Based on T.Gaster's Index (1976\3) as expanded and modified over the
years by R.Kraft, and more recently Jeffrey Pettis and Sigrid Peterson,
with other specific contributions as noted below.

Assignments:

1 Formatting --
1.1 Globally change to standard title designations
1.2 Globally modify roman numeral IDs (not vi.3 but 6.3)
1.3 Standardize complex references (work.frg#.col#.line#)
2 Verification of accuracy of references
3 Expansion of existing category references
4 Addition of other categories or sub-categories
5 Refinement of categories of references (e.g. "scriptural" citations,
"sectarian" passages)
6 Expand cross-references and links to other information

NOTE: The language used in parts of this index assumes a
certain amount of homogeneity between the various "sectarian" DSS
(thus terms such as "the community," "the brotherhood," and the
like). This is due in large part to the history of this index
(see below), and will be open to modification in future editions.

Editorial Preface by Jeff Pettis (Fall 1997):

Theodore Gaster's Dead Sea Scriptures in English (Doubleday 1956\1, 1976\3) provides one of the earlier translations of the DSS along with an "Analytical Index." The following is an expanded and updated form of that index. The initial expansion came mostly from the annotations of Robert Kraft in his work with the DSS at the University of Pennsylvania. [Questions marks indicate places in RAK's notes which were unclear to me.] The main
contemporary translations used in the expansion and adaptation are
Florentino Garcia Martinez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: the Qumran Texts in English (Brill 1994, 1996\2),
G. Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (Penguin 1997),
and M.Wise, M.Abegg, E.Cook, The Dead Sea Scrolls: a New Translation (Harper 1996).

The DSS identification scheme (coded titles) which is now relatively standard is set parallel to Gaster's somewhat
idiosyncratic scheme in the listing of "topics" at the beginning of this index. It is to be referred to in using Gaster's system which is gradually being replaced in the index proper. Subject headings have been added and removed at various places in the index, and particular subject areas of the index (e.g. "Officers," under GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY) have been expanded and annotated. [Note also the appended skeleton of Gaster's outline, followed by some topics from the index to Vermes' 4th edition (?).] [JP]

ANALYTICAL INDEX

This index consists of a list of some of the major themes and concepts which appear in the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are arranged in the following categories:

A. THE COMMUNITY
B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
C. LAWS AND PRACTICES
D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD
E. PAST AND FUTURE (Eschatological Aspects)
F. ANGELOLOGY (expanded, inclding BELIAL; see also Gaster's original section)
G. PERSONS OF NOTE (also PLACES and more detailed PERSONS)
H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH

Within each category the reader will find listed the topics relevant to it and where references to these topics occur in the scrolls themselves and elsewhere in ancient literature. The abbreviations used are as follows. These same abbreviations are used as well in the following index entitled BIBLICAL QUOTATIONS AND PARALLELS.

A. THE COMMUNITY [revised & expanded order, RAK]

1. Designations

1.0 General: Frequently the positive participants in the DSS are
identified simply as (the children of) "Israel" (e.g. DD 4.2-4
"the chosen of Israel"; DD 14.3f "priests...levites...children of
Israel...proselyte") or sometimes "Judah" -- although separation
from wicked ones of "Judah" is also frequent (e.g. DD 4.11, 8.3,
20.27). See more specific associations below (e.g. "converts of
Israel").

1.1. The Community is called 'God's (eternal) plantation.'

H vi.15; viii.6,10

Based on Isa. 60.21. Cp. Mishnah, Sanhedrin 1; Psalms of Solomon,
14.3-4; Enoch 93.2,5,10; Odes of Solomon 38.18-21.

Mandaean: Right Ginza,II.iv. init.; Mand. Liturg., 149.190,
179ff., Apostolic Constitutions, init. Analogous is 'neophyte'
(KJV 'novice'; RSV 'recent convert) in I Tim. 3.6.

1.2. "The Remnant"

see DD 2.11

1.3. "Converts"

Z 4.2 (of Israel) = 8.16 = 6.5 (see 15-16 "return"); pHos (GM 192)

1.4. New Covenant

DD 6.19 = 8.21 (see DD 12.8 covenant of Abr.);
covenant of conversion DD 19.16;
enter the covenant 1QS 1.20, 2.10

1.5. 'The Congregation', i.e., of Israel, of God (cf. Num. 27.12;
31.16, etc.)

M v.20; Z ix.15,42,; xi.1-2; xv.7; xvii.7; W ii.1,3,7; iii.4,11, etc.

The Heb. term is <hb>(DH</>. This is usually rendered 'synagogue' by
the Septuagint. The cognate Syriac word was the technical term
for 'the Church'; see Nestle, ZNTW, 1901: 263.

1.6. 'The corporation' <hb>XYBWR</>.

Z xii.8.

Such corporations <hb>XBRWT</> of Pharisees are often
mentioned in Talmudic literature.

1.7. "The Many"

Z 14.7, 12, 17; M 5.2,22; 6.1-7.15; H 7.15.

1.8. The Community constitute 'the Elect'

M viii.6 ('elect of favor'); H ii.13 ('elect of righteousness')

The title expressed the fact that they were indeed the 'chosen'
of God, pledged to the Covenant (cp. Isa. 65.9; Ps. 105.43,etc.).
The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Mat.
24.22,24; Mark 13.20,22,27; II Tim. 2.10; 1 Peter I.1. Cp. also
'the elect of God,' Luke 18.7; Rom. 8.33; Col. 3.12; Titus 1.1.

The Mandaeans likewise call themselves 'the Elect': Lidzbarski
Mandaische Liturgien, 75, 3.106f.; id., Johannesbuch, ii, 69,
102, 221. So, too, among the Manichaeans, the true followers of
Mani are termed 'the Elect' (vicidagan).

1.9. They are 'those in the lot (portion) of God'

M ii.2; W i.5; xiii.5; xvii.7

Cp. Ignatius, Ad Eph., 3.8: 'that I may be found in the lot of
the Christians at Ephesus'.

The opposite was 'those in the lot (portion) of Belial' (see
below).

1.10. The members of the Community are styled 'volunteers'
<hb>MTNDBYM</>.

M v.1,6,7,8,10,21,22; vi.13; MiC x.5

The term has a military connotation (cp. Ju. 5.9) and thus
suggests the idea of an 'army of God-the 'Onward, Christian sol
diers' concept

Cp. I Macc. .2.42 (of the Hasidim); Didascalia Apostolorum, init.

In the mystery religions, the brotherhood of the intiants often
regarded itself as a militia: F. Cumont, Oriental Religions in
Roman Paganism (1911), 2.13, n.6.

1.11. The community form one congregation with the celestial hosts
(communion of the saints).

M ii.25; xi.7-8; H iii.21; vi.14; xi.11-12; frag. ii.10

Cp. Enoch 43.104; Eph. 2.19.

1.12.1. Members of the Community are 'Sons of Truth'.

M 2.24f, iv.5-6; H vi.29; vii.30; ix.35; x.27; xi.11; W vii.8

1.12.2. It is described as 'the House of Truth'.

M v.6; viii.9

1.12.3. Aspects of Revelation Relating to Truth, Knowledege, etc.

(a) The Community is the recipient of God's 'truth'.

