The Commentary (Pesher) on Hosea

4Q166-167

 

HT

Hymns of Triumph

1QH

 

Inv

Invitation to the Grace after Meals

4Q434a

pIsa

IsaC

The Commentary (Pesher) on Isaiah

4Q161-165, 3Q4

 

L

Lamentation for Zion

 

Melch

LJ

The Last Jubilee [The "Melchizedek Texts"]

11Q13

S

M

The Manual of Discipline [Rule of the Community]

1QS

Sb

MFC

Manual of Discipline for the Future Congregation of Israel

1QSa

 

MH

Morning Hymn

1Q

pMic

MiC

The Commentary (Pesher) on Micah

1Q14, 4Q168

 

MP

Memoirs of the Patriarchs

 

LitPr

NC

The New Covenant

1Q34

 

O

Ordinances: The Letter of the Law

 

DM

Oration

The Oration [Words] of Moses [Dibre M.]

1Q22

 

PG

Plea for Grace

 

 

PI

Prayer for Intercession

 

pPs\a

PS37C

The Commentary (Pesher) on Psalm 37

4Q171

pPs\a

PS45C

The Commentary (Pesher) on Psalm 45

4Q171

 

RB

The Rout of Belial

 

 

Sp

Supplication

 

M

W

The War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness

1QM [Milhama], 1Q33

 

WC

The Wondrous Child

 

WWW

WH

The Wiles of the Harlot [Wicked Woman]

4Q184

 

WW

The Wooing of Wisdom (Sirach 51.13ff)

 

DD

Z

The "Zadokite" [or Damascus] Document [from the Cairo Genizah]

Cairo Geniza CDC

 

 

 

 


A. THE COMMUNITY [revised & expanded order, RAK]

1. Designations

1.0 General:

Frequently the positive participants in the DSS are
identified simply as (the children of) "Israel" (e.g. DD 4.2-4
"the chosen of Israel"; DD 14.3f "priests...levites...children of
Israel...proselyte") or sometimes "Judah" -- although separation
from wicked ones of "Judah" is also frequent (e.g. DD 4.11, 8.3,
20.27). See more specific associations below (e.g. "converts of
Israel").

1.1. The Community is called 'God's (eternal) plantation' -- H 6.15; 8.6,10

Based on Isa. 60.21. Cp. Mishnah, Sanhedrin 1; Psalms of Solomon, 14.3-4; Enoch 93.2,5,10; Odes of Solomon 38.18-21.
Mandaean: Right Ginza, 2.4.init.; Mand. Liturg., 149.190, 179ff., Apostolic Constitutions, init. Analogous is 'neophyte' (KJV 'novice'; RSV 'recent convert') in I Tim. 3.6.

1.2. "The Remnant" -- see DD 2.11

1.3. "Converts" -- DD 4.2 (of Israel) = 8.16 = 6.5 (see 15-16 "return"); pHos (GM-192)

1.4. New Covenant -- DD 6.19 = 8.21 (see DD 12.8 covenant of Abr.); covenant of conversion DD 19.16; enter the covenant 1QS 1.20, 2.10

1.5. 'The Congregation', i.e., of Israel, of God (cf. Num. 27.12; 31.16, etc.) --
M 5.20; DD 9.15,42,; 11.1-2; 15.7; 17.7; W 2.1,3,7; 3.4,11, etc.


The Heb. term is <hb>(DH</>. This is usually rendered 'synagogue' by the Septuagint. The cognate Syriac word was the technical term for 'the Church'; see Nestle, ZNTW (1901) 263.

1.6. 'The corporation' <hb>XYBWR</> -- DD 12.8.


Such corporations <hb>XBRWT</> of Pharisees are often mentioned in Talmudic literature.

1.7. "The Many" -- DD 14.7, 12, 17; M 5.2,22; 6.1-7.15; H 7.15.

1.8. The Community constitute 'the Elect' -- M 8.6 ('elect of favor'); H 2.13 ('elect of righteousness')

- The title expressed the fact that they were indeed the 'chosen' of God, pledged to the Covenant (cp. Isa. 65.9; Ps. 105.43,etc.).
- The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Mat. 24.22,24; Mark 13.20,22,27; 2 Tim. 2.10; 1 Peter I.1. Cp. also 'the elect of God,' Luke 18.7; Rom. 8.33; Col. 3.12; Titus 1.1.
- The Mandaeans likewise call themselves 'the Elect': Lidzbarski Mandaische Liturgien, 75, 3.106f.; id., Johannesbuch, 2, 69, 102, 221. So, too, among the Manichaeans, the true followers of Mani are termed 'the Elect' (vicidagan).

1.9. They are 'those in the lot (portion) of God' -- M 2.2; W 1.5; 13.5; 17.7

- Cp. Ignatius, Ad Eph., 3.8: 'that I may be found in the lot of
the Christians at Ephesus'.
- The opposite was 'those in the lot (portion) of Belial' (see
below).

1.10. The members of the Community are styled 'volunteers' <hb>MTNDBYM</> --
M 5.1,6,7,8,10,21,22; 6.13; MiC 10.5

The term has a military connotation (cp. Ju. 5.9) and thus suggests the idea of an 'army of God -- the 'Onward, Christian soldiers' concept

Cp. I Macc. .2.42 (of the Hasidim); Didascalia Apostolorum, init.

In the mystery religions, the brotherhood of the initiants often regarded itself as a militia: F. Cumont, Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism (1911), 2.13, n.6.

1.11. The community form one congregation with the celestial hosts (communion of the saints) -- M 2.25; 11.7-8; H 3.21; 6.14; 11.11-12; frag. 2.10

Cp. Enoch 43.104; Eph. 2.19.

1.12.1. Members of the Community are 'Sons of Truth' -- M 2.24f, 4.5-6; H 6.29; 7.30; 9.35; 10.27; 11.11; W 7.8

1.12.2. It is described as 'the House of Truth' -- M 5.6; 8.9

1.12.3. Aspects of Revelation Relating to Truth, Knowledege, etc.

(a) The Community is the recipient of God's 'truth' -- H 1.27; 2.10; 5.9,26; 7.24; 9.4,9,10; W 13.9-10,12

In Jewish tradition, this 'truth' is often identified directly with Torah (Law). So, too, in Mandaean thought, 'truth (Kushta) is, virtually, mystic revelation; see W. Sundberg, Kushta (1953).
In Samaritan, 'the Verity (Qushtah) is a common term for the Law.

See also: Rom. 3.5.8; Gal. 2.5.

(b) this 'truth' is an esoteric doctrine -- H 5.11,25; 9.24; cp. M 4.6

Cp. Odes of Solomon 8.11: 'Keep My secret, ye who are kept by it.'
For a similar concept among the Mandaeans, cp. Right Ginza, 3.13; Brandt, Mand. Religion, 168.

(c) God has 'opened the ears' of the faithful -- H 1.21; 6.4

(d) God has engraved the 'truth' on their hearts -- H 18.27

(e) they are especially 'schooled' by God -- H 2.39; 7.14

Derived from Isa. 54-13. Cp. John 6.45; 1 Thess. 4.9.

(f) they possess the 'vision' of knowledge (or understanding) -- H 4.18

On vision in mystic experience, see Underhill, op. cit., .279ff.

(g) they drank from the fountain of knowledge -- H 2.i8; 4.11; 5.26; 'fount of light,' H 6.17

Derived from Ps. 36.10. Cp. Odes of Solomon 6.7f.; 30.1-2; 2 Baruch 59.7; 4 Ezra 14.47; Enoch 48.1.
St. Francis of Assisi gives the mystic chalice to John of Parma and other brethren: Fioretti, cap. 48. Meechthild of Magdeburg speaks of 'drinking
for a space of the unmingled wine': Flieszende Licht der Gottheit, pt. i, ch. 43. Blake declares, 'I am drunk with intellectual vision': Letters, ed. Brussel ( 1906), 171. See Underhill, op. cit., 235.

(h) they share the transcendental knowledge of God and angels -- M 4.22 (knowledge of the Most High'); cp. H 2.3

Cp. Odes Of Solomon 23.4: 'Walk ye in the knowledge of the Most High.'

(i) they have direct access to God, need no intermediary -- H 6.13

(k) they ascend to the 'height of eternity' -- H 3.20; Blessings 5.23

Cp. the familiar mystic symbol of the 'ascent'; W. R. Inge, Mysticism in Religion (1948), 80-82.

(l) God's 'power' is manifested in them <hb>higbir</> -- H 1.34; 2.24; 4.8,23,27,28; 5.15; W 16.1

'Power' <hb>GBRH</> is a common synonym for God in Rabbinic literature.

1.13. They enjoy special 'illumination' and are designated "Sons of Light" -- M 1.9; 3.13,24; W 1.3, etc.; DD 13.12 (the portion of light'). LJ 8; RB i-iv.8; 12-13.7, 11.

The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Luke 16.8;
John 12.36; 1 Thess. 5.5. Cp. also Enoch 108.11. Among the
Mandaeans, 'sons of light' meant 'angels', with whom, indeed, the
illuminati claimed association: Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 18.24.36.
Cp. also Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Text from Nippur (1913),
1.9. Men predestined to eternal life were called likewise:
Brandt, Mand. Schiften, 13.9. 'Light' is a common designation of
the Torah in the Biblical and later literature: cp. Pss. 19.9;
119.105; Prov. 6.23; Test. Levi 19; TB Berachoth 17a; Ex. Rabbah
#36, etc.

(a) The illumination is an 'enlightenment of the countenance' -- H 3.3; 4.5,27; 9.26-27; Blessings 4.27

Cp. Odes Of Solomon 41.6, 'Let our faces shine in His light'. (cp. also ib., 36.3)

(b) It is called 'Light-Perfection' <hb>)WR-TWM</> -- H 4.6,23; 18,29

An imitation of the Biblical Urim and Thummim, interpreted as 'lights and perfections.'

The idea may have originated with the Assidaeans (Hasidim, 'pious ones') of the Maccabean age, and have been based on Deut. 33.8-9).

On the concept of divine illumination, cp. John 1.19; Eph. 1.18; 3.9; Heb. 6.4; 10.22; 2 Cor. 3.4,6.

For the idea in mysticism, cp. Jacopone da Todi, Lauda 91: 'Lume fuor di mesura Resplende nel mio core' (A light immeasurable Shines in my heart); see Underhill, Mysticism, 249-50.

1.14. "Sons of Zadok" sometimes applies to the entire community (see also below on priests) -- DD 4.3

1.15 "Sons of Seth" sometimes seems to be used of the community -- 4QSapA (GM-387); DD 7.22 (but see also an apparently negative sense in DD 7.29).

1.16 "The Poor" may sometimes be a self-designation -- War 11.9,13; 13.14 pPs37 2.10, 3.10 (GM-203) pHab 12.3,6,10 (GM-204) 4Q521 (GM-394, 2.2.6)

1.17 "The Righteous (One)" may also apply to the community -- 4Q521 2.2.5 (GM-394)


2. Designation of Community Branches or Sub-Sets

2.1 The Community is distributed over several 'encampments' -- DD 7.6; 12.22; 13.4,7, 13, 20; 14.3, 8-9; 19.2-3

As applied to the brotherhood at Qumran, the term not only described their actual situation in the Desert of Judah, but also defined them as the 'army of God' about to fight the apocalyptic war against the forces of evil.

The building at Qumran is best regarded as the headquarters of the entire Brotherhood, possibly the place where it met for those annual conventions described in The Manual of Discipline. Its library would thus have comprised the literature of the entire movement, and not simply of a local 'chapter'.

2.2. The several 'chapters' are called 'communes' or 'cenobies' <hb>YXD</> -- M 1.12,16; 2.22,24; 6.15,24,26; 7.6,17,18,20,23; 8.10,11,12,16--17,19,22; 9.2,5-6,7,10,18-19; DD 9.39-40,52-53,70-71.

R. Marcus has pointed out (JBL 71 [1952], 207ff.) that Philo and Josephus use the comparable Greek term koinonia in speaking of the Essenes.

2.3. Within the community are different groups, most notably "priests" (see below, also "sons of Zadok" as a sub-set), "levites," the general membership (the "many," "sons of Israel"), and "proselytes" (e.g. DD 14.2-4).

2.4. The world in which the community and its members operate also includes wicked/unconverted Israel and Judah (see also Ephraim, Manasseh), and "foreigners" (e.g. DD 11.1), "gentiles" (DD 12.6), and even "Greek" (kings; DD 8.11).

3. References to the History of the Community

3.1. Its members are driven from their native haunts -- H 4.8-9 ('like a sparrow from its nest')

Cp. Psalms of Solomon 17.15-16.

For an Iranian parallel, cp. Yasna 46.1: 'From nobles and from peers they sever me, nor are fhe people pleased with me, nor the rulers of the land who follow the lie (Druj)'.

3.2. They are dwelling in a desert, or in 'the land of Damascus' -- DD 6.15,19; 7.19; 8.21a; 20.12; W 1.2-3

Based on Amos 5.25-27; not to be taken literally. It Is not necessary to suppose that there was an actual migration from Qumran to Damascus, because this entire text may refer to an ideal community, rather than to the specific brotherhood beside the Dead Sea!

Like all mystics, the Covenanters oscillate between a keen sense of God's nearness and a despair at His seeming remoteness. Cp. John of the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, I 2, ch. 6: 'That which this anguished soul feels most deeply is the conviction that God has abandoned it . . . cast it away into darkness...It has also the same sense of abandonment with respect to all creatures, and that it is an object of contempt to all, especially to its friends (cp. H 5.25f.).

3.3. They are being tested and proven -- M 8.4; H 5.16f.; W 17..1,9; Ps37c,b4; F 2.1

They are exposed to 'snares of wickedness,' H 5.8; to 'snares of corruption,' H 3.26.

+'Crucible' language ??

Cp. Underhill, op. cit., 385: 'Trials, taken en bloc, mean a dis-harmony between the self and the world with which it has to deal.'

3.4. For Community History/Chronology, see also DD
4Q390 (GM-280) -- 70 years plus 343; (GM-278) 490 year period.

[[22. Idea of Healing???

M 4.6 (long life, offspring)]]


B. COMPOSITION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY [revised J.Pettis]

0. See above on different sub-groups within the DSS group(s), such as priests, levites, the many, proselytes. Some of these (and related) categories deserve closer attention here.

NOTE: Jeff Pettis has revised and expanded the original
sections 2.(p)--2.(v) into a new section B. GOVERNMENT OF THE
COMMUNITY. This includes quotations of Scripture passages, which
perhaps might be placed in footnotes.

1. The formal Deliberative Council <hb>(#H</> -- M 1.8,10; 2.25; 5.7, 6.12; 7.22; 8.5,22; DD 20.24; MFC 1.26,27; 2-2,9,11

In the Syriac dialect of the early Christians of Palestine, the cognate term serves as the equivalent of Greek synhedrion, cp. F. Schwally, Idloticon (1893), 41f. A. Dupont-Sommer (The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes, 63) thinks that <hb>(#H</> denoted the sect as a whole and that it may be the origin of the name Essenes!

2. Officers

(a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation' -- DD 8.7,20; Blessings; MFC;W 5.1

Cp. 1 Macc. 14.27 (of Simon). Yadin thinks that this is the equivilent of the term ethnarch.

(b) 'Overseer of All the Camps' <hb>MVQR</> -- DD 14.8-9

Virtually, 'archbishop'--albeit in a primitive sense.

The 'Leader of the entire congregation' and 'the overseer of all the camps' would have been officers of the entire fraternity.

(c) high priest

It is noteworthy that the high priest is mentioned only in texts concerned with the eventual state of the Restored Community, e.g. in the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness and in The Manual of Discipline for the Future Congregation. This would suggest that the Brotherhood, while it condemned the venality of the hierarchy at Jerusalem, did not appoint its own 'antipope.' In DD 14-7 there is, to be sure, mention of a 'priest who supervises the general membership,' but this is not a high priest in the accepted sense, and it is significant that in M 6.14 the same officer is described simply as 'the supervisor' without reference to priestly status.

(d) priests -- M 1.18,21; 2.1,19; 5.2; 6.3-4,5,8,19; 7.2; 8.1; DD 3.21; 4.2; 7.1; 9.13,15; 13.2,5,7; 14.3; 16.44; W passim

(e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok' -- M 5.2; 9.14; DD 4.1.; Blessings 3.22, 4Q163, 4Q174, 4Q266, etc.

It is not the community as a whole (except perhaps in DD 4.3) but solely its priests that are described in the Scrolls as 'sons of Zadok.' It derives directly from Ezek. 40.46; 43.19; 44.15; 48.11, and there is no need to look for a 'righteous teacher' named Zadok as the 'founding father' of the Brotherhood of Qumran in the days of the Second Commonwealth.

(f) sons of Aaron -- M 5.8, 9.7

(g) courses of priests -- W 2.4 (and see also some of the calendric texts!)

(h) 'the priest anointed for war' -- W 15.16

Cp. Mishnah, Sotah 8, 2.

(i) the 'teacher of righteousness' <hb>MWRH CDQ</> -- DD 1.11; 6.11; 20.1,14,28,32; MC 2.5 (on 1.5); ComPs37.24; HC 1.13 (on 1.4); 2.2 (on 1.4-5); 5.10 (on 1.13); 7.4 (on 2.2); 8.3 (on 2.4); 9.10 (on 2.8); 11.5 (on 2.15)

The term means really 'the right guide, i.e., the true expounder of the Law; see General Introduction, pp. 6, 29f. There is no need to assume that all references refer consistently to a single historical figure.

The title was later adopted by the Karaites.

In Jewish usage, it is a common designation for a rabbi. Indeed, it is related that when Isaac Bernays was appointed to the chief rabbinate of Hamburg in 1821, he expressly rejected the title as having fallen into disrepute through repeated misuse!

(k) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren -- DD 13..9; H 7.20

Cp. Apostolic Constitutions 2.6,7

(l) three priests at head of community -- M 8. 1ff.

Modelled on the organization of Israel in the wilderness; cp, General Introduction, p. 11.

(m) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men' -- M 8.1; M 6.8 (priests...elders...rest)

Modelled on the twelve tribal leaders during Israel's sojourn in the wilderness.

Cp. the Mandaean shalmana, Brandt, Mand. Religion, 74; Right Ginza, 3, etc. (Teleios in pagan mystery cults probably had a different meaning; see O. Cruppe, Griech. Mythologie, 1616, n.1.)

Note also that among the Waldenses (as well as some earlier "gnostic" groups), advanced members of the brotherhood were called 'the perfect.'

(n) judges (ten) -- DD 10.1,4; 14.13; 15.4,16; 16.19

Ten in number (DD 10.4). Hence, cp. the courts of ten in Temple law: Mishnah, Sanhedrin I,3.

(o) levites [priests...levites...congregation] -- M 1.19,22; 2-4,11; DD 3.21; 4.3; 10.5; 13.3; 14.4; W passim

(p) 'messiahs' (anointed) -- M 9.11; DD 7.21a; 12.23; 13.20; 14.3.9; MFC

The usual expression is 'messiahs (or, messiah) of Aaron and Israel.' This has led to all kinds of wild speculation. But all it means is simply 'the anointed high priest and the anointed king.' (For 'messiah' as applied to the high priest, cp. Lev. 4.3; Mishnah, Shebu'oth 1.7; Horayoth 2.10, etc. As the title of the king, cp. Ps. .18.51, etc.).

(q) 'overseer, inspector' <hb>MBQR</>

(1) He oversees and manages property of initiates in behalf of the community: "...then both his property and his possessions shall be given to the hand of the man (who is) the Examiner <hb>MBQR, mevakker</> over the possessions of the Many. And he [initiate] shall register it into the account with his hand, and he must bring it forth the the Many" (M 6.19-20).

(2) He receives and logs reports of capital matters: "...if it is a capital matter, he shall report it to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>. And the Examiner shall write it down with his hand until he does it again before one who again reports it to the Examiner. If he is again caught in the presence of one, his judgment is complete" (DD 9.18-23).

(3) He is to be informed of sales and purchases by community members: "Let no man do anything involving buying or selling without informing the Examiner in the camp" (DD 13.16).

(4) He is the official gate-keeper of the community: Let no one of the sons of the camp dare to bring a man into the congregation except by the word (lit., "mouth of)" the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> of the camp" (DD 13. 12-13; Cf. DD 14.10; DD 15.7-11).

(5) He must be of a prescribed age, and versed in the languages of the community: "And the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for all the camps shall be from thirty to fifty years old, mastering every principle of men and every language of their clans" (DD 14. 8-9).

(6) He serves as judge/counselor: "And any matter about which a person may wish to speak, let him address the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>, whether concerning a dispute or a judgment" (DD 14.11-12).

(7) He, with the judges, manages manages community money which members regularly give and which he and the judges apportions to the needy: "And this is the rule for the Many to prepare for all their needs: The wage of at least two days per month are to be given to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> and the judges. From it they shall give for their sick, and from it they shall support the poor and the destitute, the old man who is bowed down..." (DD 14.12-16).

(8) He instructs initiates for preparation of entry into the community: "...the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall make it known to him and enjoin it upon him, and teach him for a minimum of one complete year" (DD 15.14).

(9) The Examiner is both a scholar and a shepherd: "And the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall explain to him the interpretation of the Torah; even if he is ignorant, he shall cause him to be confined, for they (the priests) have the judgment. And this is the rule for the Examiner of the camp: Let him instruct the Many about the works of God, and allow them to discern the wonder of his mighty deeds, and relate to them the happenings of eternity together with their interpretations. Let him pity them as a father does his children and watch over them in all their distress as a shepherd for his flock. Let him loosen all chains that bind them so that there shall be none deprived and crushed in his congregation. And whoever joins his congregation, let him examine him with regard to his works and
his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth. Let them inscribe him in his place according to his inheritance in the lot of light ...." (DD 13. 6-17).

Such 'overseers' served as executives of religious brotherhoods in Hellenistic times: cp. Inscr. Agora 63 IG, 2\2, 917 (181 BCE); J. H. Oliver, in Amer. Journal of Philology 68 (1947), 148. Josephus mentions a similar officer among the Essenes.

(r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many).'

And if the man (who is) the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> over the Many should restrain a man who has something to say to the Many, which is not while the one who questions the Council of the Community is standing... (M 6.12).

On the day with the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for the Many, they shall muster him with the oath of the covenant which Moses made with Israel (DD 15.8).

(s) 'inspector' <hb>PQD</>

And whoever joins his congregation, let him [the inspector <hb>MBQR, mevakker</>] examine <hb>PQD</> him with regard to his works and his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth (DD 13 11).

It Is not quite clear whether the 'overseer' (<hb>MBQR</>) or the 'inspector (<hb>PQD</>) more closely answers to the <gk>episkopos</> or 'bishop' of the early Church, for the Septuagint uses the Greek term to translate both of the Hebrew words. For <gk>EPISKOPOI</> in the mystery cults, see A. Thieme, Inschriften, 17f., 32f.

(t) 'interpreter PQD??'

You have set me as a banner in the vanguard of Righteousness, as one who interprets with knowledge deep, mysterious things (H 2. 13) [Gaster's translation].

Cp. I Cor. 14.28. "But if there is no one to interpret <gk>DIERMENEUTES</>, let each of them keep silence in the church."

(u) 'one who studies' or 'interprets' <hb>DR$</>

And where there are ten (members) there must not be lacking there a man who studies <hb>DR$</> the Torah day and night continually, each man relieving another. The Many shall spend the third part of every night of the year in unity, reading the Book, studying <hb>DR$</> judgment... (M 6.6-7; see 8.12).

And the "ruler" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the Torah, of whom Isaiah said, "He takes out a tool for his work" (DD 6.7).

And the "star" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the Torah who came to Damascus, as it is written: A star stepped forth out of Jacob and a staff arose out of Israel" (DD 7.18).

See also F 1.11

Cp. Mishnah, YomA 1.6; Josephus, BJ 2.8.6,19; Ant., 13.5.9, on 'expositors' among the Essenes.

(w) 'instructor' <hb>M&KL</>

It is for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to instruct and teach all the Sons of Light concerning the nature of all the sons of man, with respect to all the kinds of their spirits with their distinctions for their works in their generations (M 3.13 Cf. M 9. 21). For elaboration on the tasks of the instructor, see also M 9.12-10.1a.

See also Blessings 1.i; 3.22; 5.20.

And these are the statutes for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to walk in with all the living, according to the precept for each time. And according to this precept shall the seed of Israel walk, so that they may not be cursed (DD 12.20-21).

...and these are the precepts for the Master <hb>M&KL</> (DD 13.22).

Cp. Dan. 12.3,10.

Literally, 'one who imparts insight, intelligence'. (It is
probable that in the Scrolls the word has a causative sense, but
it can also mean simply 'one who possesses insight'.)

C. LAWS AND PRACTICES

ablutions M 3. 4,9; 4. 21; 5. 13; DD 10. 10-13
atonement M 8.6-9; 9.4-14; H col.iv.
blasphemy M 5-19; DD 15.1-5
calendar HI (=M 10) 1-7; M 1.9(3), 14
celebrations/feasts M 1.14
circumcision M 5.5; DD 16.6 (Abraham)
contamination DD 12. 15-18
demoniacal possession DD 12. 2-3
dietary laws DD 12. 11-15
feasts and festivals (Temple Scroll)
fraud M 7.6f.
lost property DD 11. 11ff
marriage DD 4.21-v.6
name of God M 2.6-7; DD 15. 1-5
oath M 5.8; DD 9.9-16
oath, abrogation of DD 15.6ff.
purity M 6.16-22,25; 7.3-16; 8.24
revenge M 1.11; 2.6-9; 4.11; 5.2-25; DD 9.2-8
sabbath DD 10.14-11.18
sacrifices M 9.4-5; DD 11.18
sanctuary, defilement of DD 11.18-12.2
slaves (servants) DD 12.11
testimony DD 9.17-10.3
vows M 5.8; DD 16.13


D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD

1. Belial and his forces -- M 1.18,23-24; DD 4-13,15; 5-18; VIL2; 12-2; W passim; RB passim.

Cp. Or. Sib., J1.165f.; Jubilees 1.20; Testament of Reuben 2, of
Levi, iff; of Zebulun, 9; of Naphtali, 2; of Benjamin, 6;
Called 'spirit of darkness': Test. Levi 19; Joseph 7, 20. Cp.
also Mat. 24.5-12; 2 Tim. 3.1f.; 2 Cor. 5.15; Didache .21-3.

See further below (F. Angelology: Belial).

2. 'Children of Corruption' -- DD 6.15; 13.14

Cp. Jub. 10.3; 15.26. John 17.12; 2 Thess. 2.3; Gospel of
Nicodemus 20.

The expression may have been derived from Deut. 32.5. (Cp. also
Isa. 1.4.)

2a. 'Men of Corruption' -- M 9.16,22; 10.i9

3. 'Sons of Darkness.' -- M 1.10; W 1.1,7,10,16; 3.6,9; 13.16; 14.17, etc.

Cp. Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Texts from Nippur (1913), 16.7,
where the epithet characterizes demons (like Arabic jinn).

4. 'Builders of a rickety wall' that gets daubed with whitewash -- DD 4.19; 8.12,18; 19.24,31

Derived from Ezek. 13.10.

5 'Prophets of deceit (delusion)' -- H 4.10, 20

Cp. in Mandaean, Right Ginza 2, I.107 (tr. Lidzbarski, p. 43)

6. 'False prophets' -- H 4.16; H 5.26: 'They that alter the works of God by propounding sinful mysteries.'

Cp. Mat. 7.15; 24.11,24; Mark 13.22; Luke 6.26; Acts 13.6; 2 Peter 2.1; I John 4.1. Mandaean, Right Ginza 2. i,107.

By 'prophets' the writers meant simply 'teachers,' as in I Cor. 12.28; 14.29.

7. 'Lying (deceitful) interpreters -- H 2.31; 4.9-10. Cp. also H 2.14

8. 'Seekers after smooth things' -- H 2.15,32; DD 1.18; NaC 2,7

9. 'The froward' <hb>helkaim</> -- H 3.25-26; 4.25,35

Derived from Ps. 10.10 (where, however, the meaning is uncertain).

10. 'Furtive men, dissemblers' <hb>N(LMYM</> -- H 3.28; 4.13; 7.34

Derived from Ps. 26.4.

11. Men of the pit -- 1QS 9.22, 10.19; DD 13.14 (sons of)

12. Men of the stick (?) -- 1QS 11.1

13. Specific Opponents (see also above on Judah, Israel)

(a) 'Man of lies' -- DD 20.15; HabC 2.2; 5.11

Rabin cps. 2 Thess. 2.3.

(b) 'Preacher of Lies' -- DD 8.13

The Heb. means properly, 'Dribbler of lies,' in reference to Mic. 2.6,11.

(c) 'Man of Scoffing' -- DD 1.14; 20.11 (pl.)

CP. Isa. 28.14; Prov. 29.8.

(d) 'Men of Scoffing who are in Jerusalem' -- IsaC, b 2.6,10; cp. DD 20.11

(e) 'Sons of Seth' (?) [see also above on positive use] -- DD 7.29 (destroyed)

(e) 'House of Absalom' -- HC 5.9

For the interpretation, see above, p. 29.

(f) 'House of Peleg' -- DD 20.22

A concocted name. <hb>PLG</> means 'divide: Hence, the meaning is, 'divisive elements.'

(g) 'The Wicked Priest' -- HabC 8.3; 9.9; 11.4

(h) 'The Lion of Wrath' -- NaC 5,6

Perhaps intended to convey the idea of 'the Lion of the Era of Wrath; see below, E.1.

Cp. Slavonic Enoch 56.5: 'They (the heathen kings) will break forth as lions from their lairs ... and go up and tread under the land of the elect'.

12. Group/Ethnic Names used for Opponents

Kittim
Manasseh (Ephraim)
Judah (Israel)


E. PAST AND FUTURE (View of History and Eschatological Ideas/Expectations)

1. Revealed Things

M 1.9 (concerning the regulated times [calendar])

2. History divided into 'Era of Wrath (Sin, Wickedness)' and
'Era of Favor'

(a) 'Era of Wrath!

DD 1.5; H 3.28; frag. 1.5; HosC, b 1.12

Cp. Zeph. 1.5 (Day of Wrath), and cp. Talmud, B.B. 10a, Shab.
11a; Ab.Zar. 18b, for Wrath' as an eschatological term. Cp. also
Ecclus. 48.10.

(b) 'Era of Wickedness'
DD 51.10,14; 12.23; 14.19; 15.7,10; 20.23 (Era of Perfidy')

Cp. Enoch 22.12; 80.2.
(c) 'Era of Favor?

H 15.15; frag. 9.8; NC

Cp. Isa. 61.2 ('Year of favor'). The Samaritans likewise divide
history into the 'Era of God's Turning Away (Fanutah) and that of
His 'Favor' (Rahutah)

3. Requital

(a) 'The Final Era <hb>QS</>.

M 3.23; 4.18,25; DD 4.9,10; 19.10; 20.15; HC 7.2

(b) 'Time of Visitation Inquisition' <hb>PQWDH</>

M 3.18; 4.18-19,26

(c) Final Judgment

M 4.20

(d) 'Day of Requital

M 9.23

Based on Deut. 32.35, read as in LXX and Sam.
(e) Spirits and angels also will be judged

H 7.29

(f) 'Messianic Travail
Hymn No. 5, passim

For the expression 'pangs of the Messiah,' cp. Talmud, Shab.
118a; Sanh. 98b; Mat. 24.8; Mark 13.8-9; I Thess. 5.3. Cp. also
Enoch 62.4.

Described: Jubilees 20.11-25; Or. Sib. 2.154f.; 2 Esdras 5-6;
Mat. 24.6-29; Rev. chs. 6-9; Talmud, Sanh. 96b-97a.

(g) Conflagration (Ekpyrosis)

H 3.29ff.; W 14.17- Cp. also M 2.8

Cp. Mal. 3.19 (4.1); Dan. 7.10f.; Psalms of Solomon 15.14f.;
Enoch 67.6; 98.3; 108.3; Test. Zebulun 2.38; Or. Sib.,
ii.253f.,296; 3.542,689; 4.176; Luke 17.28; 2 Peter 3.6ff.;
II Thess. 1.7f.; Rev. 19.20; 20.10,14f.; 21.8.

Berosus (quoted in Seneca, Nat Qu. 2.29,1) predicted a final
conflagration.

On non-Semitic parallels, ep. C. Clemen, Primitive Christianity
and Its Non-Jewish Sources (1912), 161f.; M. Eliade, The Myth of
the Eternal Return (1954), 87-88; R. Mayer, Ist die biblische
Vorstellung vom Weltenbrand eine Entlehnung aus dem Parsismus?
(1947).

(h) Messianic Era of Forty Years

Ps37c,a7; 4Ezra 7

Cp. Apoc. Esdras 13.23--25; Talmud, Sanh. 99a; Midrash
Tehillirn 90, ß393. Possibly based on Ps. 95.10 (cp. Yalqut
Shime'oni in loc.).