H i.27; ii.10; v.9,26; vii.24; ix.4,9,10; W xiii.9-10,12

In Jewish tradition, this 'truth' is often identified directly
with Torah (Law). So, too, in Mandaean thought, 'truth (Kushta)
is, virtually, mystic revelation; see W. Sundberg, Kushta (1953).
In Samaritan, 'the Verity (Qushtah) is a common term for the Law.

See also: Rom. 3.5.8; Gal. 2.5.

(b) this 'truth' is an esoteric doctrine.

H v.11,25; ix.24; cp. M iv.6

Cp. Odes of Solomon 8.11: 'Keep My secret, ye who are kept by it.'
For a similar concept among the Mandaeans, cp. Right Ginza,
iii.13; Brandt, Mand. Religion, 168.

(c) God has 'opened the ears' of the faithful.

H i.21; vi.4

(d) God has engraved the 'truth' on their hearts.

H xviii.27

(e) they are especially 'schooled' by God.

H ii.39; vii.14

Derived from Isa. 54-13. Cp. John 6.45; 1 Thess. 4.9.

(f) they possess the 'vision' of knowledge (or understanding)

H iv.18

On vision in mystic experience, see Underhill, op. cit., .279ff.

(g) they drank from the fountain of knowledge.

H ii.i8; iv.11; v.26; 'fount of light,' H vi.17

Derived from Ps. 36.10. Cp. Odes of Solomon 6.7f.; 30.1-2;
II Baruch 59.7; IV Ezra 14.47; Enoch 48.1. St. Francis of Assisi
gives the mystic chalice to John of Parma and other brethren:
Fioretti, cap. 48. Meechthild of Magdeburg speaks of 'drinking
for a space of the unmingled wine': Flieszende Licht der
Gottheit, pt. i, ch. 43. Blake declares, 'I am drunk with
intellectual vision': Letters, ed. Brussel ( 1906), 171. See
Underhill, op. cit., 235.

(h) they share the transcendental knowledge of God and angels.

M iv.22 (knowledge of the Most High'); cp. H ii.3

Cp. Odes Of Solomon 23.4: 'Walk ye in the knowledge of the Most High.'

(i) they have direct access to God, need no intermediary.

H vi.13

(k) they ascend to the 'height of eternity.'

H iii.20; Blessings v.23

Cp. the familiar mystic symbol of the 'ascent'; W. R. Inge,
Mysticism in Religion (1948), 80-82.

(l) God's 'power' is manifested in them <hb>higbir</>.

H i.34; ii.24; iv.8,23,27,28; v.15; W xvi.1

'Power' <hb>GBRH</> is a common synonym for God in Rabbinic literature.

1.13. They enjoy special 'illumination' and are designated "Sons of Light"

M i.9; iii.13,24; W i.3, etc.; Z Xiii.12 (the portion of light').
LJ 8; RB i-iv.8; xii-xiii.7, 11.

The title was adopted also by the early Christians: Luke 16.8;
John 12.36; 1 Thess. 5.5. Cp. also Enoch 108.11. Among the
Mandaeans, 'sons of light' meant 'angels', with whom, indeed, the
illuminati claimed association: Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 18.24.36.
Cp. also Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Text from Nippur (1913),
1.9. Men predestined to eternal life were called likewise:
Brandt, Mand. Schiften, 13.9. 'Light' is a common designation of
the Torah in the Biblical and later literature: cp. Pss. 19.9;
119.105; Prov. 6.23; Test. Levi 19; TB Berachoth 17a; Ex. Rabbah
#36, etc.

(a) The illumination is an 'enlightenment of the countenance'

H iii.3; iv.5,27; ix.26-27; Blessings iv.27

Cp. Odes Of Solomon 41.6, 'Let our faces shine in His light'.
(cp. also ib., 36.3)

(b) It is called 'Light-Perfection' <hb>)WR-TWM</>.

H iv.6,23; xviii,29

An imitation of the Biblical Urim and Thummim, interpreted as
'lights and perfections.'

The idea may have originated with the Assidaeans (Hasidim, 'pious
ones') of the Maccabean age, and have been based on Deut. 33.8-
9).

On the concept of divine illumination, cp. John 1.19; Eph. 1.18;
3.9; Heb. 6.4; 10.22; II Cor. 3.4,6.

For the idea in mysticism, cp. Jacopone da Todi, Lauda xci: 'Lume
fuor di mesura Resplende nel mio core' (A light immeasurable
Shines in my heart); see Underhill, Mysticism, 249-50.

1.14. "Sons of Zadok" sometimes applies to the entire community
(see also below on priests)

DD 4.3

1.15 "Sons of Seth" sometimes seems to be used of the community

4QSapA (GM 387); DD 7.22

(but see also an apparently negative sense in DD 7.29).

1.16 "The Poor" may sometimes be a self-designation

War 11.9,13; 13.14 pPs37 2.10, 3.10 (GM 203) pHab 12.3,6,10
(GM 204) 4Q521 (GM 394, 2.2.6)

1.17 "The Righteous (One)" may also apply to the community

4Q521 2.2.5 (GM 394)

2. Designation of Community Branches or Sub-Sets

2.1 The Community is distributed over several 'encampments'

DD vii.6; xii.22; xiii.4,7, 13, 20; xiv.3, 8-9; xix.2-3

As applied to the brotherhood at Qumran, the term not only
described their actual situation in the Desert of Judah, but also
defined them as the 'army of God' about to fight the apocalyptic
war against the forces of evil.

The building at Qumran is best regarded as the headquarters of
the entire Brotherhood, possibly the place where it met for those
annual conventions described in The Manual of Discipline. Its
library would thus have comprised the literature of the entire
movement, and not simply of a local 'chapter'.

2.2. The several 'chapters' are called 'communes' or 'cenobies'
<hb>YXD</>.

M i.12,16; ii.22,24; vi.15,24,26; vii.6,17,18,20,23;
viii.10,11,12,16--17,19,22; ix.2,5-6,7,10,18-19; Z ix.39-40,52-
53,70-71.

R. Marcus has pointed out (JBL 71 (1952), 207ff.) that Philo and
Josephus use the comparable Greek term koinonia in speaking of
the Essenes.

2.3. Within the community are different groups, most notably
"priests" (see below, also "sons of Zadok" as a sub-set),
"levites," the general membership (the "many," "sons of Israel"),
and "proselytes" (e.g. DD 14.2-4).

2.4. The world in which the community and its members operate
also includes wicked/unconverted Israel and Judah (see also
Ephraim, Manasseh), and "foreigners" (e.g. DD 11.1), "gentiles"
(DD 12.6), and even "Greek" (kings; DD8.11).

3. References to the History of the Community

3.1. Its members are driven from their native haunts.

H iv.8-9 ('like a sparrow from its nest')

Cp. Psalms of Solomon 17.15-16.