(i) War against Belial, Gog, etc.

H 3-35f.; 6-29ff.; 10.34-35; W passim (especially,
i-10, 13-14)

Cp. Test. Levi, 5.27; of Dan, 2.10-11; John 12.31; 2 Cor. 6.15.

Gog and Magog: Isa. 25.6; Zech. 14.2. Cp. Or. Sib. 3.319,
519,632f.; 5.101; Syriac Apoc. Baruch 70.7-10; Pal. Targum to
Num. 9.6; 24.17; Enoch 56; 90.16; Assurn. Mosis 8.1ff.; 2 Esdras
5.6; 13.33f-; Mishnah, 'Eduyoth 2.10. The basic notion occurs
already in Theopompus quoted by Plutarch, De Is., 47.

(j) Specific Aspects of the War

ablution after victory W 14.3
cavalry W 6.8-17
exhortation before battle W 15.6ff.
prayer before battle W 10.2-14.2
prayer , high priest'3, before battle W 15.4-6
priests role of W 7.9ff.
song of return W 14.2
song of victory W 14.2-18
standards, military W 3.12-v.2
testudo ('tower') W 9.10ff.
troops, age of W 7.1-9
trumpets W col.iii.
trumpet signals W 7.9-9.9
weapons, described W 5.2-6.6

(k) Other Disasters:

(i) shafts of perdition loosed H 3.16,27
(ii) doors of perdition opened H 38; 6.24
(iii) traps of perdition sprung H 3-24
(iv) dispersal of wicked H 4.26


4. Rewards:

(a) Renewal (Rebirth) of the World

M 4-25; H 11-13-3.4; 13-11-13

Cp. Test. Abraham; Jubilees 1.29; Enoch 72.1; 4 Ezra 5.45; Mat.
19.28; Jewish 'Burial Kaddish'; Manichaean: F. W. K. Malter,
Handschriftenreste, 2.15 (employing the Iranian term frasagard).

Renewal (rebirth) is also an element of.mystical experience; cp.
George Fox, Journal, ed. N. Penny (1911), 1, ch. 2. 'Now was I
come up in spirit through the Flaming Sword into the Paradise of
God. All things were new.'

(b) Eternal Peace

Mii.4; H 11.27; 15.i.6; 18.30; Blessings 3.5,21

(c) Sevenfold Light

H 7.24-25

Cp. Talmud, Sanhedrin 91b (sevenfold Messianic sun); Midrash
Konen 24-25 (based on Isa. 3o.26). Cp. also Isa. 6o.19; Rev.
21.23,25; 22.6; Odes of Solomon, 21.5; Slav. Enoch 66.8.

(d) Prophetic Forerunner of Messianic Age

M 9.11

Based on Dent. 18.18 and Mal. 3.23ff. (Cp. Ecclesiasticus 48.10.)
Samaritans identify him with Moses Redivivus; Jews, with Elijah
(Talmud, Menahoth 45a; B.M. 3a; Aboth de Rabbi Nathan 24.4)

Cp. I Macc. 14.41; 4.46; Mat. 11.14; 17.10ff.; Mark 9.11f.; John
1.45; 5.46; 6.14; 7.40; Acts 7.37; Rev. 11.3ff.

Often alternates with priestly forerunner. (Note that both Moses
and Elijah were priests.) Cp. Test. Levi, 5.13-20; Heb. 3.1; 4-
15ff-; 5.4,10; 6.20.

(e) Messianic 'Star'

DD 7.18

Based on Num. 24.17. Cp. Test. Levi, 5-15; Judah, 4.20;
Samaritan Liturgy, ed. Cowley, 2.88 Heh 10; 92.17; 96.32; (all
by Abisha b. Pinehas, d. 1376).

On Messiah(s) more generally, see

1QS;
CD;
11QMelch.; 4Q246; 4Q285; 4Q541; 4Q521 (cf. Duhaime Conf. 1997)

(f) 'Faithful Shepherd will arise

NC 3,2,8

Based on Isa. 63.11. Cp. Heb. 13.20. 'Shepherd of souls': I Peter
2.25. Cp. also John,10,11,14; I Peter 5.4.

Enoch 90.17-27 speaks of God as the Master Shepherd who will
deliver his flock from the seventy evil shepherds.

(g) New Covenant will be concluded

NC 2,6

Based on Jer. 31,32-33. For the true meaning, see above,
pp. 4,24. The Covenant will be inscribed on human hearts:

H 18.27. Cp. Jer. 31.33; Rom. 2.14f. (Stoic parallel adduced
in Feine, Der Romerbrief [1903], 95ff.

On the "Covenant" idea in general, see also

M 1.7 (of kindness), 1.16 (establish), 1.24 (enter), 4.22
(everlasting); DD 12.11 (of Abraham)

(h) God records deeds of men for reward or punishment

H i-23-24; 16.10

Cp. Dan. 7.10; 2 Esdras 6.20; Rev. 20.12; Slavonic Enoch 50.1;
Odes of Solomon 9.12; Apoc. Baruch 24.1. Rabbinic parallels in L.
Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, 5.128, n.141.

Iranian parallel: Yasna 31.13-14; 32.6 (record kept by Ahura
Mazda).

(i) Righteous will acquire crown of glory'

M 4.7; H 9.24;

Odes of Solomon 9.11; 1 Peter 5.4; Dctr. 6.1[?]; Mandaean:
Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 4f.,29,108,177,243,267.

Initiants in mystery cults sometimes received a crown:
Apuleius, Met. 11.24; Tertallian, Cor. :15a; Praescr. haer. 40.
Was this a prefiguration of the heavenly crown which awaited
them?

(j) Righteous will acquire robe of majesty and eternal light

M 4.8

Cp. Enoch 62.16; Slavonic Enoch .22.8.

(k) Righteous will unite in triumphant song

H 11.5,14,26

Cp. TB Sanhedrin 19b: 'All the prophets will then intone
a song in concert'; Yalqut, Isa. 296.
Iranian parallel: Bundahesh 31,
(1) Future Community will be the true temple of God

M 8.5f.; F 1.6:

Cp. I Cor. 3.16-17; Eph. 2.20-22. Cp. also Heb. 8.2;
Barnabas, 3.12.


F. ANGELOLOGY (see Gaster 564-567) Revised Section (RAK)

See in general Theodore Gaster, "Angel" in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible.

1. General names for angels and spirit-beings.

1.1 "divine beings"

Heb. <hb>)LM</>: 1QH 10.8; frag. 2.3,
1QM 1.10, 11; 14.15, 16;
15.14; 17.7; 1Q22 4.1 (GM-277); AL (a) 2, 5, 10

Heb. <hb>)LWHM</>: AL (b) 5, 7

1.2 "holy ones"

DD 20.8; 1QH 3.22; 4.25; 10.35; 11.12; 1QM 12.4, 7, 8; 18.2;
1Q22 4. 1 (GM-277), etc.

Cp. Enoch, passim.

1.3 "host of heaven"

1QH 3.35; 1QM 7.6; 12.1, 8, 9

1.4 "host of the holy ones"

1QH 3.22; 10.34-35. Cp. "host of angels", 1QM 12.8

1.5 "eternal host"

1QH 11. 13

1.6 "communion of the holy ones"

1QH 4.25; frag. 63.2

Derived from Ps. 89.8 (7).

1.7 "sons of heaven"

1QH 3.22; frag. 2.10; 1QM 4.22; 11.8

Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3.

1.8 "stalwarts" <hb>GBRY-KWX</>

1QH 8.11; 10.34-35. (Cp- 1QM 5.21; 3.35-36; AL (a) 5)

Derived from Ps. 103-20,

1.9 "glorious ones"

1QH 10.8

Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles);
Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9-


2. Classes of angels and spirit-beings:

2.1 seven archangels

AL (a). Called "arch-princes";
cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1.

Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.21-22; Test
Levi 8.1; Luke 1.19, 26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim 9.31;
Hechaloth c.4.

2.2 "angels of the presence" or "of the face"

1QH 14[6].13 (GM-340); 1Q28b(=Sb) 4.25-26 (GM-433); AL (b) I

Cp. Enoch 104.1; Slavonic, Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29;
Test. Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature.

2.3 "ministering angels"

1QH 5.21; 12.23; 15.24; frag. 2.14; AL (a) 1

Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy
mentions the "holy ones" and the "ministering angels" as standing
"at the crest of the world", singing praises and "receiving each
from each the yoke of the kingdom of heaven" (Singer, p. 38).

2.4 "angels of sanctification" or "holiness"

1QS 7.6; 10.11; 1QH 1.11; 1Q22 2.8{?? GM-276} ; Blessings 3.6; AL (a)
4Q418\a(SapWork\a) frg 55.8 (GM-390)

2.5 "Cherubim"

AL (a)
4Q403ii15 (GM-423), 4Q405f20-22 (GM-428f)

Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7;
Slavonic Enoch 21.1.

2.6 "Watchers"

DD 2.18 (GM-34)

See Gen 6.1-4; Enoch; Jubilees

2.7 "ravaging angels, bastard spirits, demons, Liliths, owls..."

4Q510\a(=Shir\a) frg 1.5=10.1 (GM-371=373), frg 35.7 (GM-375)

2.8 "angels of destruction" (see also below 3.1.2)

DD 2.6 (GM-34); 1QM 13.12, 14.10 (GM-108-109); 4Q387\a(psMos\b)
frg 2.4 (GM-279)

2.9 "satans" (see below, Satan)

2.10 <hb>NPLM</>/Giants (offspring of spirit-beings and women)

see the Enoch traditions and Gen 6.1-3


3. Particular Angels and/or Spirit-beings:

3.1 Described by Opposing Characteristics and Influences --

3.1.1 Prince of Lights, Angel of Truth, Spirit of Truth

1QS 3.18-4.8 (GM-6); see DD 5.18 (GM-36; opposed to Belial)

3.1.2 Angel of Darkness, Spirit of Deceit, Angels of
Destruction

1QS 3.18-21, 4.9-14 (GM-6-7);

Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans
speak similarly of "angels of perturbation" (mala'che rigzah).

3.1.3 "adversary"(<hb>&+N</>; see also below, under Satan) and
"ruinous spirit" (<hb>M$XT</>)

1QH frags. 4.6 (GM-358), 45.3 (GM-360); 1Q28b(=Sb) 1.8 (GM-432)

See Ex 12.13, as popularly interpreted.

3.1.4 "chief of demons"

4Q511(Shir\b) frg 2.1.3 (GM-372)


3.2 Names of Angelic Antagonists -- see also the named "fallen" angels
in the Enoch traditions

3.2.1 Belial and his forces

1QS 1.18, 1.23-24, 2.4, 10.21 & passim (GM-3ff); 1QM 1.1 & passim (GM-
95ff); DD 4.13, 4.15, 5.18, 7.2, and passim (GM-35ff); RB passim;
4Q286(Blessings\a) frg 7.2.1 (GM-435)

Cp. Beliar in OrSib 2.165f; Jubilees 1.20; TReuben 2.2, TLevi
3.3, 19.1, TZebulon 9.7, TNaphtali 2.6, TBenjamin 6.1, 6.7.

Identified with "darkness" TLevi 19.1, TJoseph 20.2; cp. also
Matt 24.5-12, 2 Tim 3.1f, 2 Cor 5.15, Didache 21.3 [sic Barn?]

For a more detailed treatment, see T. Lewis "Belial" in Anchor Bible
Dictionary and the following compilation by Marsha B. Cohen.

---

Compilation of and Index to BELIAL References in the DSS

by Marsha B. Cohen, 18 November 1996
*Not in GM


Accursed, Belial (also damned) <hb>)RWR Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:4; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 13:4:
4QBlessings: : 4Q286f7ii2; 4Q286f7ii;5-6
4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:6

Anger against Belial <hb>XRN LKL Belial</>
1QHymnsa : 1QH 11:28
4Q428f3:3; 4Q432f4ii:3*

Army of Belial <hb>XYL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 1:1; 1QM 1:13; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 18:1; 4Q285f5:4

Assembly of Belial <hb>(DT Belial</> 1QHymnsa; 1QH 10:22

Comes upon you, when Belial.
11Q Apocryphal Psalms\a = 11QPsAp\a 4:5

Counsel of Belial <hb>YW(C/ (CT Belial</>.
4Q Halakhic Letter:
4Q397f8:2;4Q398f2ii:5;4Q399f1ii:3;
1QHymnsa : 1QH14:21; 4Q429f2i:11

Damned, Belial <hb>Z(M Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:2; 1QM 13:4: 4Q287f6:1;
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:1; 4Q286f7ii:3 ; 4Q286f7ii;5-6;
4Q287f6:1; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:5;
See Accursed, Belial

Destroyed in anger, Belial <hb>Belial LH)BDMH BXRNW</>.
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i4

Dominion (also reign; empire) of Belial <hb>MM$LT Belial</>.
Rule of the Community:1QS1:18; 1QS1:24;1QS2:19;4Q256f1ii:6.
5QRule: 5Q13f4:4;
War Scroll: 1QM14:9; 1QM18:1; 4Q491f8,9&10:6.*
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:8.
4Q Pseudo-Moses Apocalypse: 4Q390f2i:3.

Fire, Belial devoured with <hb>YTMMU Belial B)$</>.
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 3:7

Hand of Belial <hb>YD Belial</>.
5QRule: 5Q13f5:2;
Damascus Document: DD 8:2; DD 19:14;
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:13; 11QMel 2:25;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i7*;
4QParaphrase of Kings: 4Q382f31:2*

Heart, Belial in <hb>Belial.. BLBBY</>.
Rule of the Community: 1QS 10:21; 4Q260f1v:2 (4QSf)

Horde of Belial <hb>KL HMWN Belial</>. War Scroll: 1QM 18:3

Hordes of Belial <hb>GDWDY Belial</>. War Scroll: 1QM 11:8

Inclination, Belial present in (evil) <hb>KY Belial (M HP( YCR</>.
1QHymns(a) : 1QH 15:3

Intrigues of Belial (also plots) <hb>MZMWT Belial</>.
1QHymns(a) : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:10; 4Q430f1:1

Jannes and his brother, Belial raised up <hb>WYKM Belial )T
YKNH W)T )XHW</>.
Damascus Document DD 5:18;
4Q266f3ii:14 (4QD\a); 4Q267f2:2 (4QD\b); 6Q15f3:1 (6QD);

Lot of Belial <hb>GWRL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 1:5; 4Q496f3:5; 1QM 4:2;
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:2;

Man/Men of Belial <hb>)$/)N$Y..Belial</>
1QHymns\a : 1QH 13:26 (GM)**; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f10-11:4=II:4GM;
4QTestimonia: 4Q175 23
** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it
is identical to 4Q429 f1 3:8 which has <hb>DBRY</> in the text where
the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26.

Men of the lot of Belial <hb>(QL) )N$Y GWRL Belial</>
Rule of the Community: 1QS 2:5; 4Q256f1ii:16; 4Q257f1ii:1;
5Q11f1i:3;
War Scroll: 1QM 1:15; 1QM 4:2;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i11(=IV:16GM)

Men of the sons of Belial <hb>)N$YM BBNY Belial</>.
Temple Scroll; 11QT 55:3

Nets of Belial, Three <hb>$L$T MCWDT Belial</>.
Damascus Document: DD 4:15

Pit, Belial created for the <hb>(&YTH Belial L$XT</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:11; 4Q495 f2:3

Protected from Belial <hb>L$MRM MBelial</>.
4QBless, Oh my Soul(a): 4Q434f1ii:12*

Prince of enmity, Belial identified as.
11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a) 1:5-6

Remnant will remain <hb>...Belial, WN$)R ..</>.
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 2:2

Removed from Belial <hb>HWSRH MBelial</>.
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:22

Scheming (also plans) of Belial <hb>MX$BH Belial</>.
1QHymns\a : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:12;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i6;
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8

Sent against Israel, Belial <hb>Belial M$LWX BY&R)L</>
Damascus Document: DD 4:13

Snares (also traps) of Belial <hb>PXY Belial</>.
4QPsalms Pesher(a): 4Q171f1-2ii10.
See also Nets of Belial.