For an Iranian parallel, cp. Yasna 46.1: 'From nobles and from
peers they sever me, nor are fhe people pleased with me, nor the
rulers of the land who follow the lie (Druj)'.

3.2. They are dwelling in a desert, or in 'the land of Damascus'

Z vi.15,19; vii.19; viii.21a; xx.12; W i.2-3

Based on Amos 5.25-27; not to be taken literally. It Is not
necessary to suppose that there was an actual migration from
Qumran to Damascus, because this entire text may refer to an
ideal community, rather than to the specific brotherhood beside

the Dead Sea!

Like all mystics, the Covenanters oscillate between a keen sense
of God's nearness and a despair at His seeming remoteness. Cp. of
the Cross, The Dark Night of the Soul, I ii, ch. 6: 'That which
this anguished soul feels most deeply is the conviction that God
has abandoned it . . . cast it away into darkness...It has also
the same sense of abandonment with respect to all creatures, and
that it is an object of contempt to all, especially to its
friends (cp. H v.25f.).

3.3. They are being tested and proven

M viii.4; H v.16f.; W xvii..1,9; Ps37c,b4; F ii.1

They are exposed to 'snares of wickedness,' H v.8; to 'snares
of corruption,' H iii.26.

Cp. Underhill, op. cit., 385: 'Trials, taken en bloc, mean a dis-
harmony between the self and the world with which it has to
deal.'

3.4. For Community History/Chronology, see also

DD
4Q390 (GM 280) -- 70 years plus 343; (GM 278) 490 year period.

[[22. Idea of Healing???

M 4.6 (long life, offspring)]]

B. COMPOSITION AND GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY [revised J.Pettis]

0. See above on different sub-groups within the DSS group(s),
such as priests, levites, the many, proselytes. Some of these
(and related) categories deserve closer attention here.
NOTE: Jeff Pettis has revised and expanded the original
sections 2.(p)--2.(v) into a new section B. GOVERNMENT OF THE
COMMUNITY. This includes quotations of Scripture passages, which
perhaps might be placed in footnotes.

1. The formal Deliberative Council <hb>(#H</>.

M i.8,10; ii.25; v.7, vi.12; vii.22; viii.5,22; Z xx.24; MFC
i.26,27; ii-2,9,11

In the Syriac dialect of the early Christians of Palestine, the
cognate term serves as the equivalent of Greek synhedrion, cp. F.
Schwally, Idloticon (1893), 41f. A. Dupont-Sommer (The Jewish
Sect of Qumran and the Essenes, 63) thinks that (#H denoted the
sect as a whole and that it may be the origin of the name
Essenes!

2. Officers

(a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation'

Z viii.7,20; Blessings; MFC;W v.1
Cp. 1 Macc. 14.27 (of Simon). Yadin thinks that this is the
equivilent of the term ethnarch.

(b) 'Overseer of All the Camps' <hb>MVQR</>

Z xiv.8-9

Virtually, 'archbishop'--albeit in a primitive sense.

The 'Leader of the entire congregation' and 'the overseer of all
the camps' would have been officers of the entire fraternity.

(c) high priest

It is noteworthy that the high priest is mentioned only in texts
concerned with the eventual state of the Restored Community, e.g.
in the War of the Sons of Light and the Sons of Darkness and in
The Manual of Discipline for the Future Congregation. This would
suggest that the Brotherhood, while it condemned the venality of
the hierarchy at Jerusalem, did not appoint its own 'antipope.'
In Z xiv-7 there is, to be sure, mention of a 'priest who
supervises the general membership,' but this is not a high priest
in the accepted sense, and it is significant that in M vi.14 the
same officer is described simply as 'the supervisor' without
reference to priestly status.

(d) priests

M i.18,21; ii.1,19; v.2; vi.3-4,5,8,19; vii.2; viii.1; Z iii.21;
iv.2; vii.1; ix.13,15; xiii.2,5,7; xiv.3; xvi.44; W passim

(e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok'

M v.2; ix.14; Z iv.1.; Blessings iii.22, etc.

It is not the community as a whole (except perhaps in DD 4.3) but
solely its priests that are described in the Scrolls as 'sons of
Zadok. It derives directly from Ezek. 40.46; 43.19; 44.15; 48.11,
and there is no need to look for a 'righteous teacher' named
Zadok as the 'founding father' of the Brotherhood of Qumran in
the days of the Second Commonwealth.

(f) sons of Aaron

M 5.8, 9.7

(g) courses of priests

W ii.4 (and see also some of the calendric texts!)

(h) 'the priest anointed for war'

W xv.16

Cp. Mishnah, Sotah VIII, 2.

(i) the 'teacher of righteousness' <hb>MWRH CDQ</>.

Z i.11; vi.11; xx.1,14,28,32; MC ii.5 (on 1.5);
ComPs37.24; HC i.13 (on 1.4); ii.2 (on 1.4-5); v.10 (on 1.13); vii.4
(on 2.2); viii.3 (on 2.4); ix.10 (on 2.8); xi.5 (on 2.15)

The term means really 'the right guide, i.e., the true expounder
of the Law; see General Introduction, pp. 6, 29f. There is no
need to assume that all references refer consistently to a single
historical figure.

The title was later adopted by the Karaites.

In Jewish usage, it is a common designation for a rabbi. Indeed,
it is related that when Isaac Bernays was appointed to the chief
rabbinate of Hamburg in 1821, he expressly rejected the title as
having fallen into disrepute through repeated misuse!

k) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren

Z xiii..9; H vii.20

Cp. Apostolic Constitutions ii.6,7

(l) three priests at head of community

M viii. 1ff.

Modelled on the organization of Israel in the wilderness; cp,
General Introduction, p. 11.

(m) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men'

M viii.1; M 6.8 (priests...elders...rest)

Modelled on the twelve tribal leaders during Israel's sojourn in
the wilderness.

Cp. the Mandaean shalmana, Brandt, Mand. Religion, 74; Right
Ginza, 3, etc. (Teleios in pagan mystery cults probably had a
different meaning; see O. Cruppe, Griech. Mythologie, 1616, n.1.)

Note also that among the Waldenses (as well as some earlier
"gnostic" groups), advanced members of the brotherhood were
called 'the perfect.'

(n) judges (ten)

Z x.1,4; xiv.13; xv.4,16; xvi.19

Ten in number (Z x.4). Hence, cp. the courts of ten in Temple
law: Mishnah, Sanhedrin I,3.

(o) levites [priests...levites...congregation]

M i.19,22; ii-4,11; Z iii.21; iv.3; x.5; xiii.3; xiv.4; W passim

(p) 'messiahs' (anointed)

M ix.11; Z vii.21a; xii.23; xiii.20; xiv.3.9; MFC

The usual expression is 'messiahs (or, messiah) of Aaron and
Israel.' This has led to all kinds of wild speculation. But all
it means is simply 'the anointed high priest and the anointed
king.' (For 'messiah' as applied to the high priest, cp. Lev.
4.3; Mishnah, Shebu'oth i.7; Horayoth ii.x, etc. As the title of
the king, cp. Ps. .18.51, etc.).