Sons of Belial <hb>BNY Belial</>.
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:3;
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8;
4QPseudo-Ezekiel(b): 4Q386f1:ii:3;
11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a): 11QPsAp(a) 5:3

Sons of Darkness, Belial assists <hb>Belial L(ZRT BNY XW$K</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 16:11; 4Q491 f11ii:8

Soul surrounded by Belial.
1QHymns(a): 1QH13:39

Spirit(s) of Belial <hb>RWXY Belial</>.
Damascus Document: DD 12:2; 4Q271f3i:18;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:10;4Q177 4:14(GM)

Spirits of the lot of Belial <hb>RWXY GWRL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:2;
11QMelchizedek 2:12

Time when Belial will open <hb>H)T )$R YPTX Belial</>.
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174f4:3

Torrents of Belial <hb>NXLY Belial</>.
1QHymnsa: 1QH 11:29; 1QH 11:32; 4Q428f3:4; 4Q432f4ii:4;

Words of Belial <hb>DBRY Belial</>.
1QHymns\a: 1QH 13:26 (Abegg)**; 4Q429f1iii:8; 4Q511f18ii:5*;
** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it
is identical to 4Q429 f1 3:8 which has <hb>DBRY</> in the text where
the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26.

Fragments containing with no discernible context:
1QM 15:17*; 1Q40:f9:3*; 4Q176f8-11:15;
4Q177f1-4:10; 4Q177f12-13ii:2; 4Q177f12-13ii:7; 4Q178f10:1;
4Q225f2ii:14; 4Q226f7:6; 4Q253f4:4; 4Q463f1:3; 4Q471f3:6;
4Q491f14:10*; 4Q511f103:4; 4QpapHodayot-Like f4:2; 6Q18f3:3;

===end of Marsha Cohen index to BELIAL===


3.2.2 Mastemah

DD 16.5 (GM-39) = 4Q270 (GM-64), 4Q225(PsJub\a) 2.1.9-11
(Schiffman 188)

Cp. Jubilees 17.16, 49.2. The name is related to Satan.

3.2.3 Melki-resha (see also Melki-zedek! Kobelski monograph)

4Q280(Blessings\f) line 2 (GM-434)

3.2.4 Satan and/or "satans" (perhaps just "adversaries")

11QPs 19.15 (GM-306), 1QSb 1.8 (GM-432), 1QH 4.1 frgs 4 & 45 (GM-
358 and 360), 4Q504 1+R 4.12 (GM-414)


3.3. Named Protective Angels:

3.3.1 Gabriel

1QM 9.16

Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, 5.21. Origen. De princip., 1.81, says
that Gabriel is the angel of war.

Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentary text from
Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D. Barthelemy and
J. T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judean Desert 1 (1955), 84-86.

3.3.2 Michael

1QS 9.15, 16; 17.6, 7

Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op. cit., 5.4.

3.3.3 Raphael

1QS 9.15, Enoch/Giants (GM-261)

3.3.4 Sariel (or Uriel)

1QM 9.15

3.3.5 "The Power"

Enoch/Giants (GM-261)


4. Other Characteristics and Functions of Angels

4.1 Angels possess transcendental knowledge

1QS 4.22; 1QH 3.23; frag. 13.23; AL (a) 1

Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB H_agi-gah 16a. Michael, Uriel and
Raguel initiate Enoch into the "mysteries of the world":
Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5. Michael tells Adam and Eve the
mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis 3.13.

4.2 Angels sing praises in heaven

1QH 9. 13; AL (a) passim

They sing the Trisagion: Isa. 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic
Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB H_ullin
14a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israel, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10.

On the liturgy of the angels, cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test.
Abraham B, 4; Pal. Targum, Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer,
Authorized Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160.

4.3 Angels participate in the eschatological war

1QH 3.35f.; 6.29f.; 10.34-35; 1QM 15.14

Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19


G. PERSONS OF NOTE (edited by Shoshana M Twersky, May 1999)

Master Key to this sub-Index

1. Example- Rule of the Community: 1QS 4.23 (GM-7). This means that the
reference is in Rule of the Community (which is 1QS), column 4, line 23.
GM-7 means that it can be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea
Scrolls Translated" on page 7.

2. A different example (which is part of a fragment)- 4QDamascus
Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.8 (GM-51). This means that the phrase is in
4QDamascus Document/b (which is also 4Q267) and it is fragment 3
(f3=fragment 3), column 4 (iv=column 4), line 8. GM-51 means that it can
be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated" on
page 51.

3. Another example- 4Q Damascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.[7]- This document
4QDamscus Document/c (also called 4Q268) is in fragment 2, column 2 ,
line 7. The brackets around the 7 (the line number) indicates that the
whole phrase is in Garcia Martinez's brackets. In these brackets were
holes in the documents which he filled in.

4. Finally, if a line number is not bracketed but after the reference
part of the phrase is bracketed, this is meant to indicate that that part
of the phrase in brackets is in brackets in Garcia Martinez's book and
the rest is not.

A. Adam (& Eve)

1. Glory of Adam -- possibly not the person Adam, but humankind in general

B. Cain (& Abel)

C. Seth (see above, "sons of Seth") sometimes seems to be used of
the community

D. Enoch Traditions

1. Baraq'el

2.Hobabes

3.Adkim

4.Ohyah (GM-260-262 = broth. of Enoch?)

5.Hahyah (GM-260-262 brother of Enoch?)

6.Azasel

7.Mahawai

8.Shemiharah

E. Noah

1. With Noah you established [a covenent . . . ]: Festival Prayers: 4Q508f3.2 (GM-412)
2. With Noah, your chosen one: 5QRule: 5Q13f1.7 (GM-73)
3. Sons of Noah: Damascus Document: CD/a 3.1 (GM-34)

F. Melchizedek: 11Q Melch (see also Nag Hammadi); Kobelski monograph

G. Patriarchs

1. Abraham & Sarah (see GenApoc)

2. Isaac: Damascus Document: CD/a 3.3 (GM-34)

3. Jacob & his sons (& grandsons)

H. Moses

0. Moses -- 4QFestival Prayers/c: 4Q509f1-4.8 (GM-412)

1. Law of Moses

Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.8, 1QS 8.22
4QRule of the Community: 4Q255f5.7 (GM-21)
4QRule of the Community: 4Q258f1i.6 (GM-22)
Damascus Document: CD/a 15.2 (GM-39)
Damascus Document: CD/a 15.9 (GM-39)
Damascus Document: CD/a 15.12 (GM-39)
Damascus Document: CD/a 16.2 (GM-39)
Damascus Document: CD/a 16.5 (GM-39)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f17i.3 (GM-54)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18v.6 (GM-56)
4QDamascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.4 (GM-58) [ . . . law] of Moses
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.[20] (GM-67) [ . . .law of Moses . . .]
4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f3-4.5 (GM-91)

2. Book of Moses

Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [91] (GM-79)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 103 [book] of Moses
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8. [6] (GM-84),
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8.10
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q398f1.4 b[ook of Mo]ses
2QJuridical text: 2Q25f1.3 (GM-86)

3. What is done/said by God to/through Moses

1. Commanded through the hand of Moses or commanded by means of the hand of Moses

Rule of the Community: 1QS 1.3 (GM-3)
Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.15 (GM-12)
4QRule of the Community/a: 4Q255f1.3 (GM-20) [com]manded through the hand of Moses
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.7 (GM-23) ha[nd of Moses]
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q25 3.[6]GM-27)
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f4.8 (GM-416)
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504|f1-2|5.14 (GM-415)

2. As he says through the hands of Moses

4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f185.1-2 (GM-56)
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.17 (GM-67)

3. What you [said] by Moses' hand

War Scroll: 1QM 10.6 (GM-102)

4. Hand of Moses

4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.17 (GM-51) hand of [Moses . . .]
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q268f2.5-6 (GM-60) hand of [Moses]
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f4i.3
6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.4 (GM-71) [ . . .hand of Mos]es
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f3ii.16 (GM- 416) [ . . . hand of ] Moses

5. Your holiness which walks in front of us . . . in front of Moses, your servant
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f6.12 (GM-417)

4. Things that Moses does (though in some of these examples it comes from God)

1. Moses wrote
Word of the Luminaries: 4Q504|f1-2|3.12 (GM-414)

2. Moses said (and then it quotes a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 5.8 (GM-36)

3. Moses says (and then it quotes a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/b 19.26-27 (GM-46)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.(GM-51) Moses sa[ys . . .]

4. And what Moses said (and then it quotes a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 7.14 (GM-38)

5. Moses atoned for their sin
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504|f1-2|2.9f (GM-414)

6. covenant oath which Moses established with Israel
Damascus Document: CD/a 15.8 (GM-39)

[Note -- there were a couple of times that it mentioned Moses and Aaron and
I had no idea what the reference was to. ST].

I. Aaron (and sons)

A. All of these deal with the community being a kind of holy house/fortress for Aaron

1. God . . . from Aaron raised men of knowledge, or God . . . raised from Aaron men of knowledge

Damascus Document: CD/a 6.2 (GM-36)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3.ii.[18-19] (GM-51)
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f2.8 raised [from Aaron men of knowledge]
6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.5 (GM71) [ . . . and from Aaron raised men of knowledge . . .]

2. Holiness in Aaron (implying a community)

Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.6 (GM-8)
4QRule of the Community/b: 4Q255f5.[5] (GM-21)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1i (GM-22)

3. It will be the most holy dwelling for Aaron (It refers to the community)

Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.8-9 (GM-12)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.3 (GM-23) [for Aaron]

4. Holy of holies for Aaron

Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.5-6 (GM-12)
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.12 (GM-26)

5. Holy fortress for Aaron
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.15 (GM-26)

6. Holies for Aaron (the meaning here is unclear)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.[1] (GM-23)

7. The Community shall set themselves apart (like) a holy house for Aaron
Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.6 (GM-13)

8. House of Aaron
4QRule of the Community/d:4Q258f2ii.6 (GM-24)

B. This is the lineage of Aaron (both his immediate sons, the priests, and also the Messiah)

1. Sons of Aaron (referring to Nadab and Abihu)
War Scroll: 1QM 17.2 (GM-112) [of Nadab and Abi]hu

2. Eleazar (son and successor of Aaron, father of Phineas and ancestor of Zadok [1 Chron 24.3], originally in charge of Levites and Temple contents -- Num 3.32, 4.16; but see also 1 Sam 7.1, protector of the Ark in David's time!)
Book of the Law not opened since the day of death of Eleazar and of Jehoshua (see Num 13.16?): Damascus Document: CD/a 5.3 (GM-36)

3. Sons of Aaron (referring to priests)

Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.7
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1ii.1
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2ii.7
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [15] (GM-77)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 19-20 sons of [Aaron], Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 81
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [85]
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q394f1i.15 (GM-80)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q395f1.6 (GM-81)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv.8 (GM-82)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv:[11] (GM-82), 4QHalakhic Letter:
4Q397f5+6.[8] (GM-83)
4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f10.8 (GM-91) sons of Aa[ron]
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f6ii.5 (GM-52), 4QDamascus Document/b:
4Q267f6ii.11 (GM-52), 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f9i.13 (GM-53)
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f9ii.6 (GM-64)
4QDamascus Document/g: 4Q272f1ii.2 (GM-70) [ . . . so]ns of Aaron

4. Messiah(s) of Aaron

Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.11
Damascus Document: CD/a 12.23 (GM-43)
Damascus Document: CD/a 14.19 (GM-44) [messiah] of Aaron
Damascus Document: CD/b 19.10-11 (GM-45)
Damascus Document: CD/b 20.1 (GM-46)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18iii.12 (GM-56)
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f13.2 (GM-69) [ . . .messiah of] Aaron and Israel

5. Sons of Aaron (where I wasn't sure what it was referring to)
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f4iii.8 [ . . .sons of A]aron

J. Joshua
a. Joshua and the elders had hidden book of the Law: Damascus Document: CD/a 5.4 (GM-36)

K. Phineas (son of Eleazar, grandson of Aaron)

L. Period of Samson and the Judges

M. David (and associates; Uriah)

1. David
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 111 (GM-79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q399f1i.[9] (GM-85)
War Scroll: 1QM 11.2 (GM104) -"David, your servant"
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504|f1-2|4.6 (GM-415) ("and established your (God's) covenant with David")
Damascus Document: CD/a 5.1 (GM-36)
('however, David had not read the sealed book of the law . . . )

2. Words of David
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95 (GM-79) = 4Q397f7+8.10(GM-84) [words of . ] . . David

3. David's deeds were praised: Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM-36)

4. Uriah's blood (is saying how David was praised except for Uriah's blood)
Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM-36)

A. David's lineage (both direct and in the future)

1. The son of David (referring to Solomon)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM-79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM-84)

2. Bud of David
4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.3 (GM-124)
4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.4 (GM-124) bu[d of David]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1. Sukkat of David
Damascus Document: CD/a 7.16 (GM-38)
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f5.[1] (GM-68)

N. Solomon

1. Solomon
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM-79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM-84)

O. Prophets

servants the prophets M 1.3, 4Q504|f1-2|3.12 (sent, + Moses)

1. Elijah

2. Elisha (and associates; Giezi)
This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch . . . and Elisha to Giezi his servant: Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM-38)

2. Isaiah (and Amoz his father)

1. Amoz (father of the prophet Isaiah)
a. Son of Amoz
Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13-14 (GM-35)
Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM-37)

a. By means of the prophet Isaiah (then it quotes
a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13 (GM-35)
b. Of whom Isaiah said (then it quotes a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 6.8 (GM-37)
c. Written in the words of Isaiah . . . which says (then says a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM-37)

3. Jeremiah (and associates; Baruch son of Neriah)
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch
Damascus Document: CD/a 7.20 (GM-38)

5. Baruch
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to
Baruch, son of Neriah
Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM-38)

6. Neriah
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to
Baruch, son of Neriah
Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM-38)

 

4. Ezekiel
a. By means of Ezekial the prophet (then it
quotes a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/a 3.21 (GM-35)

b. As Ezekial said
Damascus Document: CD/b 19.{11} (GM-45)

c. By the hand of Ezekial
Damascus Document: CD/b 19.12 (GM-45)

5. Ezra

6. Zechariah
a. Which is written by the hand of Zechariah, the prophet (followed by a verse)
Damascus Document: CD/b 19.7 (GM-45)

P. Maccabees/Hasmoneans -- See King Jonathan, Prayer for

Q. Other People of Note

- Peleg (see Gen 10.25, 11.16-19; 1 Chron 1.19-25 -- division of the land)
House of Peleg: Damascus Document: CD/b 20.22 (GM-47)

- Nebuchadnezzar
a. Into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon
4QDamascus Document/a: 4Q266f1.[13-14]
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f2i.10-11 Ne[buchadne]zzar

PLACES OF NOTE (contributed by David Suter and Dierk van den Berg)

Jordan & Jordan Valley in the DSS

1Q20GenAp 21,5
1Q22 I,10
4Q243 Frg. 2,3
4Q379 Frg. 12
4Q559 Frg.10 4,3
5Q17 Frg.1,3

The reference in Aramaic Enoch (1 Enoch 6:5-6) to the descent
(presupposing YRDW in Hebrew) of the Watchers on Mount Hermon potentially
includes in its range of puns the name of the Jordan, given the
association of the myth in the passage with the descent of the snow, etc.,
on the mountain (included explicitly in Syncellus -- "There will descend
on it [Mount Hermon, where the angels took the oath] neither cold, nor
snow, nor frost, nor dew, unless they descend on it in malediction, until
the day of the Great Judgement") and latter on with the waters of Dan
(see 13:8). (The translation is by Milik, Books of Enoch, p. 318).


H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH after Blank Spaces

4.7 By the spirit
4.9 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the secrets
4.16 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the spirits
4.23 [You, Lord, prevent] your servant
4.26 [I give you thanks, Lord, because] ... spirit
5.13 These are those you fou[nded]
5.22 If he brings about evil
5.24 And I, your servant, have known (see 20.11)
6.8 [I give you thanks,] Lord, for ... wisdom
6.12 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known, thanks to your insight
6.17 But I, I have known, thanks to your goodness
6.21 I will not admit into the council
6.23 I give you thanks, Lord, according
7.16 But I, I have known, thanks to your intellect
7.21 But the wicked
7.26 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known that
9.10 You have stretched out
9.13 You have created
9.21 These things I know
9.28 You created breath
9.31 And you, in your compassion,
9.35 Listen, wise men
10.20 I give you thanks, Lord, because
10.31 I give you thanks, Lord, for
11.6 Now my soul [...]
11.19 I thank you, Lord, because
11.37 I give you thanks, Lord, for you
12.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because
13.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because
13.18 But you, my God, have
13.20 {I give you thanks}/Be Blessed,/ Lord, because
13.32 And you, my God, have opened
14.4 [But you, my God,] have opened
14.9 For all your deeds are
14.33 For to God Most High
15.6 I give you thanks, Lord, because
15.26 I give you [thanks, Lord,] because
15.31 For you are an eternal God
15.34 [I give you thanks,] Lord, because
16.4 [I give you thanks, Lord,] because
16.11 But you, O God, protect
16.16 But you, my God, have placed
17.18 But in you I [...]
17.23 For you, my God, [...]
17.38 [...(major break)...]
18.14 Be blessed, Lord, God of compassion
18.20 And I ... [extol your great name]
19.3 I give you thanks, my God, because
19.10 For your glory, you have
19.15 I give you thanks, my God, I exalt you
20.11 And I, the instructor, have known you, my God (see 5.24)

I. PESHER FORMULAS

For a thorough listing (as of 1979) of the various formulae for (1) introducing a scriptural passage (aka "lemma") and (2) introducing an interpretation (its "pesher"), see Maurya P. Horgan, Pesharim: Qumran Interpretations of Biblical Books (CBQ Monograph 8, 1979) 239-244.

Formulas indicating that an interpretation of a scriptural passage is about to be given are found in various DSS texts, not only those that bear the title "Pesher":

pIsaiah (3Q4, 4Q161, 4Q162, 4Q163, 4Q164):
"the interpretation of the word/passage/saying/matter" (PShR HDBR) 4Q161.2.22 (cf), 4Q162.1.2; 4Q162.2.1, 4Q163.4-6.2.2, 4Q163.4-6.2.12, 4Q163.23.10, 4Q165.1-2.3, 4Q165.5.2
"its interpretation" (PShRW) 4Q161.3.23, 4Q163.2.6, 4Q164.4 and 7, 4Q165.6.6
"this is" 4Q162.2.10
"it says" 4Q163.4-6.2.5, 4Q163.4-6.2.14, 4Q163.8-10.4
"it is written" 4Q163.2.16, 4Q163.8-10.8 ([cf] in the book of Zechariah), 4Q165.1-2.2, 4Q165.6.2

pHosea (4Q166, 4Q167)
"its interpretation" 4Q166.2.12 and 15, 4Q167.2.1 (cf) and 3, 4Q167.7-8.1, 4Q167.10+26.2, 4Q167.11-13.4 and 5 and 9

pMicah (1Q14, 4Q168)
"the interpretation of this concerns" 1Q14,10.4 and 6 (cf)

pNahum (4Q169)
"its interpretation concerns"
"its interpretation"

pHabakkuk (1QpHab)
"its interpretation concerns"
"interpretation of the word" 5.3, 10.15
"interpretation of the word concerns" 8.16 (+concerns), 10.9, 12.2
"its interpretation"
"he/it says" 12.6

pZephaniah (1Q15, 4Q170,

pMalachi (5Q10)

pPsalms (4Q171, 1Q16. 4Q173)

4QCatena (4Q177, 4Q182)
"interpretation of the word concerns" 2.9
"as is written" 1.11 (about them), 2.13 (in the book of Ezekiel the prophet)
"has been written on the tablets" 3.12
"as David said" 4.7 (Ps 6)
"...written about them in the book of Jeremiah" 4Q182.1.4

pGenesis (4Q252, 4Q253, 4Q254)
"its interpretation"
"as it is written"
"as he/it said through Moses" 252.4.2

11Q13/Melchizedek
"its interpretation"

4Q174/Florilegium
"interpretation of the word/saying"
"this (concerns)"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

***
APPENDIX: GASTER'S FULL OUTLINE (1976)

A. THE COMMUNITY

B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY

C. LAWS AND PRACTICES

D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD

E. PAST AND FUTURE

F. ANGELOLOGY (expanded, including BELIAL; see also Gaster's original section)

G. PERSONS OF NOTE (also PLACES) [not in Gaster]
H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH [not in Gaster]

I. PESHER FORMULAS

Additional entries, mostly of Vermes index (to be integrated)

age of priests DD 14.7-12
ages of creation 4Q180
children DD 15.5-6; 1QSa 1.6-9
common table 1QS 6.4-5; 1QSa 2.17-21
consolations 4Q176
creation, Ages of 4Q180
crucifixion 4Q169 2.12; 11QT 64.6-13
death penalty DD 16; 9.1; 4Q169 2.12; 11QT 64.6-13; 4Q159
defectors 1QS 7.22-23
disrespect 1QS 6.25.25-27; 7.2-5
exhortation to seek wisdom 4Q185
expulsion 1QS 8.21-24; 6.27-7.2; 7.16-17, 22-23.
horoscopes 4Q186; 4QMessAr
incest DD 5.7-9; cf. 11QTS 66.16-17
lying 1QS 6.25-27; 7.3
nakedness 1QS 7
prayers
daily 4Q503
for festivals 1Q34 and 34bis; 4Q507-9
liturgical 1Q34 and 34bis
of Nabonidius 4QprNab
punctuality 1QS 1.13-15; 1QH 12.5ff.
Sage, Songs of the 4Q510-11
sanctuary 1QS 8; 9.6; 1qhab 12.3-4
Seductress 4Q184
spiritual progress, annual inquiry into DD 14.3-6
taxes 4Q159
treason 11QT.liv-lv
treasure 3Q15
wife, Gentile 11QT.63.13-14
wine 1QS 6.4-5; 1QSa 2.17-21
women 11QT.63.13-14


[misplaced note?] 1 The following translations are from James H. Charlesworth,
editor, The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls
Project, 1991--.


---

F(original). ANGELOLOGY [see above for revised form of this section]

See in general the writer's article, 'Angel' in The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible.

1. General names for angels:

(a) 'divine beings
Heb. elim: H 10.8; frag. 2.3,10; W 1.10,11; 14.15,16; 15.14; 17.7; Oration 4.1; AL (a) 2,5,10
Heb. elohim: AL (b) 5,7

(b) 'holy ones'
DD 10.8 [sic]; H 3.22; 4.25; 10.35; 11.1.2; W 12.4.7,8; 18.2; Oration 4.1, etc.
Cp. Enoch, passim.

(c) 'host of heaven'
H 3.35; W 7.6; 12.1,8,9

(d) 'host of the holy ones'
H 3.22; 10.34-35. Cp. 'host of angels', W 12.8

(e) 'eternal host'
H 11.13

(f) 'communion of the holy ones'
H 4.25; frag. 63.2
"Watchers" DD 2.17ff; Enoch cycle
Derived from Ps. 89.8(7).

(g) 'sons of heaven'
H 3.22; frag. 2.10; W 4.22; 11.8
Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3.

(h) 'stalwarts' <hb>gibbore koh</>
H 8.11; 10.34-35. (Cp. W 5.21; 3.35-36; AL (a) 5)
Derived from Ps. 103.20.

(i) 'glorious ones'
H 10.8
Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles); Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9.

2. Classes of angels:

(a) seven archangels
AL (a). Called 'arch-princes'; cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1.
Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.2:1-22; Test. Levi 8.1; Luke 1.19,26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim. 9.31; Hechaloth, 100.4.

(b) 'angels of the presence'
H 6.13; Blessings 4.25-26; AL (b) 1
Cp. Enoch 104.1: Slavonic Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29; Test. Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature.

(c) 'ministering angels'
H 5.21; 12.23; 15.24; frag. 2.14; AL (a) 1
Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy mentions the 'holy ones' and the 'ministering angels' as standing 'at the crest of the world', singing praises and 'receiving each from tje yoke of the kingdom of heaven' (Singer, p. 38).

(d) 'angels of sanctification'
M 7.6; 10.11; H I.11; Oration 2.8; Blessings 3.6; AL (a)

(e) Cherubim
AL (a)
Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7: Slavonic 21.1

3. Particular angels:

(a) Prince of Lights M 3.20, DD 5.18
(b) Angels of Darkness M 3.20-21
(c) Angel of Truth M 3.24
(d) Mastemah DD 16.5; PsJub a 2.1.9-1; 4Q 225
(e) Belial 1QS/M passim; DD passim (see D.1) [see special section above by Marsha Cohen]
(f) Satan (GM-306); 11Q PS 19.15; 1QH 4.1 (see GM-358 (frag. 4) and 360 (frag. 45))
Cp. Jubilees 49.2 The name is related to Satan.

4. Protective Angels

(a) Gabriel W 9.16
Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, 5.21. Origen. De princip., I.81, says that Gabriel is the angel of war.

(b) Michael M 9.15, 16; 17.6, 7
Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op.cit., 5.4.

(c) Raphael M 9.15

(d) Sariel (or Uriel) W 9.15

Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentary text from Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D. Barthelemy and J.T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judaen Desert, 1 (1955), 84-86.

5. Angels possess transcendental knowledge

M 4.22; H 3.23; frag. 13.23; AL (a) 1
Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB Haigah 16a.

Michael, Uriel and Raguel initiate Enoch into the 'mysteries of
the world': Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5.

Michael tells Adam and Eve the mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis 3.13.

6. Angels sing praises in heaven

H 9.13; AL (a) passim
They sing the Trisagion: Isa 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB Hullin 14.a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israe, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10.

On the liturgy of the angels, Cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test. Abraham B. 4: Pal. Targum. Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer, Authorized Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160.

7. Angels participate in the eschatological war

H 3.35f.; 6.29f.; 10.34-35; W 15.14
Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19

8. Evil Spirits:

(a) 'angels of destruction'
M 4.12; DD 2.6; W 13.12; 14.10
Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans
speak similarly of 'angels of perturbation' (mala'che rigzah).

(b) 'satans (see above Belial)'
H frags. 4.6; 14.3; Blessings I.8

(c) 'ruinous spirit' <hb>mashhith</>
H frags. 4.6; 14.3
Derived from Ex. 12.13, as popularly interpreted.

---[items that need to be integrated]---

Date: Thu, 27 Apr 2000 01:51:17 -0400
From: Daniel Cohen <danielrc@sas.upenn.edu>
Organization: University of Pennsylvania

Here is my index project. Glad to be of help.

Priests
1QS 1.18, 21; 2.1, 11, 19; 5.2, 9; 6.3, 5, 8, 19; 7.2; 8.1
DD-A 4.2; 9.13, 15; 13.2, 5; 14.3, 5; 16.14
4Q266 Frag 6 1.14; 2.4; Frag 9 1.4, 6, 10
4Q271 Frag 1 2.4
4QMMT (composite) 15, 29, 66, 67, 83
4Q159 Frags 2-4 4
4Q251 Frag 2 1
4Q277 Frag 1 6
1QM 2.1; 7.10, 12, 13, 15; 8.2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16; 9.1, 2, 3,
6, 7; 13.1; 15.4;16.3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12; 17.10, 11, 12, 14; 18.3
4Q491 Frags 1-3 9, 17; Frags 8-10 2.11, 13; Frag 13 3, 4, 5
4Q493 1
4Q285 Frag 5 5
1QSa 1.2, 16, 24; 2.3, 13
2Q4 Frag 9 13-14
11Q18 Frag 13 3; Frag 14 5
11QT 15.17, 18; 17.1; 19.5; 21.4; 22.5, 10, 11; 31.4; 34.14; 35.5, 14;
37.8; 57.1, 12; 58.13; 60.10; 61.8; 63.3
11Q20 Frag 5 3
4Q161 Frag 1 1.25; Frags 8-10 3.25
4Q164 Frag 1 2,4
4Q176 Frags 1-2 1.3
4Q537 Frag 2 2
1Q21 Frag 1 2
4Q385b Frag 1 1.10
4Q503 Frag 64 3
4Q400 Frag 1 1.8, 12, 17, 19, 20; 2.19
4Q403 2.20, 21, 22, 24
4Q405 Frag 20-21-22 1
1QSb 3.22

The priest
4Q251 Frag 3 9
4Q276 Frag 1 9
4Q277 Frag 1 9
1QM 15.6
1QSa 2.19
11QT 20.12; 48.17; 56.9; 61.15
4Q547 Frag 1 6
1Q22 4.8
1Q29 Frag 1 4; Frag 2 2; Frags 5-7 2

The Priest/High Priest/Head of Many/chief priest/eternal priest/anointed
priest
DD-A 14.7
4Q266 Frag 18 5.18
1QM 2.1; 15.4; 16.13; 18.5
1QSa 2.12
11Q18 Frag 13 6; Frag 14 5
11QT 15.15; 23.9; 25.16; 26.3; 58.18
1QpHab 2.8
4Q171 2.19
4Q173 Frag 1 4
4Q545 Frag 2 6
4Q375 1.9

In biblical passage
DD-A 3.21 (Ez. 44:15)
4Q266 Frag 9 1.9 (Lev. 13.33)
1QM 10.2 (Dt. 20:2-5)
4Q163 Frag 23 14 (Hos. 6:9)
4Q177 4.6 (Jer. 18:18)

Sons of Aaron
1QS 5.21; 9.7
DD-A 10.5
4Q266 Frag 6 2.5, 8, 9-10, 12; Frag 9 1.13
4Q270 Frag 9 2.6
4QMMT (composite) 15, 19-20, 82, 85
4Q513 Frag 10 8
1QM 7.10
4Q493 1
1QSa 1.15-16, 23; 2.13
11QT 22.5, 12; 34.13; 44.13
4Q419 Frag 1 5

Sons of Zadok
1QS 5.2, 9; 9.14
DD-A 3.21-4.1 (Ez. 44:15); 4.3
4Q266 Frag 6 1.14
1QSa 1.12, 24; 2.3
4Q174 Frags 1-3 1.17
1QSb 3.22

Levites
1QS 1.19, 22; 2.4, 11, 20
DD-A 3.21 (Ez. 44:15); 4.3; 10.5; 13.3; 14.4, 5
4QDD Frag 18 5.16
4Q159 Frag 1 2.3
1QM 1.2; 7.14, 15; 8.9; 13.1; 15.4; 16.7; 17.13; 18.5
4Q491 Frags 1-3 9, 17; Frag 13 6
4Q493 9
4Q471 Frag 1 5
1QSa 1.22; 2.1
11QT 21.4; 22.4; 23.4; 24.11; 44.14; 57.13; 58.13; 60.12, 14; 61.8;
63.3
4Q213 Frag 5 1.2 (Levi: <93>My sons<85><94>)

---

Index Project: Literal References to the Family and Interpersonal Relationships
By Robin Friedlander

A. FAMILIAL CONNECTIONS
A.1 1QRule of the Community (1QS)
4.24
5.23
5.24
6.2
A.2 Damascus Document (CD-A)
2.19
4.5
4.15
4.20 = Mic 2:6
5.2 = Deut 17:17
5.7-8
5.9 = Lev 18:13
7.1
7.8 = Num 30:17
8.6
8.20
15.5
16.10 = Num 30:7-9
16.11-12
11.11
13.1
14.10
A.2b 4Q Damascus Document (4Q270)
F11.1.13-15
A.3 4Q Serek Damascus Rule (4Q265)
F2.2.14-17
A.4 Halakhic Letter (4QMMT)
39-41
A.5 1Q Rule of the Congregation
1.4-5
1.15
A.6 4Q Testimonia (4Q175)
1.15-16
A.7 1Q Targum of Job
1.1
2.2-6
14.7-8
31.5-7
32.1-3
A.8 11Q Temple Scroll
52.6
54.2-5, 19-20
56.18-19
57.15-19
60.17-18
63.11-15
64.2-6
65.7-15
A.9 4Q Nahum Pesher
F3-4.4.4
A.10 4Q Ages of Creation (4Q180)
F1.0.7-8
A.11 4Q Genesis Pesher (4Q452)
2.5-7
4.4-6
A.12 4Q Reworked Pentateuch (4Q158)
F7-8.0.1, 10-15
A.12b 4Q Reworked Pentateuch (4Q364-5)
F3.0.4-8
A.13 4Q Work with Place Names (4Q522)
F8.2.3, 6-7
A.14 4Q Biblical Chronology (4Q559)
F2.0.1-3
F3.0.7-9
F4.0.8-10
F5.0.1
A.15 4Q Genesis Aprcryphon (1QapGen ar)
2.3, 12-16
5.10, 25
7.8-10, 16
19.16-18, 20-23
20.1-8, 9-11, 14-15, 17-18, 22-28, 30-34
21.7
22.3, 5, 33
A.16 11Q Jubilees (11Q12)
F1.0.1-3 = Jub 4:7-11
F2.0.1-4 = Jub 4:13-14
F7.0.1 = Jub 12:28-29
A.16b 4Q Jubilees c. (4Q220)
0.0.1 = Jub 21:5-10
A.16c 4Q Jubilees d. (4Q219)
1.11-12 = Jub 21:1-2.7-10
A.16d 3Q Jubilees (3Q5)
F3,1.0.1-4 = Jub 23:6-7.12-13
A.16e 2Q Jubilees (2Q19)
0.0.1-4 = Jub 23:7-8
A.16f 1Q Jubilees b. (1Q18)
0.0.4 = Jub 35:8-10
A.17 4Q Enoch a. (4Q201)
4.5
A.17b 4Q Enoch b. (4Q202)
6.8-10
A.17c 4Q Enoch c. (4Q204)
6.15-16
F5.1.26-30 = 1 Enoch 104:13-106:2
F5.2.18-24 = 1 Enoch 106:13-107:2
A.18 1Q Book of Giants (1Q23)
F8.0.6-10
A.19 4Q Apocryphon of Judah (4Q538)
Fb.3-6
A.20 4Q Aramaic Levi a. (4Q213)
F1.2.12-13
F2.0.3-7
A.20b 4Q Aramaic Levi b. (4Q214)
F1.0.2-3
A.21 4Q Testament of Naphtali (4Q215)
F1.0.1-11
A.22 4Q Visions of Amram a. (4Q543)
F1.0.2,5-6
A.22b Visions of Amram b. (4Q544)
F1.0.8-10
A.23 4Q Hur and Miriam (4Q549)
F2.0.1-11
A.24 4Q Daniel-Suzanna (4Q551)
F1,3.2-3
A.25 4Q Proto Esther b.
0.3
A.26 4Q Tobit a. (4Q196)
F2.0.2-6, 9-10, 12 = Tob 1:19-2:2
F5.0.6-8 = Tob 3:11-15
F11.1.3, 5-8 = Tob 6:14-17
F11.2.2, 4-6 = Tob 6:19-7:3
A.26b 4Q Tobit b. (4Q197)
F3.1.3-4, 16-19 = Tob 5:19-6:12
F3.2.1-14, 17-19 = Tob 6:12-19
F3.3.1-2, 5, 7-12 = Tob 6:19-7:10
F4.0.1-2 = Tob 8:21-9:4
A.26c 4Q Tobit c. (4Q198)
F5.0.1-7 = Tob 10:8-9
A.27 11Q Psalms (11Q5)
27.2
28.9
A.28 1Q Hymns (1Q Hodayoth)
8.26
15.20-21
17.29-31, 35-36
A.29 4Q Sapiential Work A.b (4Q416)
F2.2.13
F2.3.15-17, 20-21
F2.4.1-13
A.30 4Q Grace after Meals (4Q434a)
F1.0.6
A.31 4Q Ritual of Marriage (4Q502)
F1-3.0.1-7