(q) 'overseer, inspector' <hb>MBQR</>

(1) He oversees and manages property of initiates in behalf of
the community: "...then both his property and his possessions
shall be given to the hand of the man (who is) the Examiner
<hb>MBQR, mevakker</> over the possessions of the Many. And he
[initiate] shall register it into the account with his hand, and
he must bring it forth the the Many" (M vi.19-20).

(2) He receives and logs reports of capital matters: "...if it is
a capital matter, he shall report it to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>. And the Examiner shall write it down with his hand
until he does it again before one who again reports it to the
Examiner. If he is again caught in the presence of one, his
judgment is complete" (Z ix.18-23).

(3) He is to be informed of sales and purchases by community
members: "Let no man do anything involving buying or selling
without informing the Examiner in the camp" (Z xiii.16).

(4) He is the official gate-keeper of the community: Let no one
of the sons of the camp dare to bring a man into the congregation
except by the word (lit., "mouth of)" the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> of the camp" (Z xiii. 12-13; Cf. Z xiv.10; Z xv.7-
11).

(5) He must be of a prescribed age, and versed in the languages
of the community: "And the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for all
the camps shall be from thirty to fifty years old, mastering
every principle of men and every language of their clans" (Z xiv.
8-9).

(6) He serves as judge/counselor: "And any matter about which a
person may wish to speak, let him address the Examiner <hb>MBQR</>, whether concerning a dispute or a judgment" (Z
xiv.11-12).

(7) He, with the judges, manages manages community money which
members regularly give and which he and the judges apportions to
the needy: "And this is the rule for the Many to prepare for all
their needs: The wage of at least two days per month are to be
given to the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> and the judges. From
it they shall give for their sick, and from it they shall support
the poor and the destitute, the old man who is bowed down..." (Z
xiv.12-16).

(8) He instructs initiates for preparation of entry into the
community: "...the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall make it
known to him and enjoin it upon him, and teach him for a minimum
of one complete year" (Z xv.14).

(9) The Examiner is both a scholar and a shepherd: "And the
Examiner <hb>MBQR</> shall explain to him the
interpretation of the Torah; even if he is ignorant, he shall
cause him to be confined, for they (the priests) have the
judgment. And this is the rule for the Examiner of the camp: Let
him instruct the Many about the works of God, and allow them to
discern the wonder of his mighty deeds, and relate to them the
happenings of eternity together with their interpretations. Let
him pity them as a father does his children and watch over them
in all their distress as a shepherd for his flock. Let him loosen
all chains that bind them so that there shall be none deprived
and crushed in his congregation. And whoever joins his
congregation, let him examine him with regard to his works and
his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth. Let
them inscribe him in his place according to his inheritance in
the lot of light ...." (Z xiii. 6-17).

Such 'overseers' served as executives of religious brotherhoods
in Hellenistic times: cp. Inscr. Agora 63 IG, ii\2, 917 (181
BCE); J. H. Oliver, in Amer. Journal of Philology 68 (1947),
148. Josephus mentions a similar officer among the Essenes.

(r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many).'

And if the man (who is) the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> over
the Many should restrain a man who has something to say to the
Many, which is not while the one who questions the Council of the
Community is standing... (M vi.12).

On the day with the Examiner <hb>MBQR</> for the Many,
they shall muster him with the oath of the covenant which Moses
made with Israel (Z xv.8).

(s) 'inspector' <hb>PQD</>

And whoever joins his congregation, let him [the inspector
<hb>MBQR, mevakker</>] examine <hb>PQD</> him with regard to his works
and his intelligence, his strength and might, and his wealth (Z
xiii 11).

It Is not quite clear whether the 'overseer' (<hb>MBQR</>) or the 'inspector (<hb>PQD</>) more closely answers to the
<gk>episkopos</> or 'bishop' of the early Church, for the
Septuagint uses the Greek term to translate both of the Hebrew
words. For <gk>EPISKOPOI</> in the mystery cults, see A. Thieme,
Inschriften, 17f., 32f.

(t) 'interpreter PQD??'

You have set me as a banner in the vanguard of Righteousness, as
one who interprets with knowledge deep, mysterious things (H ii.
13) [Gaster's translation].

Cp. I Cor. 14.28. "But if there is no one to interpret
<gk>DIERMENEUTES</>, let each of them keep silence in the
church."

(u) 'one who studies' or 'interprets' <hb>DR$</>

And where there are ten (members) there must not be lacking there
a man who studies <hb>DR$</> the Torah day and night
continually, each man relieving another. The Many shall spend the
third part of every night of the year in unity, reading the Book,
studying <hb>DR$</> judgment... (M vi.6-7; see 8.12).

And the "ruler" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the
Torah, of whom Isaiah said, "He takes out a tool for his work" (Z
vi.7).

And the "star" is the interpreter <hb>DR$</> of the
Torah who came to Damascus, as it is written: A star stepped
forth out of Jacob and a staff arose out of Israel" (Z vii.18).

See also F i.11

Cp. Mishnah, YomA i.6; Josephus, BJ II, viii.6,19; Ant., XIII,
v.9, on 'expositors' among the Essenes.

(w) 'instructor' <hb>M&KL</>

It is for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to instruct and teach all the Sons of
Light concerning the nature of all the sons of man, with respect
to all the kinds of their spirits with their distinctions for
their works in their generations (M iii.13 Cf. M ix. 21). For
elaboration on the tasks of the instructor, see also M ix.12-
x.1a.

See also Blessings i.i; iii.22; v.20.

And these are the statutes for the Master <hb>M&KL</> to walk in with
all the living, according to the precept for each time. And
according to this precept shall the seed of Israel walk, so that
they may not be cursed (Z xii.20-21).

...and these are the precepts for the Master <hb>M&KL</> (Z xiii.22).

Cp. Dan. 12.3,10.

Literally, 'one who imparts insight, intelligence'. (It is
probable that in the Scrolls the word has a causative sense, but
it can also mean simply 'one who possesses insight'.)

C. LAWS AND PRACTICES

ablutions M iii. 4,9; iv. 21; v. 13; Z x. 10-13
atonement M viii.6-9; ix.4-14; H col.iv.
blasphemy M v-19; Z xv.1-5
calendar HI (=M x) 1-7; M 1.9(3), 14
celebratoins/feasts M 1.14
circumcision M 5.5; Z 16.6 (Abraham)
contamination Z xii. 15-18
demoniacal possession Z xii. 2-3
dietary laws Z xii. 11-15
fraud M vii.6f.
lost property Z xi. 11ff
marriage Z iv.21-v.6
name of God M ii.6-7; Z xv. 1-5
oath M v.8; Z ix.9-16
oath, abrogation of Z xv.6ff.
purity M vi.16-22,25; vii.3-16; viii.24
revenge M i.11; ii.6-9; iv.11; v.2-25; Z ix.2-8
sabbath Z x.14-xi.18
sacrifices M ix.4-5; Z 11.18
sanctuary, defilement of Z xi.18-xii.2
slaves (servants) Z xii.11
testimony Z ix.17-x.3
vows M v.8; Z xvi.13

D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD

1. Belial and his forces

M i.18,23-24; Z iv-13,15; v-18; ViIL2; xii-2; W passim; RB passim.

Cp. Or. Sib., J1.165f.; Jubilees i.20; Testament of Reuben ii, of
Levi, iff; of Zebulun, ix; of Napbtalf, ii- of Benjamin, vi;
Called 'spirit of darkness': Test. Levi xix; Joseph vii, xx. Cp.
also Mat. 24.5-12; II Tim. 3.1f.; II Cor. 5.15; Didache .21-3.

See further below (F. Angelology: Belial).

2. 'Children of Corruption'

Z vi.15; xiii.14

Cp. Jub. 10.3; 15.26. John 17.12; II Thess. 2.3; Gospel of
Nicodemus 20.

The expression may have been derived from Deut. 32.5. (Cp. also
Isa. 1.4.)

2a. 'Men of Corruption'

M ix.16,22; x.i9

3. 'Sons of Darkness.'

M i.10; W i.1,7,10,16; iii.6,9; xiii.16; xiv.17, etc.

Cp. Montgomery, Aram. Incantation Texts from Nippur (1913), 16.7,
where the epithet characterizes demons (like Arabic jinn).

4. 'Builders of a rickety wall' that gets daubed with whitewash

Z iv.19; viii.12,18; 19.24,31

Derived from Ezek. 13.10.

5 'Prophets of deceit (delusion)'

H iv.10, 20

Cp. in Mandaean, Right Ginza II, I.107 (tr. Lidzbarski, p. 43)

6. 'False prophets'

H iv.16

Cp. Mat. 7.15; 24.11,24; Mark 13.22; Luke 6.26; Acts 13.6; II
Peter 2.1; I John 4.1. Mandaean, Right Ginza II. i,107.

H v.26: 'They that alter the works of God by propounding sinful
mysteries.'

By 'prophets the writers meant simply 'teachers,' as in I Cor.
12.28; 14.29.

7. 'Lying (deceitful) interpretere

H ii.31; iv.9-10. Cp. also H ii.14

8. 'Seekers after smooth things.'

H ii.15,32; Z i.18; NaC 2,7

9. 'The froward' <hb>helkaim</>.

H iii.25-26; iv.25,35

Derived from Ps. x.10 (where, however, the meaning is uncertain).

10. 'Furtive men, dissemblers' <hb>N(LMYM</>.

H iii.28; iv.13; vii.34

Derived from Ps. 26.4.

11. Men of the pit

1QS 9.22, 10.19; CD 13.14 (sons of)

12. Men of the stick (?)

1QS 11.1

13. Specific Opponents (see also above on Judah, Israel)

(a) 'Man of lies'

Z xx.15; HabC ii.2; v.11

Rabin cps. II Thess. 2.3.
(b) 'Preacher of Lies'

Z viii.13

The Heb. means properly, 'Dribbler of lies,' in reference to Mic.
2.6,11.

(c) 'Man of Scoffing'

Z i.14; xx.11 (pl.)

CP. Isa. 28.14; Prov. 29.8.

(d) 'Men of Scoffing who are in Jerusalem!

IsaC, b ii.6,10; cp. Z xx.11

(e) 'Sons of Seth' (?) [see also above on positive use]

DD 7.29 (destroyed)

(e) 'House of Absalom'

HC v.9

For the interpretation, see above, p. 29.

(f) 'House of Peleg'

Z xx.22

A concocted name. <hb>PLG</> means 'divide: Hence, the meaning
is, 'divisive elements.'

(g) 'The Wicked Priest'

HabC viii.3; ix.9; xi.4

(h) 'The Lion of Wrath'

NaC 5,6

Perhaps intended to convey the idea of 'the Lion of the Era of
Wrath; see below, E.1.

Cp. Slavonic Enoch 56.5: 'They (the heathen kings) will break
forth as lions from their lairs ... and go up and tread under the
land of the elect'.

12. Group/Ethnic Names used for Opponents

Kittim

Manasseh (Ephraim)

Judah (Israel)

E. PAST AND FUTURE
(View of History and Eschatological Ideas/Expectations)

1. Revealed Things

M 1.9 (concerning the regulated times [calendar])

2. History divided into 'Era of Wrath (Sin, Wickedness)' and
'Era of Favor'

(a) 'Era of Wrath!

Z 1.5; H iii.28; frag. i.5; HosC, b 1.12

Cp. Zeph. 1.5 (Day of Wrath), and cp. Talmud, B.B. 10a, Shab.
11a; Ab.Zar. 18b, for Wrath' as an eschatological term. Cp. also
Ecclus. 48.10.

(b) 'Era of Wickedness'
Z v1.10,14; xii.23; xiv.19; xv.7,10; xx.23 (Era of Perfidy')

Cp. Enoch 22.12; 80.2.
(c) 'Era of Favor?

H xv.15; frag. ix.8; NC

Cp. Isa. 61.2 ('Year of favor'). The Samaritans likewise divide
history into the 'Era of God's Turning Away (Fanutah) and that of
His 'Favor' (Rahutah)

3. Requital

(a) 'The Final Era <hb>QS</>.

M iii.23; iv.18,25; Z iv.9,10; xix.10; xx.15; HC vii.2

(b) 'Time of Visitation Inquisition' <hb>PQWDH</>

M iii.18; iv.18-19,26

(c) Final Judgment

M iv.20

(d) 'Day of Requital

M ix.23

Based on Deut. 32.35, read as in LXX and Sam.
(e) Spirits and angels also will be judged

H vii.29

(f) 'Messianic Travail
Hymn No. 5, passim

For the expression 'pangs of the Messiah,' cp. Talmud, Shab.
118a; Sanh. 98b; Mat. 24.8; Mark 13.8-9; I Thess. 5.3. Cp. also
Enoch 62.4.

Described: Jubilees 20.11-25; Or. Sib. ii.154f.; II Esdras v-vi;
Mat. 24.6-29; Rev. chs. 6-9; Talmud, Sanh. 96b-97a.

(g) Conflagration (Ekpyrosis)

H iii.29ff.; W xiv.17- Cp. also M ii.8

Cp. Mal. 3.19 (4.1); Dan. 7.10f.; Psalms of Solomon 15.14f.;
Enoch 67.6; 98.3; 108.3; Test. Zebulun 2.38; Or. Sib.,
ii.253f.,296; iii.542,689; iv.176; Luke 17.28; II Peter 3.6ff.;
II Thess. 1.7f.; Rev. 19.20; 20.10,14f.; 21.8.

Berosus (quoted in Seneca, Nat Qu. ii.29,1) predicted a final
conflagration.

On non-Semitic parallels, ep. C. Clemen, Primitive Christianity
and Its Non-Jewish Sources (1912), 161f.; M. Eliade, The Myth of
the Eternal Return (1954), 87-88; R. Mayer, Ist die biblische
Vorstellung vom Weltenbrand eine Entlehnung aus dem Parsismus?
(1947).