B. WOMEN
B.1 1QRule of the Community (1QS)
11.21
B.2 Damascus Document (CD-A)
5.7
16.10
14.16
B.2b 4Q Damascus Document (4Q267)
F9.2.5
B.2c 4Q Damascus Document (4Q268)
F1.1.12-15
B.2e 4Q Damascus Document (4Q270)
F5.0.19-21
F8.0.1-19
F9.0.11-19
F9.2.15-17
B.3 4Q Ordinances (4Q159)
F2-4.0.6-10
B.4 4Q Purification Rules A (4Q274; 4Q Torhorot A)
F1.1.4-9
B.5 1QWar Scroll (1QM)
19.7
B.5a 4Q War Scroll a. (4Q491)
F1-3.0.6
B.6 1Q Targum of Job
18.1-3
B.7 11Q Temple Scroll
39.7
40.6
48.16-17
50.10
53.16-21
65.7-15
B.8 4Q Nahum Pesher
F3-4.5.1 = Nah 3:13
B.9 4Q Tanhumin (4Q176)
F1-2.2.3-4
F9-11.0.7-8
B.10 4Q Reworked Pentateuch b,c. (4Q364-5)
F7.0.5
B.11 4Q Enoch b. (4Q202)
2.28-29
B.12 1Q Hymns (1Q Hodayoth)
11.7-12, 18
21.1, 8-9
23.12
B.13 4Q Wiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184)
0.1-17
B.14 4Q Apocryphal Lamentations B (4Q501)
0.5
B.15 4Q Festival Prayers c. (4Q509)
F1-4.1.18
B.16 4Q Baptismal Liturgy (4Q414)
F10.0.9-10


C. SEXUALITY
C.1 Damascus Document (CD-A)
4.17
4.20-21 = Mic 2:6, Gen 1:27
5.10-11
7.1
7.6-7
13.1
C.1d 4Q Damascus Document (4Q269)
F12.0.4-5
C.2 Halakhic Letter (4QMMT)
42-51
83-91
C.3 4Q Ordinances (4Q159)
F7.0.1-7
C.4 4Q War Scroll a. (4Q491)
F1-3.0.8
F11.1.14

C.5 1Q Rule of the Congregation
1.9-11
C.6 4Q Testimonia (4Q175)
1.19-20
C.7 11Q Temple Scroll
2.13-15
45.7-8, 11-12, 15
46.18
66.2-17
C.8 4Q Reworked Pentateuch (4Q158)
F7-8.0.8
C.9 1Q Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)
2.8-10
C.10 4Q Enoch a. (4Q201)
3.13-16
4.22
C.10b Enoch e. (4Q206)
F3.0.10-11 = 1 Enoch 32:3-6, 33:3-34:1
C.11 11Q Psalms (11Q5)
21.16-17
C.12 1Q Hymns (1Q Hodayoth)
16.33

text form

---

This is the final version of the index that Matt and I worked on. He
sent you an earlier version a month or so ago. Thanks. B. COMPOSITION
AND GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY [revised J.Pettis, M. Mugmon,
S. Finger

0. See above on different sub-groups within the DSS group(s),
such as priests, levites, the many, proselytes. Some of these
(and related) categories deserve closer attention here.
NOTE: Jeff Pettis has revised and expanded the original
sections 2.(p)--2.(v) into a new section B. GOVERNMENT OF THE
COMMUNITY. This includes quotations of Scripture passages, which
perhaps might be placed in footnotes. In spring 2000, Matt Mugmon
developed and expanded the
references for the categories, standardized the referencing style and
commented on some notable features of the categories and their
relationships with
other categories. All notes and line numbers from his revisions
reflect the Garcia Martinez translation, Second Edition.
In Spring 2000, Scott Finger further organized the index and expanded on
the references with descriptions of the functions of the different
groups and individuals. The changes and additions made by Scott Finger
are also based on the Garcia Martinez translation.

1. The Community Council <hb>(#H</>.

S.2.25; S.3.2; S.5.7; S.6.3('ten men of the Community council),6(here,
'the Ten' could be
referring to the 'ten men' in line 3 -- M.M.),12,14,16; S.7.2,24,26;
S.8.1,5,11,19,20-22,24,26;
DD.20.24-25; Sb.1.26-27 Sb.2.2,9,11; M.3.4; Flor.1.17;
4Q164.1.2; 1Q14.10.7-8; pHab.12.4; 4Q171.2.15,19; 4Q258.1.2.7-8;
4Q258.1.3.1,3; 4Q258.2.1.5;
4Q258.2.2.1; 4Q286.7.2.1

In the Syriac dialect of the early Christians of Palestine, the
cognate term serves as the equivalent of Greek synhedrion, cp. F.
Schwally, Idloticon (1893), 41f. A. Dupont-Sommer (The Jewish
Sect of Qumran and the Essenes, 63) thinks that (#H denoted the
sect as a whole and that it may be the origin of the name
Essenes!

The Community Council, also referred to as the "Council of the
Community" consists of 12 men and 3 priests, according to 1Q8.1. The
Community Council is formed to implement truth, justice and judgement.
(S.F.)

2. Officers
(a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation'

DD.7.20; M.5.1; 4Q285.4.2,6, 4Q285.5.4; 4Q161.2-6.2.15;
4Q171.3.5('chiefs and princes over [the whole congregation...]')

Cp. 1 Macc. 14.27 (of Simon). Yadin thinks that this is the
equivilent of the term ethnarch.

The Leader of the entire congregation may also be referred to as the
"fathers of the congregation" numbered as 52 who lead the different
divisions of the priests and chiefs, as is in 1QM2.1 (S.F.)


(b) 'Overseer/[Inspector?] of All the Camps' <hb>MVQR</>
[Note from M.M.: In the Garcia Martinez translation, it often seems that
this 'Overseer' is,
in the Damascus Document, the same person as the 'Inspector'. In
parentheses
are what this particular officer is called in the GM translation, in
case this
possibility works. See sections (q), (r), (s) for additional
commentary, and
notes from Gaster.]

DD.13.6-7,13,16('Inspector') DD.14.8-9('Inspector who is over all the
camps'),13('Inspector'), DD.15.14

Virtually, 'archbishop' -- albeit in a primitive sense.

The 'Leader of the entire congregation' and 'the overseer of all
the camps' would have been officers of the entire fraternity.

(c) High priest
3Q15.6.14-7.1; M.2.1; M.15.4; M.16.13; M.18.5; M.19.11; Sb.2.12('[chief]
priest of all the congregation of Israel');
11Q19.15.15; 11Q19.23.9; 11Q19.25.16; 11Q19.26.3

It is noteworthy that the high priest is mentioned only in texts
concerned with the eventual state of the Restored Community, e.g.
in the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness and in
The Manual of Discipline for the Future Congregation. This would
suggest that the Brotherhood, while it condemned the venality of
the hierarchy at Jerusalem, did not appoint its own 'antipope.'
In DD.14.7 there is, to be sure, mention of a 'priest who
supervises the general membership,' but this is not a high priest
in the accepted sense, and it is significant that in S.6.14 the
same officer is described simply as 'the supervisor' without
reference to priestly status. [Note from M.M.: See M.7.2,14: 'The
supervisors...']

(d) priests

S.1.18,21; S.2.1,19; S.5.2; S.6.3-4,5,8,19; S.7.2; S.8.1; DD.3.21;
DD.4.2; DD.7.1; DD.9.13,15; DD.13.2,3,5; DD.14.3,5; DD.16.14;
4QMMT.15,29,65,67,83;
4Q159.2-4.4; 4Q251.2.1, 4Q251.3.9, 4Q276.1.8; 4Q277.1.3,8; W 2.1('chiefs
of the priests'), M.7.10,12-13,15;
M.8.2,3,5,7,8,12-15; M.9.1-3,6-7; M.10.2; M.13.1; M.15.4,6;
M.16.3-5,7,9,12; M.17.10-12,14; M.18.3,5;
4Q285.5.5; Sb.1.2,16,24 ; Sb.2.3,13,19; 11Q19.9.13; 11Q19.15.17-18;
11Q19.17.1; 11Q19.20.12; 11Q19.22.5,10,11;
11Q19.31.4; 11Q19.34.13; 11Q19.35.5,6,11,13; 11Q19.37.8,10,12;
11Q19.44.4; 11Q19.48.17; 11Q19.56.21; 11Q19.57.1;
11Q19.60.10; 11Q19.61.8; 11Q19.63.3('sons of Levi'); 4Q161.1.1.25;
4Q161.8-10.3.25; 4Q163.23.13; 4Q164.1.2;
4Q164.1.4('twelve [chiefs of the priests]'); 4Q167.2.3; pHab.2.8;
4Q173.1.4; 4Q177.4.6; 4Q400.1.1.8,19; 4Q403.2.21-22,24

The priests are seen as the religious leadership group of the community
and are given certain privileges in various ceremonies and rituals.
(S.F.)

(e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok'

S.5.2,9, S.9.14; DD.3.21, DD.4.1; DD.4.3.; Sb.1.2,24; Sb.2.3;
Flor.1-3.1.17; Blessings.3.22, etc.

It is not the community as a whole (except perhaps in DD.4.3) but
solely its priests that are described in the Scrolls as 'sons of
Zadok. It derives directly from Ezek. 40.46; 43.19; 44.15; 48.11,
and there is no need to look for a 'righteous teacher' named
Zadok as the 'founding father' of the Brotherhood of Qumran in
the days of the Second Commonwealth.

'Zadok' comes from the Hebrew for righteousness and the sons of Zadok
are those that follow the path of the righteous and in 4Q28.3 they are
described as "the men of his counsel who have kept the covenant in the
midst of wickedness to atone....." (S.F)

(f) sons of Aaron

S.5.21; S.9.7; 4QMMT.15,82,85; 4Q513.10.8; M.7.10; M.17.2;
Sb.1.15-16,23; Sb.2.13; 11Q19.22.5; 11Q19.34.13; 11Q19.44.5

The sons of Aaron perform special ceremonial functions and in some
instances are linked to the priests or may be one in the same as in
11Q19.34.13 "The priests, sons of Aaron, shall burn everything..."
(S.F.)
(g) courses of priests

M.2.4[No mention of priests here, just chiefs of divisions -- M.M.];
(and see also some of the calendric texts!)

(h) 'the priest anointed for war'

M.15.6 [In GM translation, here is the 'priest assigned for the time of
vengeance']

Cp. Mishnah, Sotah VIII, 2.

(i) the 'teacher of righteousness' <hb>MWRH CDQ</>.

DD.1.11; DD.6.11; DD.20.1,14,28,32; 4Q165.1-2.3; 4Q14.10.6; 4Q14.11.4;
pHab.1.13;
pHab.2.2; pHab.5.10; pHab.7.4; pHab.8.3; pHab.9.9-10; pHab.11.5;
4Q171.3.15,19; 4Q171.4.27; 4Q173.1.3; 4Q173.2.2

The term means really 'the right guide, i.e., the true expounder
of the Law; see General Introduction, pp. 6, 29f. There is no
need to assume that all references refer consistently to a single
historical figure.

The title was later adopted by the Karaites.

In Jewish usage, it is a common designation for a rabbi. Indeed,
it is related that when Isaac Bernays was appointed to the chief
rabbinate of Hamburg in 1821, he expressly rejected the title as having fallen into disrepute through repeated misuse!

The teacher of Righteousness appears to be similar to a prophet in
biblical times as in pHab.2.2., he conveys G-d's words to the people and
serves as a bridge to the covenant. (S.F)

k) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren

DD.13.9(actually, this does not appear to refer to the teacher, but
rather, the Inspector. DD.13.7,
says 'this is the rule of the Inspector of the camp. The next line
contains 'he', and the pronoun
continues without change through line 9. There is no mention of a
teacher, but the 'He' does act
like a father -- M.M.); H.7.20(no reference appears here either to the
teacher -- M.M.)

Cp. Apostolic Constitutions ii.6,7

(l) three priests at head of community

S.8.1ff.

Modelled on the organization of Israel in the wilderness; cp,
General Introduction, p. 11.

(m) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men' (priests...elders...rest)

S.6.8; S.8.1; 4Q275.3.1; M.13.1('elders'); 11Q19.15.18

Modelled on the twelve tribal leaders during Israel's sojourn in
the wilderness.

Cp. the Mandaean shalmana, Brandt, Mand. Religion, 74; Right
Ginza, 3, etc. (Teleios in pagan mystery cults probably had a
different meaning; see O. Cruppe, Griech. Mythologie, 1616, n.1.)

Note also that among the Waldenses (as well as some earlier
"gnostic" groups), advanced members of the brotherhood were
called 'the perfect.'

(n) judges (ten)

DD.10.1,4; DD.14.13; DD.15.4,16; DD.16.19; 11Q19.61.9

Ten in number (DD.10.4). Hence, cp. the courts of ten in Temple
law: Mishnah, Sanhedrin I,3.

The judges serve to settle disputes and ensure that the law is enforced
in everyday situations as opposed to more religious issues that are left for the priestly groups. (S.F.)

(o) levites [priests...levites...congregation]

S.1.18-22; S.2.1,4,11,19,20, S.5.2,9, S.6.3,5,8,19, S.7.2; DD.3.21;
DD.4.2-3; DD.10.5; DD.13.3; DD.14.4,5; M.2.2, M.7.14-16;
M.8.9; M.15.4; M.16.7; M.17.13; M.18.5; 11Q19.61.8;
4Q171.2.5('congregation of his elect')

Chiefs of the fathers of the congregation: M.2.7, 3.4

The levites appear to be indistiguished in their position from the

(p) 'messiahs' (anointed)

S.9.11; DD.12.23; DD.14.19; Sb.2.14,20(of Israel)

The usual expression is 'messiahs (or, messiah) of Aaron and
Israel.' This has led to all kinds of wild speculation. But all
it means is simply 'the anointed high priest and the anointed
king.' (For 'messiah' as applied to the high priest, cp. Lev.
4.3; Mishnah, Shebu'oth i.7; Horayoth ii.x, etc. As the title of
the king, cp. Ps. .18.51, etc.).

(q) 'overseer, inspector' <hb>MBQR</>

(1) He oversees and manages property of initiates in behalf of
the community: "...then both his property and his possessions
shall be given to the hand of the man (who is) the Examiner
<hb>MBQR, mevakker</> over the possessions of the Many. And he
[initiate] shall register it into the account with his hand, and
he must bring it forth the the Many" (S.6.19-20).