(h) Messianic Era of Forty Years

Ps37c,a7; 4Ezra 7

Cp. Apoc. Esdras xiii.23--25; Talmud, Sanh. 99a; Midrash
Tehillirn xc, ß393. Possibly based on Ps. 95.10 (cp. Yalqut
Shime'oni in loc.).

(i) War against Belial, Gog, etc.

H iii-35f.; vi-29ff.; x.34-35; W passim (especially,
i-10, 13-14)

Cp. Test. Levi, V.27; of Dan, ii.10-11; John 12.31; II Cor. 6.15.

Gog and Magog: Isa. 25.6; Zech. 14.2. Cp. Or. Sib. iii.319,
519,632f.; v.101; Syriac Apoc. Baruch 70.7-10; Pal. Targum to
Num. 9.6; 24.17; Enoch 56; 90.16; Assurn. Mosis 8.1ff.; II Esdras
5.6; 13.33f-; Mishnah, 'Eduyoth ii.10. The basic notion occurs
already in Theopompus quoted by Plutarch, De Is., 47.

(j) Specific Aspects of the War

ablution after victory W xiv.3
cavalry W vi.8-17
exhortation before battle W xv.6ff.
prayer before battle W x.2-xiv.2
prayer , high priest'3, before battle W xv.4-6
priests role of W vii.9ff.
song of return W xiv.2
song of victory W xiv.2-18
standards, military W iii.12-v.2
testudo ('tower') W ix.10ff.
troops, age of W vii.1-9
trumpets W col.iii.
trumpet signals W vii.9-ix.9
weapons, described W v.2-vi.6

(k) Other Disasters:

(i) shafts of perdition loosed H iii.16,27
(ii) doors of perdition opened H iii8; vi.24
(iii) traps of perdition sprung H iii-24
(iv) dispersal of wicked H iv.26

4. Rewards:

(a) Renewal (Rebirth) of the World

M iv-25; H xi-13-3.4; xiii-11-13

Cp. Test. Abraham; Jubilees i.29; Enoch 72.1; IV Ezra 5.45; Mat.
19.28; Jewish 'Burial Kaddish'; Manichaean: F. W. K. Malter,
Handschriftenreste, ii.15 (employing the Iranian term frasagard).

Renewal (rebirth) is also an element of.mystical experience; cp.
George Fox, Journal, ed. N. Penny (1911), 1, ch. ii. 'Now was I
come up in spirit through the Flaming Sword into the Paradise of
God. All things were new.'

(b) Eternal Peace

Mii.4; H xi.27; xv.i.6; xviii.30; Blessings iii.5,21

(c) Sevenfold Light

H vii.24-25

Cp. Talmud, Sanhedrin 91b (sevenfold Messianic sun); Midrash
Konen 24-25 (based on Isa. 3o.26). Cp. also Isa. 6o.19; Rev.
21.23,25; 22.6; Odes of Solomon, 21.5; Slav. Enoch 66.8.

(d) Prophetic Forerunner of Messianic Age

M ix.11

Based on Dent. 18.18 and Mal. 3.23ff. (Cp. Ecclesiasticus 48.10.)
Samaritans identify him with Moses Redivivus; Jews, with Elijah
(Talmud, Menahoth 45a; B.M. 3a; Aboth de Rabbi Nathan 24.4)

Cp. I Macc. 14.41; 4.46; Mat. 11.14; 17.10ff.; Mark 9.11f.; John
1.45; 5.46; 6.14; 7.40; Acts 7.37; Rev. 11.3ff.

Often alternates with priestly forerunner. (Note that both Moses
and Elijah were priests.) Cp. Test. Levi, v.13-20; Heb. 3.1; 4-
15ff-; 5.4,10; 6.20.

(e) Messianic 'Star'

Z vii.18

Based on Num. 24.17. Cp. Test. Levi, v-15; Judah, iv.20;
Samaritan Liturgy, ed. Cowley, ii.88 Heh 10; 92.17; 96.32; (all
by Abisha b. Pinehas, d. 1376).

On Messiah(s) more generally, see

1QS;
CD;
11QMelch.; 4Q246; 4Q285; 4Q541; 4Q521 (cf. Duhaime Conf. 1997)

(f) 'Faithful Shepherd will arise

NC 3,2,8

Based on Isa. 63.11. Cp. Heb. 13.20. 'Shepherd of souls': I Peter
2.25. Cp. also John,10,11,14; I Peter 5.4.

Enoch 90.17-27 speaks of God as the Master Shepherd who will
deliver his flock from the seventy evil shepherds.

(g) New Covenant will be concluded

NC 2,6

Based on Jer. 31,32-33. For the true meaning, see above,
pp. 4,24. The Covenant will be inscribed on human hearts:

H xviii.27. Cp. Jer. 31.33; Rom. 2.14f. (Stoic parallel adduced
in Feine, Der Romerbrief [1903], 95ff.

On the "Covenant" idea in general, see also

M 1.7 (of kindness), 1.16 (establish), 1.24 (enter), 4.22
(everlasting); CD 12.11 (of Abraham)

(h) God records deeds of men for reward or punishment

H i-23-24; xvi.10

Cp. Dan. 7.10; II Esdras 6.20; Rev. 20.12; Slavonic Enoch 50.1;
Odes of Solomon 9.12; Apoc. Baruch 24.1. Rabbinic parallels in L.
Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, v.128, n.141.

Iranian parallel: Yasna 31.13-14; 32.6 (record kept by Ahura
Mazda).

(i) Righteous will acquire crown of glory'

M iv.7; H ix.24;

Odes of Solomon 9.11; 1 Peter 5.4; Dctr. 6.1[?]; Mandaean:
Lidzbarski, Mand. Lit., 4f.,29,108,177,243,267.

Initiants in mystery cults sometimes received a crown:
Apuleius, Met. xi.24; Tertallian, Cor. :15a; Praescr. haer. 40.
Was this a prefiguration of the heavenly crown which awaited
them?

(j) Righteous will acquire robe of majesty and eternal light

M iv.8

Cp. Enoch 62.16; Slavonic Enoch .22.8.

(k) Righteous will unite in triumphant song

H xi.5,14,26

Cp. TB Sanhedrin 19b: 'All the prophets will then intone
a song in concert'; Yalqut, Isa. 296.
Iranian parallel: Bundahesh 31,
(1) Future Community will be the true temple of God

M viii.5f.; F i.6:

Cp. I Cor. 3.16-17; Eph. 2.20-22. Cp. also Heb. 8.2;
Barnabas, 3.12.

F. ANGELOLOGY (see Gaster 564-567)
Revised Index Section (RAK)

See in general Theodore Gaster, "Angel" in <t>The Interpreter's
Dictionary of the Bible</>.

1. General names for angels and spirit-beings.

1.1 "divine beings"

Heb. <hb>)LM</>: 1QH 10.8; frag. 2.3,
1QM 1.10, 11; 14.15, 16;
15.14; 17.7; 1Q22 4.1 (GM 277); AL
(a) 2, 5, 10

Heb. <hb>)LWHM</>: AL (b) 5, 7

1.2 "holy ones"

CD 20.8; 1QH 3.22; 4.25; 10.35; 11.12; 1QM 12.4, 7, 8; 18.2;
1Q22 4. 1 (GM 277), etc.

Cp. Enoch, passim.

1.3 "host of heaven"

1QH 3.35; 1QM 7.6; 12.1, 8, 9

1.4 "host of the holy ones"

1QH 3.22; 10.34-35. Cp. "host of angels", 1QM 12.8

1.5 "eternal host"

1QH 11. 13

1.6 "communion of the holy ones"

1QH 4.25; frag. 63.2

Derived from Ps. 89.8 (7).

1.7 "sons of heaven"

1QH 3.22; frag. 2.10; 1QM 4.22; 11.8

Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3.

1.8 "stalwarts" <hb>GBRY-KWX</>

1QH 8.11; 10.34-35. (Cp- 1QM 5.21; 3.35-36; AL (a) 5)

Derived from Ps. 103-20,

1.9 "glorious ones"

1QH 10.8

Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles);
Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9-

2. Classes of angels and spirit-beings:

2.1 seven archangels

AL (a). Called "arch-princes";
cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1.

Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.21-22; Test
Levi 8.1; Luke 1.19, 26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim 9.31;
Hechaloth c.4.

2.2 "angels of the presence" or "of the face"

1QH 14[6].13 (GM 340); 1Q28b(=Sb) 4.25-26 (GM 433); AL (b) I

Cp. Enoch 104.1; Slavonic, Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29;
Test. Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature.

2.3 "ministering angels"

1QH 5.21; 12.23; 15.24; frag. 2.14; AL (a) 1

Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy
mentions the "holy ones" and the "ministering angels" as standing
"at the crest of the world", singing praises and "receiving each
from each the yoke of the kingdom of heaven" (Singer, p. 38).

2.4 "angels of sanctification" or "holiness"

1QS 7.6; 10.11; 1QH 1.11; 1Q22 2.8{?? GM 276} ; Blessings 3.6; AL (a)
4Q418\a(SapWork\a) frg 55.8 (GM 390)

2.5 "Cherubim"

AL (a)
4Q403ii15 (GM 423), 4Q405f20-22 (GM 428f)

Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7;
Slavonic Enoch 21.1.

2.6 "Watchers"

CD 2.18 (GM 34)

See Gen 6.1-4; Enoch; Jubilees

2.7 "ravaging angels, bastard spirits, demons, Liliths, owls..."

4Q510\a(=Shir\a) frg 1.5=10.1 (GM 371=373), frg 35.7 (GM 375)

2.8 "angels of destruction" (see also below 3.1.2)

CD 2.6 (GM 34); 1QM 13.12, 14.10 (GM 108-109); 4Q387\a(psMos\b)
frg 2.4 (GM 279)

2.9 "satans" (see below, Satan)

2.10 <hb>NPLM</>/Giants (offspring of spirit-beings and women)

see the Enoch traditions and Gen 6.1-3

3. Particular Angels and/or Spirit-beings:

3.1 Described by Opposing Characteristics and Influences --

3.1.1 Prince of Lights, Angel of Truth, Spirit of Truth

1QS 3.18-4.8 (GM 6); see CD 5.18 (GM 36; opposed to Belial)

3.1.2 Angel of Darkness, Spirit of Deceit, Angels of
Destruction

1QS 3.18-21, 4.9-14 (GM 6-7);

Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans
speak similarly of "angels of perturbation" (mala'che rigzah).

3.1.3 "adversary"(<hb>&+N</>; see also below, under Satan) and
"ruinous spirit" (<hb>M$XT</>)

1QH frags. 4.6 (GM 358), 45.3 (GM 360); 1Q28b(=Sb) 1.8 (GM 432)

See Ex 12.13, as popularly interpreted.

3.1.4 "chief of demons"

4Q511(Shir\b) frg 2.1.3 (GM 372)

3.2 Names of Angelic Antagonists -- see also the named "fallen" angels
in the Enoch traditions

3.2.1 Belial and his forces

1QS 1.18, 1.23-24, 2.4, 10.21 & passim (GM 3ff); 1QM 1.1 & passim (GM
95ff); CD 4.13, 4.15, 5.18, 7.2, and passim (GM 35ff); RB passim;
4Q286(Blessings\a) frg 7.2.1 (GM 435)

Cp. Beliar in OrSib 2.165f; Jubilees 1.20; TReuben 2.2, TLevi
3.3, 19.1, TZebulon 9.7, TNaphtali 2.6, TBenjamin 6.1, 6.7.

Identified with "darkness" TLevi 19.1, TJoseph 20.2; cp. also
Matt 24.5-12, 2 Tim 3.1f, 2 Cor 5.15, Didache 21.3 [sic Barn?]

For a more detailed treatment, see T. Lewis "Belial" in Anchor Bible
Dictionary and the following compilation by Marsha B. Cohen.

---

Compilation of and Index to BELIAL References in the DSS

by Marsha B. Cohen <73467.1352@CompuServe.COM> 18 November 1996
*Not in GM

Accursed, Belial (also damned) <hb>)RWR Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:4; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 13:4:
4QBlessings: : 4Q286f7ii2; 4Q286f7ii;5-6
4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:6

Anger against Belial <hb>XRN LKL Belial</>
1QHymnsa : 1QH 11:28
4Q428f3:3; 4Q432f4ii:3*

Army of Belial <hb>XYL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 1:1; 1QM 1:13; 1QM 15:3; 1QM 18:1; 4Q285f5:4

Assembly of Belial <hb>(DT Belial</> 1QHymnsa; 1QH 10:22

Comes upon you, when Belial.
11Q Apocryphal Psalms\a = 11QPsAp\a 4:5

Counsel of Belial <hb>YW(C/ (CT Belial</>.
4Q Halakhic Letter:
4Q397f8:2;4Q398f2ii:5;4Q399f1ii:3;
1QHymnsa : 1QH14:21; 4Q429f2i:11

Damned, Belial <hb>Z(M Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:2; 1QM 13:4: 4Q287f6:1;
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:1; 4Q286f7ii:3 ; 4Q286f7ii;5-6;
4Q287f6:1; 4Q287f6:2; 4Q287f6:5;
See Accursed, Belial

Destroyed in anger, Belial <hb>Belial LH)BDMH BXRNW</>.
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i4

Dominion (also reign; empire) of Belial <hb>MM$LT Belial</>.
Rule of the Community:1QS1:18; 1QS1:24;1QS2:19;4Q256f1ii:6.
5QRule: 5Q13f4:4;
War Scroll: 1QM14:9; 1QM18:1; 4Q491f8,9&10:6.*
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:8.
4Q Pseudo-Moses Apocalypse: 4Q390f2i:3.