(2) He receives and logs reports of capital matters: "...if it is
a capital matter, he shall report it to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>. And
the Examiner shall write it down with his hand
until he does it again before one who again reports it to the
Examiner. If he is again caught in the presence of one, his
judgment is complete" (DD.9.18-23).

(3) He is to be informed of sales and purchases by community
members: "Let no man do anything involving buying or selling
without informing the Examiner in the camp" (DD.13.16).

(4) He is the official gate-keeper of the community: Let no one
of the sons of the camp dare to bring a man into the congregation
except by the word (lit., "mouth of)" the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> of the
camp" (DD.13.12-13; Cf. DD.14.10; DD.15.7-
11).

(5) He must be of a prescribed age, and versed in the languages
of the community: "And the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for all
the camps shall be from thirty to fifty years old, mastering
every principle of men and every language of their clans" (DD.14.
8-9).

(6) He serves as judge/counselor: "And any matter about which a
person may wish to speak, let him address the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>,
whether concerning a dispute or a judgment" (DD.14.11-12).

(7) He, with the judges, manages manages community money which
members regularly give and which he and the judges apportions to
the needy: "And this is the rule for the Many to prepare for all
their needs: The wage of at least two days per month are to be
given to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> and the judges. From
it they shall give for their sick, and from it they shall support
the poor and the destitute, the old man who is bowed down..."
(DD.14.12-16).

(8) He instructs initiates for preparation of entry into the
community: "...the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall make it
known to him and enjoin it upon him, and teach him for a minimum
of one complete year" (DD.15.14).

(9) The Examiner is both a scholar and a shepherd: "And the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall explain to him the
interpretation of the Torah; even if he is ignorant, he shall
cause him to be confined, for they (the priests) have the
judgment. And this is the rule for the Examiner of the camp: Let
him instruct the Many about the works of God, and allow them to
discern the wonder of his mighty deeds, and relate to them the
happenings of eternity together with their interpretations. Let
him pity them as a father does his children and watch over them
in all their distress as a shepherd for his flock. Let him loosen
all chains that bind them so that there shall be none deprived
and crushed in his congregation. And whoever joins his
congregation, let him examine him with regard to his works and
his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth. Let
them inscribe him in his place according to his inheritance in
the lot of light ...." (DD.13. 6-17).

Such 'overseers' served as executives of religious brotherhoods
in Hellenistic times: cp. Inscr. Agora 63 IG, ii\2, 917 (181
BCE); J. H. Oliver, in Amer. Journal of Philology 68 (1947),
148. Josephus mentions a similar officer among the Essenes.

(r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many).'

And if the man (who is) the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> over
the Many should restrain a man who has something to say to the Many, which is not while the one who questions the Council of the
Community is standing... (S.6.12) [Note from M.M.: In Garcia Martinez
translation, this is called the 'Examiner of the Many'.
See entry (b) above, 'Overseer of All the Camps']

On the day with the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for the Many,
they shall muster him with the oath of the covenant which Moses
made with Israel (DD.15.8).

(s) 'inspector' <hb>PQD</>

And whoever joins his congregation, let him [the inspector
<hb>MBQR, mevakker</>] examine <hb>PQD</> him with regard to his works
and his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth (DD.13.11).

[Note from M.M.: See also S.6.19, where an officer is called
'Inspector of the belongings of the Many'. In S.9.21, this officer is
just called
'Inspector', as in DD.14.11,13. In DD.15.8 and 4Q265.1.2.6,8 we see the
'Inspector of the Many'. In DD.15.11, it is just
'Inspector', as in DD.9.18,19,22, DD.13.6, 5Q13.4.1, and 4Q275.3.3. In
the passages DD.13.7,13,16
however, it is the 'Inspector of the camp'.]

It Is not quite clear whether the 'overseer' (<hb>MBQR</>) or the 'inspector (<hb>PQD</>) more closely answers to the
<gk>episkopos</> or 'bishop' of the early Church, for the
Septuagint uses the Greek term to translate both of the Hebrew
words. For <gk>EPISKOPOI</> in the mystery cults, see A. Thieme,
Inschriften, 17f., 32f.

(t) 'interpreter PQD??'
S.8.12, DD.6.7

You have set me as a banner in the vanguard of Righteousness, as
one who interprets with knowledge deep, mysterious things (H ii.
13) [Gaster's translation].

Cp. I Cor. 14.28. "But if there is no one to interpret
<gk>DIERMENEUTES</>, let each of them keep silence in the
church."

(u) 'one who studies' or 'interprets' <hb>DR$</>

And where there are ten (members) there must not be lacking there
a man who studies <hb>DR$</> the Torah day and night
continually, each man relieving another. The Many shall spend the
third part of every night of the year in unity, reading the Book,
studying <hb>DR$</> judgment... (S.6.6-7; see S.8.12).

And the "ruler" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the
Torah, of whom Isaiah said, "He takes out a tool for his work" (DD.6.7).

And the "star" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the
Torah who came to Damascus, as it is written: A star stepped
forth out of Jacob and a staff arose out of Israel" (DD.7.18).

See also Flor.1.11

Cp. Mishnah, YomA i.6; Josephus, BJ II, viii.6,19; Ant., XIII,
v.9, on 'expositors' among the Essenes.

(w) 'instructor' <hb>M&KL</>
S.1.1, S.6.14, S.9.12; DD.12.21, DD.13.22; M.1.1; 1QH.5.1; 1Q28b.1.1;
4Q404.2.18; 4Q404.3.2

It is for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to instruct and teach all the Sons of
Light concerning the nature of all the sons of man, with respect
to all the kinds of their spirits with their distinctions for
their works in their generations (S.3.13 Cf. S.9. 21). For
elaboration on the tasks of the instructor, see also S.9.12-
10.1a.

See also Blessings 1.1; 3.22; 5.20.

And these are the statutes for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to walk in with
all the living, according to the precept for each time. And
according to this precept shall the seed of Israel walk, so that
they may not be cursed (DD.12.20-21).

...and these are the precepts for the Master <hb>M&KL</> (DD.13.22).

Cp. Dan. 12.3,10.

Literally, 'one who imparts insight, intelligence'. (It is
probable that in the Scrolls the word has a causative sense, but
it can also mean simply 'one who possesses insight'.)

====

Ben Groverman


1. ANIMALS

1.1 ANIMAL (GENERAL)
CD-A.11.5-14=4Q271.f3.1.2-9=4Q270.f10.5.17-8
CD-A.12.8
4Q271.f1.1.7
4Q270.f9.2.8,15
4Q265.f2.1.5-6
4Q265.f2.2.5-6
4QMMT.24,26,39,79 (composite text)
4Q396.f1.1.2
4Q396.f1.4.5
4Q397.f5+6.7
4Q251.f3.5
4Q251.f4.3-4
11Q10.1.6
11Q10.26.6
1QpHab.3.10
1QpHab.12.4
5Q10.2
4Q253.f2.3
4Q158.f10-12 from Ezek. 21-22
4Q370.1.6
4Q216.f1.7.1-6 from Jub 2:13-24
11Q12.f5 from Jub 5:1-2
4Q222 from Jub. 21:5-10
4Q201.3.20=4Q202.2.24 from 1Enoch 6:4 - 8:1
1Q23.f1+6+22.4
1Q22.3.1
4Q381.f76-7.1
1QH.26.8
4Q418.f88.7
4Q179.f1.1.9
4Q287.f3.3
4Q186.f1.2.8
4Q186.f2.1.9
11Q19

1.2 LAND ANIMALS

1.2.1 ASS
4Q271.f1.1.10=4Q270.f5.16=4Q269.f9.3 from Deut. 27:18
11Q10.32.4 (onager)
4Q158.f7-8.2 from Ex. 20:12-17
4Q158.f10-12 from Ezek. 21-22
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q206.f4.1.21 from 1Enoch 88:3 - 89:6
1Q23.f1+6+22.2
4Q418.f103.2.8

1.2.2 BOAR
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4

1.2.3 BUFFALO
11Q10.32.8-9

1.2.4 BULL, BULLOCK, COW, CATTLE, CALF, HEIFER (also, RED HEIFER)

1.2.4.1 BULL
4Q271.f1.1.10=4Q270.f5.16=4Q269.f9.3 from Deut 27:18
4QMMT. 31 (composite text) from Lev. 17:3
4Q394.f1.2.15 from Lev. 17:3
4Q251.f1.3-5
4Q251.f3.6
4Q251.f4.1
11Q18.f3.2.5
11Q18.f4+5+6.5
11Q18.f21.1
1Q16.f9.3
4Q158.f10-12 from Ezek. 21-22
1QApGenAr.17.10 (mountain of the bull)
1QApGenAr.21.16 (mountain of the bull)
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q206.f4.1.13,19,20 from 1Enoch 88:3 - 89:6
4Q207.f1 from 1Enoch 86:1-3
4Q197.f3.3.11 from Tob. 6:19 - 7:10
4Q381.f46 (hooves)
1QSb.5.26
4Q186.f1.2.8 (taurus-horoscope)
11Q19

1.2.4.2 BULLOCK
4Q156.f1.5
4Q156.f2.1
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q207.f1 from 1Enoch 86:1-3
4Q375.2.3
4Q376.1.2
11Q5.18.10 from Psalm 154
11Q19

1.2.4.3 COW
11Q10.4.9
4Q213.f4.13
11Q19

1.2.4.4 CALF
4Q167.f11,12,13.5
1Q16.f9.3
4Q385.f4.9
4Q197.f3.3.11 from Tob. 6:19 - 7:10

1.2.4.5 CATTLE
4Q271.f1.2.3
4Q270.f9.2.7-8
4QMMT.21,66 (composite text)
4Q394.f3.13
4Q396.f1.3.3
4Q397.f3+4.5
4Q158.f7-8.7 from Ex. 20:22-26
1QApGenAr.20.33
1QApGenAr.22.1
4Q216.f1.7.1-6 from Jub. 2:13-24
4Q222 from Jub. 21:5-10
11Q19

1.2.4.6 HEIFER (also, RED HEIFER)
CD-A.1.13=4Q266.f2.1.17 from Hos. 4:16
4Q276.f1.3,7
4Q277.f1.3
4Q252.2.11
11Q19
4QMMT.16 (red heifer)
4Q394.f1.1.16 (red heifer)
4Q395.f1.7 (red heifer)

1.2.5 CAMEL
4Q206.f4.1.21 from 1Enoch 88:3 - 89:6

1.2.6 DEER
11Q19.53.5

1.2.7 DOG
4QMMT.61
4Q394.f3.8
4Q396.f1.2.9
4Q397.f3+4.2
11Q10.15.5
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4

1.2.8 DONKEY
1Q23.f1+6+22.2

1.2.9 ELEPHANT
4Q206.f4.1.21 from 1Enoch 88:3 - 89:6

1.2.10 FOX
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4

1.2.11 GAZELLE
11Q19.53.4

1.2.12 GOAT (HE-GOAT and SHE-GOAT)
4Q156.f2.1,5,6 (he-goat)
4Q252.2.11 (he-goat)
1Q23.f1+6+22.3 (he-goat)
4Q375.2.5 (he-goat)
4Q502.f7-10.7
4QMMT.31 from Lev. 17:3 (she-goat)
4Q394.f1.2.15 from Lev. 17:3 (she-goat)
11Q5.18.10 from Psalm 154
11Q5.28.4 from Psalm 151
11Q19 (goats and he-goats)

1.2.13 HORSE (HORSE and STALLION)
1QM.9.5
4Q163.f25.5
4Q169.f3-4.2.3
1QpHab.3.10
4Q254.f5.5
4Q364-5.f7.3 from Ex. 15:16-20
4Q206.f4.1.12 from 1Enoch 88:3 - 89:6
1QM.6.12 (stallion)
1QSb.5.29 (steeds)
11Q19

1.2.14 JACKAL
1Q14.f11.3
4Q510.f1.5=4Q511.f10.1
11Q11.1.5

1.2.15 LION
4Q167.f2.2
4Q169.f3-4.1
4Q385.f4.9
1QH.13.7,9,13,19
4Q429.f1.1.1
11Q11.5.12
1QSb.5.29

1.2.16 MOUSE
11Q19.50.20-1

1.2.17 MULE
4Q418.f103.2.7

1.2.18 OXEN
4Q177.f5+6+8.1.15 from Is. 22:13
4Q418.f103.2.8
11Q19

1.2.19 PANTHER
1QpHab.3.6

1.2.20 RAM
CD-A.9.14=4Q267.f10.8
4Q251.f3.6
1QM.7.14
1QM.8.9,11
1QM.16.8=4Q491.f11.2.6,22
1QM.17.13=4Q491.f13.6
2Q4.f4.18
4Q252.2.11
4Q158.f10-12.12 from Ezek. 22
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4
1Q23.f1+6+22.3
4Q541.f9.2.5
4Q375.2.3,5
4Q376.1.2
4Q409.2.3
4Q502.f7-10.7
11Q19

1.2.21 RAT
11Q19.50.20-1

1.2.22 SHEEP (also, LAMB and EWE)
4QMMT.31 from Lev. 17:3
4Q394.f1.2.15 from Lev. 17:3
4Q158.f10-12.5 from Ezek. 21:32-7
11Q5.18.6 from Psalm 151
4Q171.3.5 (lamb)
4Q204.f4 from 1Enoch 89:31-7 (lamb)
4Q251.f4.1 (ewe)
11Q10.38.7 (ewe)
4Q158.f10-12 from Ezek. 21-2 (ewe)
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4
11Q19 ( sheep and lamb and ewe)

1.2.23 WOLF
1QpHab.3.7
4Q205.f2.1=4Q206.f4.2 from 1Enoch 89:7-16

1.3 WATER ANIMALS

1.3.1 CETACEANS
4Q216.f1.6.11 from Jub 2:7-12

1.3.2 FISH
CD-A.12.13
11Q10.35.10
1QpHab.5.12
1QpHab.6.2
4Q216.f1.6.12 from Jub. 2:7-12
4Q201.3.21=4Q202.2.25 from 1Enoch 6:4 - 8:1
4Q196.f11.1.9=4Q197.f3.2.14 from Tob. 6:14-17
4Q197.f3.1.6-13 from Tob. 5:19 - 6:12
1QH.9.4 everything from the sea
4Q287.f3.3
11Q10.35.3 (the verb to fish)


1.4 BIRDS

1.4.1 BIRD (GENERAL)
CD-A.12.9
1QM.10.14
11Q10.13.2
11Q10.26.6
11Q10.35.8
4Q177.f5+6+8.1.9
4Q370.1.6
4Q216.f1.6.12 from Jub. 2:7-12
11Q12.f5 from Jub. 5:1-2
4Q222 from Jub. 21:5-10
4Q201.3.20=4Q202.2.24 from 1Enoch 6:4 - 8:1
4Q541.f2.2+f3+f4.1+f5.7
4Q287.f3.3
4Q379.f22.2.10 (bird-trap)
4Q381.f1.9
4Q381.f76-7.1
1QH.12.9
1QH.26.9
4Q502.f7-10.8
11Q19

1.4.2 DOVE
4Q251.f5.2
4Q252.1.14,18
4Q254.f15.6
4Q541.f24.2.4
11Q19.35.15 (turtle-doves)

1.4.3 EAGLE

11Q10.33.8
1QpHab.3.8,11
4Q530.3.4
4Q385.f4.9
4Q504.f6.7,8 (also, eagle chicks)

1.4.4 FALCON
11Q10.33.7

1.4.5 OSTRICH
11Q10.17.6
1Q14.f11.3

1.4.6 OWL
4Q510.f1.5=4Q511.f10.1
11Q11.1.5

1.4.7 PIGEON
4Q424.f2.3
11Q19

1.4.8 RAVEN
4Q254.f15.4,5

1.4.9 VULTURE
11Q10.33.9

1.5 REPTILES

1.5.1 REPTILE (GENERAL)
4Q274.f2.2.5
11Q10.37.2 (king of reptiles)
1QpHab.5.13
4Q201.3.20=4Q202.2.24 from 1Enoch 6:4 - 8:1
4Q287.f3.3
4Q502.f7-10.7

1.5.2 ASP
CD-A.8.9-10=CB-B.19.22-3 from Deut 32:33
4Q163.f8-10.13
4Q254.f5.4
11Q11.5.12

1.5.3 CHAMELEON
11Q19.50.20-1

1.5.4 CROCODILE
11Q10.35.4

1.5.5 DRAGON
11Q11.5.12

1.5.6 LIZARD
11Q19.50.20-1

1.5.7 SALAMANDER
11Q19.50.20-1

1.5.8 SERPENT
CD-A.8.9-10=CD-B.19.22 from Deut. 32:33
11Q10.10.4
4Q254.f5.4
1QH.11.12,17,18 (different in Vermes and WAC)
1QH.13.27=4Q429.f1.3.10
4Q525.f15.2,3

1.5.9 SNAKE
11Q10.12.5
4Q163.f8-10.12
1Q14.f22-3.5
4Q525.f15.5

1.5.10 VIPER
CD-A.5.14=4Q266.f3.2.10=6Q15.f2.2
4Q163.f8-10.13
1QH.13.10,27=4Q429.f1.3.9
11Q11.5.12
4Q525.f15.4

1.6 INSECTS

1.6.1 BEES and BEE LARVAE
CD-A.12.12
4Q386.2.5

1.6.2 CRICKETS
11Q19.48.3-5

1.6.3 GRASSHOPPERS
11Q19.48.3-5

1.6.4 GRUB
11Q6.fA.2

1.6.5 LOCUST
CD-A.12.14=4Q266.f18.1.1
4Q210.f1.2.8
11Q19 (bald-locust)

1.6.6 MAGGOT
1QS.11.21=4Q264.f1.9
11Q10.1.1
11Q5.19.1=11Q6.fA.2

1.6.7 RINGWORM (not animal, but)
4Q266.f9.1.5=4Q272.f1.1.14-18=4Q273.f1.2.10

1.6.8 SPIDER
CD-A.5.14=4Q266.f3.2.10=6Q15.f2.1

1.6.9 WORM
1QS.11.10 (assembly of worms = evil humankind?)
4Q266.f9.1.8=4Q272.f1.1.16
11Q10.9.9
4Q214.f1.2
11Q5.19.1
1QH.14.34
1QH.19.12

1.7 SHEPHERD, FLOCK, and STRAY terminology
CD-A.13.9=4Q267.f11.1.6
CD-B.19.8-9 from Zech. 13:7
4Q266.f18.5.13
4Q270.f9.2.8-9
4QMMT.21
4Q394.f3.14
4Q396.f1.3.4
4Q397.f3+4.5
1QM.12.12
1QM.19.4=4Q492.f1.4
11Q10.15.5
5Q10.1
4Q177.1(frags 5+6+8).15 from Is. 22:13
4Q158.f7-8.7 from Ex. 20:22-6
4Q158.f10-12.7 from Ezek. 22:1-13
1QApGenAr.20.34
1QApGenAr.21.3,5,6
1QApGenAr.22.1,3,11,17,31-2
4Q204.f4=4Q205.f2.2 from 1Enoch 89:31-7
11Q5.28.4 from Psalm 151
1Q34.f3.2.8
4Q504.4.7
4Q502.f7-10.7
11Q19 (flocks)

1.8 MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL TERMINOLOGY

1.8.1 BEASTS
1QM.10.14
4Q166.2.19
1Q16.f9.2,3 (=Kittim)
4Q158.f10-12.5,13 from Ezek. 21-22
11Q12.f5 from Jub. 5:1-2
4Q531.f2.8 (wild beasts)
1Q22.3.1
11Q19

1.8.2 CREATURES
4Q266.f18.4.10=4Q270.f11.1.3
4Q267.f1.8
4Q529.11 (=man)
4Q216.f1.5.9 from Jub. 2:1-4
4Q204.f5.2.19 from 1Enoch 106:13 - 107:2
4Q385.f4.6,7
4Q200.f7.9 from Tob. 13
1QH.f11.7
1QH.6.16
1QH.7.24
1QH.9.21 (creatures of clay)
1QH.11.23
1QH.12.29,32
1QH.15.13
1QH.17.36
1QH.18.8
1QH.19.3,24 (of mud)
1QH.20.26
1QH.21.10,16
1QH.22.8,13,15
1QH.23.12,13
1QH.f2.23.17,18
1QH.24.1
4Q416.f2.2.2=4Q417.f2.1.10,19=4Q418.f43.8
4Q418.f81.20
4Q525.f10.1
4Q504.7.9
4Q403.1.35=4Q404.f4.2
4Q287.f3.2

1.8.3 CREEPING ANIMALS
CD-A.12.12-13
4Q210.f1.2.3 (things that creep)
11Q19

1.8.4 CREEPY-CRAWLIES
1Q14.f22-3.5

1.8.5 HERDS
1QM.7.12
1QM.12.12
1QM.19.4=4Q492.f1.4
1Q16.f9.3
4Q378.f11.6

1.8.6 HORN
1QM.1.4=4Q496.f3.1.4
1QM.5.14
1QM.7.14
1QM.8.9,11
1QM.16.8
1QM.17.13
4Q491.f4.4
4Q491.f11.1.22
4Q491.f11.2.6,22
4Q491.f13.6
11Q18.f11.2.f12.1
11Q13.2.25 from Lev. 25:9
4Q156.f2.2
4Q177.f(2,24,14,3,4,1,31).3.13 from Hos. 5:8
4Q177.5.f13(2).7
4Q205.f2.3=4Q206.f4.3 from 1Enoch 89:43-4
11Q5.18.18 from Psalm 154
4Q381.f46
1QH.15.22,23
11Q11.4.7
1QSb.5.26
11Q19

1.8.7 THINGS THAT SLITHER
4Q216.f1.7.1-6 from Jub. 2:13-24

2 SACRIFICES and OFFERINGS

2.1 OFFERINGS

2.1.1 OFFERING (GENERAL)
11Q18.f3(2),f4+5+6.4
4Q537.f1.6
4Q213.f4.18
11Q5.18.10 from Psalm 154
4Q409.1.2,4
4Q504.4.10
4Q400.f1.1.14 (holy offering)
4Q504.f23.1.5,6
11Q17.4.2
4Q286.f5.7
4Q327.f1.2.8
11Q19 (morning offering)
11Q19 (wave-offering)

2.1.2 BURNT OFFERING
1QS.9.4=4Q258.f2.2.5
4Q512.f29-32.7.8,10
11Q19

2.1.3 CEREAL OFFERING
4QMMT.14
4Q394.f1.1.14
4Q395.f1.5

2.1.4 DRINK OFFERING
11Q18.f21.5

2.1.5 FIRE OFFERING
4Q220=4Q219.1 from Jub. 21:5-10
11Q19

2.1.6 FREEWILL OFFERING
1QS.9.5=4Q258.f2.2.5-6
CD-A.8.13
4Q271.f2.2.13
4Q364-5.f25.7 from Lev. 23:42 - 24:2
4Q220 from Jub. 21:5-10
4Q416.f2.4.7=4Q418.f10.9
4Q509.f131,132.2.6

2.1.7 GOD'S OFFERING
1QM.4.1=4Q496.f6.5.4
1QApGenAr.21.20

2.1.8 GUILT OFFERING
4Q266.f18.5.3=4Q270.f11.1.17 from Lev. 4:27

2.1.9 PEACE OFFERING
11Q18.f7+8.1.7
11Q18.f11.2.f12.2
4Q158.f7-8.7 from Ex. 20:22-6
4Q364-5.f25.7 from Lev. 23:42 - 24:2

2.1.10 PLEASANT OFFERING
2Q4.f4.2

2.1.11 SABBATH OFFERING
CD-A.11.17-21=4Q271.f3.1.11-13=4Q270.f10.5.20-1 from Lev. 23:38

2.1.12 SACRED OFFERING
4Q266.f12.6=4Q267.f9.3=4Q270.f6.14,18-9
4Q266.f13.3
3Q15.9.16

2.1.13 SIN-OFFERING
CD-A.9.14
4Q266.f18.5.3=4Q270.f11.1.17 from Lev. 4:27
4QMMT.16,35,54,73
4Q394.f1.1.16
4Q394.f1.2.19
4Q394.f3.1
4Q395.f1.7
4Q396.f1.2.2
4Q396.f1.3.10
4Q397.f1.4-5
4Q397.f5+6.3
4Q364-5.f28.1.7
4Q375.2.6
11Q19

2.1.14 THANK-OFFERING
4QMMT.12
4Q394.f1.1.12
4Q395.f1.4
11Q18.f13.1
4Q372.f1.24

2.1.15 WHEAT OFFERING
4QMMT.6
4Q394.f1.1.6
11Q19

2.2 SACRIFICES

2.2.1 SACRIFICES (GENERAL)
4QMMT.8,10,14
4Q394.f1.1.8,10,11
4Q395.f1.1,2
4Q251.f4.6
1QM.2.5
4Q493.14
1QpHab.5.14
1QpHab.6.4
4Q177.1(frags 5+6+8).15 from Is. 22:13
4Q158.f7-8.6 from Ex. 20:22-6
4Q364-5.f28.1.5
4Q537.f2.2
11Q17.2.8
4Q320.f2.2.2
11Q19

2.2.2 FATS OF SACRIFICE
1QS.9.4=4Q258.f2.2.5
CD-A.3.21 - 4.4 (offer fat and blood) from Ez. 44:15
11Q18.f11.2.f12.2-3
4Q220=4Q219.1 from Jub. 21:5-10
4Q213.f4.12
11Q19

2.2.3 SACRIFICES OF THE GENTILES
4Q271.f1.2.8=4Q270.f7.20=4Q269.f10.1
4QMMT.11
4Q394.f1.1.11
4Q395.f1.2

2.2.4 PASSOVER SACRIFICE
11Q18.f7+8.1.3
4Q364-5.f25.7 from Lev. 23:42 - 24:2
11Q19

2.2.5 SACRIFICE OF THE WICKED
CD-A.11.18-21=4Q271.f3.1.12-15 from Prov. 15:8

2.3 OTHER SACRIFICE TERMS

2.3.1 HOLOCAUST
4Q251.f3.9
1QM.2.5
4Q493.14
4Q175.18
4Q253.f2.4
4Q158.f4.4
4Q158.f7-8.7 from Ex. 20:22-26
4Q364-5.f25 from Lev. 23:42 - 24:2
1QApGenAr.21.2,20
4Q220 from Jub. 21:5-10
4Q541.f2.2.f3+4.1.f5.4
11Q5.18.11 from Psalm 154
4Q400.f1.1.1
11Q19

2.3.2 SLAUGHTER
4QMMT.17,30,31,38,41 (30 from Lev. 17:3)
4Q394.f1.1.17
4Q394.f1.2.14,15 from Lev. 17:3
4Q394.f2.7
4Q395.f1.7
4Q396.f1.1.1,4
4Q397.f1.2
4Q276.f1.2
4Q156.f1.7
4Q177.1(frags 5+6+8).15 from Is. 22:13
4Q158.f10-12.5 from Ezek. 21:32-7
4Q213.f4.12
4Q375.2.6
11Q19

3 NON-FOOD PLANTS AND PLANT TERMINOLOGY

3.1 ACACIA
1QH.16.24

3.2 ALOE
3Q15.11.14

3.3 ASH
4Q214.f1.5

3.4 BALSAM
4Q214.f1.6

3.5 CASSIA
3Q15.11.4

3.6 CEDAR
CD-A.2.19=4Q266.f2.2.18
4Q276.f1.5
4Q277.f1.1
4Q163.f8-10.2-3
4Q364-5.f28.2.6,9,11
4Q373.3
4Q252.f8.2.6
1QApGenAr.19.14-7
4Q214.f1.4
1QH.26.5
4Q286.f5.5
11Q19

3.7 CYPRESS
4Q163.f8-10.1,3
4Q252.f8.2.6
4Q214.f1.5
1QH.26.5

3.8 ELM
1QH.26.5

3.9 GARDEN/GARDENER
4Q271.f1.2.4
4Q265.f2.2.12,14 (Garden of Eden)
4Q530.2.7
6Q8.f2.3
4Q504.f8.6
3Q15.11.6

3.10 GOOD THINGS OF HIS SOIL
CD-A.1.8=4Q268.f1.15=4Q266.f2.1.12

3.11 HARVEST
1QS.10.7=4Q258.f2.4.5
4Q270.f6.6
4Q159.f1.2.2
4Q159.f1.2.4
4Q285.f1-2.5=11Q14.11
4Q285.f1-2.8
4Q167.f4+8+24.1
1Q22.2.11
1Q22.3.3
1QH.7.9
4Q418.f103.2.8
4Q424.f1.12
4Q525.f23.2.7
6Q11.3
4Q88.9.11 (crops)

3.12 JUNIPER
4Q214.f1.4

3.13 LAUREL
4Q214.f1.5

3.14 MULBERRY TREE
4Q500.1

3.15 MYRTLE
4Q214.f1.5
3Q15.11.10

3.16 OAK
4Q180.f2-4.2.4
1QApGenAr.21.19

3.17 PINE
11Q10.20.2
4Q214.f1.5
3Q15.11.4,10,14

3.18 PLANT (NOUN)
4Q266.f9.1.7=4Q272.f1.1.16
4QMMT.65
4Q394.f3.12
4Q396.f1.3.2
4Q397.f3+4.4
4Q219.2.30=4Q221.f1.7 from Jub. 21/22
4Q201.5.4=4Q204.5.4-10 from 1Enoch 10:34

3.19 PLANT (VERB)
4Q266.f13.4
4Q201.5.4=4Q204.5.4-10 from 1Enoch 10:34 (both noun and verb)
4Q364-365.f7.1 from Ex. 15:16-20
4Q374.f2.2.5
4Q504.f8.6

3.20 PLANTATION (EVERLASTING)
1QS.8.5=4Q259.2.12
1QS.11.8
4Q270.f9.2.6
1QH.14.15
1QH.26.5,6,9,10,20
4Q500.4

3.21 PLOUGH (VERB)
1QS.3.2=4Q257.f1.3.3

3.22 SEED
1QS.10.7=4Q258.f2.4.5
CD-A.12.22=4Q266.f18.1.8 (seed of Israel)
4Q266.f12.6=4Q267.f9.3=4Q270.f6.14
4QMMT.84,85
4Q396.f1.4.10-11
1QM.10.13
11Q18.f10,11.1.4
4Q174.f1-3.1.10 to Sam. 7:12-14
4Q177.3.f(2,24,14,3,4,1,31).13
4Q158.f14.6
1QApGenAr.2.15
4Q216.f1.6.3 from Jub. 2:7-12
11Q12.f1.2 from Jub. 4:7-11
4Q221.f1.4 from Jub. 21:22-24
4Q204.5.9 from 1Enoch 10:13-19, 12:3
11Q11.2.6 (holy seed)
11Q11.4.6
4Q418.f103.2.8
1Q34.f1-2.3=4Q509.f3=4Q509.f1-4.1.19 (seed-time)
4Q287.f5.12
4Q502.f19.2
4Q211.f1.1.2

3.23 SHOOT (VERB)
4Q266.f12.5=4Q267.f9.3=4Q270.f6.13

3.24 SHOOT (NOUN)
CD-A.1.7=4Q268.f1.14=4Q266.f2.1.11-12
4Q285.5.2
4Q161.f8-10.3.11 from Is. 11:1-5
4Q161.f8-10.3.18
4Q167.f11+12+13.8
4Q216.f1.6.3 from Jub. 2:7-12
1QH.14.15
1QH.15.19
1QH.26.6,10

3.25 SPROUT (VERB)
CD-A.1.7=4Q268.f1.14=4Q266.f2.1.11
4Q216.f1.6.9,14 from Jub. 2:7-12
4Q219.2.29=4Q221.f1.7 from Jub. 21-22
4Q201.2.9=4Q204.1.28 from 1Enoch 2:1 - 5:6
4Q185.1.10

3.26 TAMARIND
4Q214.f1.5

3.27 TREES
4Q552.f1.2
4Q553.f6.2
4Q458.f1
11Q12.f4.3 from Jub. 4:29-30 (tree of knowledge)
1Q17.5 from Jub. 27:19-21
4Q201.2.4,5,9,10=4Q204.1.24,25,28 from 1Enoch 2:1 - 5:6
4Q204.5.7 from 1Enoch 10:13-19 and 12:3
4Q204.12 from 1Enoch 30:1 - 32:1
4Q205.f1.2.2,8,9 from 1 Enoch 25:7 - 27:1
4Q206.f3.1-3 from 1Enoch 32:3-6
4Q530.3.11 (trees of heaven)
4Q385.f2.10
11Q5.18.6 from Psalm 151
4Q381.f1.6
1QH.10.26
1QH.11.29
1QH.14.16
1QH.16.12,18,19,22,25
1QH.18.25
1Q35.f2.2 (everlasting trees)
4Q409.1.11
4Q286.f5.5
4Q502.f7-10.9
4Q211.f1.1.4-5
11Q19

===

//end//



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