Fire, Belial devoured with <hb>YTMMU Belial B)$</>.
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 3:7

Hand of Belial <hb>YD Belial</>.
5QRule: 5Q13f5:2;
Damascus Document: CDam 8:2; CDam 19:14;
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:13; 11QMel 2:25;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i7*;
4QParaphrase of Kings: 4Q382f31:2*

Heart, Belial in <hb>Belial.. BLBBY</>.
Rule of the Community: 1QS 10:21; 4Q260f1v:2 (4QSf)

Horde of Belial <hb>KL HMWN Belial</>. War Scroll: 1QM 18:3

Hordes of Belial <hb>GDWDY Belial</>. War Scroll: 1QM 11:8

Inclination, Belial present in (evil) <hb>KY Belial (M HP( YCR</>.
1QHymns(a) : 1QH 15:3

Intrigues of Belial (also plots) <hb>MZMWT Belial</>.
1QHymns(a) : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:10; 4Q430f1:1

Jannes and his brother, Belial raised up <hb>WYKM Belial )T
YKNH W)T )XHW</>.
Damascus Document CDam 5:18;
4Q266f3ii:14 (4QD\a); 4Q267f2:2 (4QD\b); 6Q15f3:1 (6QD);

Lot of Belial <hb>GWRL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 1:5; 4Q496f3:5; 1QM 4:2;
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:2;

Man/Men of Belial <hb>)$/)N$Y..Belial</>
1QHymns\a : 1QH 13:26 (GM)**; 4QCatena(a): 4Q177f10-11:4=II:4GM;
4QTestimonia: 4Q175 23
** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it
is identical to 4Q429 f1 iii:8 which has <hb>DBRY</> in the text where
the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26.

Men of the lot of Belial <hb>(QL) )N$Y GWRL Belial</>
Rule of the Community: 1QS 2:5; 4Q256f1ii:16; 4Q257f1ii:1;
5Q11f1i:3;
War Scroll: 1QM 1:15; 1QM 4:2;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i11(=IV:16GM)

Men of the sons of Belial <hb>)N$YM BBNY Belial</>.
Temple Scroll; 11QT 55:3

Nets of Belial, Three <hb>$L$T MCWDT Belial</>.
Damascus Document: CDam 4:15

Pit, Belial created for the <hb>(&YTH Belial L$XT</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:11; 4Q495 f2:3

Protected from Belial <hb>L$MRM MBelial</>.
4QBless, Oh my Soul(a): 4Q434f1ii:12*

Prince of enmity, Belial identified as.
11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a) 1:5-6

Remnant will remain <hb>...Belial, WN$)R ..</>.
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 2:2

Removed from Belial <hb>HWSRH MBelial</>.
11QMelchizedek: 11QMel 2:22

Scheming (also plans) of Belial <hb>MX$BH Belial</>.
1QHymns\a : 1QH 10:16; 1QH 12:12;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f12-13i6;
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8

Sent against Israel, Belial <hb>Belial M$LWX BY&R)L</>
Damascus Document: CDam 4:13

Snares (also traps) of Belial <hb>PXY Belial</>.
4QPsalms Pesher(a): 4Q171f1-2ii10.
See also Nets of Belial.

Sons of Belial <hb>BNY Belial</>.
4QBlessings: 4Q286f7ii:3;
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174 1:8;
4QPseudo-Ezekiel(b): 4Q386f1:ii:3;
11Q Apocryphal Psalms(a): 11QPsAp(a) 5:3

Sons of Darkness, Belial assists <hb>Belial L(ZRT BNY XW$K</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 16:11; 4Q491 f11ii:8

Soul surrounded by Belial.
1QHymns(a): 1QH13:39

Spirit(s) of Belial <hb>RWXY Belial</>.
Damascus Document: CDam 12:2; 4Q271f3i:18;
4QCatena(a): 4Q177f1-4:10;4Q177 IV:14(GM)

Spirits of the lot of Belial <hb>RWXY GWRL Belial</>.
War Scroll: 1QM 13:2;
11QMelchizedek 2:12

Time when Belial will open <hb>H)T )$R YPTX Belial</>.
4QFlorilegium: 4Q174f4:3

Torrents of Belial <hb>NXLY Belial</>.
1QHymnsa: 1QH 11:29; 1QH 11:32; 4Q428f3:4; 4Q432f4ii:4;

Words of Belial <hb>DBRY Belial</>.
1QHymns\a: 1QH 13:26 (Abegg)**; 4Q429f1iii:8; 4Q511f18ii:5*;
** GM reconstructs 1QH 13:26 with men in the lacuna, although it
is identical to 4Q429 f1 iii:8 which has <hb>DBRY</> in the text where
the lacuna occurs in 1QH 13:26.

Fragments containing with no discernible context:
1QM 15:17*; 1Q40:f9:3*; 4Q176f8-11:15;
4Q177f1-4:10; 4Q177f12-13ii:2; 4Q177f12-13ii:7; 4Q178f10:1;
4Q225f2ii:14; 4Q226f7:6; 4Q253f4:4; 4Q463f1:3; 4Q471f3:6;
4Q491f14:10*; 4Q511f103:4; 4QpapHodayot-Like f4:2; 6Q18f3:3;

===end of Marsha Cohen index to BELIAL===

3.2.2 Mastemah

CD 16.5 (GM 39) = 4Q270 (GM 64), 4Q225(PsJub\a) 2.1.9-11
(Schiffman 188)

Cp. Jubilees 17.16, 49.2. The name is related to Satan.

3.2.3 Melki-resha (see also Melki-zedek! Kobelski monograph)

4Q280(Blessings\f) line 2 (GM 434)

3.2.4 Satan and/or "satans" (perhaps just "adversaries")

11QPs 19.15 (GM 306), 1QSb 1.8 (GM 432), 1QH 4.1 frgs 4 & 45 (GM
358 and 360), 4Q504 1+R 4.12 (GM 414)

3.3. Named Protective Angels:

3.3.1 Gabriel

1QM 9.16

Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, 5.21. Origen. De princip., 1.81, says
that Gabriel is the angel of war.

Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentary text from
Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D. Barthelemy and
J. T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judean Desert 1 (1955), 84-86.

3.3.2 Michael

1QS 9.15, 16; 17.6, 7

Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op. cit., 5.4.

3.3.3 Raphael

1QS 9.15, Enoch/Giants (GM 261)

3.3.4 Sariel (or Uriel)

1QM 9.15

3.3.5 "The Power"

Enoch/Giants (GM 261)

4. Other Characteristics and Functions of Angels

4.1 Angels possess transcendental knowledge

1QS 4.22; 1QH 3.23; frag. 13.23; AL (a) 1

Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB H_agi-gah 16a. Michael, Uriel and
Raguel initiate Enoch into the "mysteries of the world":
Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5. Michael tells Adam and Eve the
mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis 3.13.

4.2 Angels sing praises in heaven

1QH 9. 13; AL (a) passim

They sing the Trisagion: Isa. 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic
Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB H_ullin
14a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israel, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10.

On the liturgy of the angels, cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test.
Abraham B, 4; Pal. Targum, Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer,
Authorized Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160.

4.3 Angels participate in the eschatological war

1QH 3.35f.; 6.29f.; 10.34-35; 1QM 15.14

Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19

G. PERSONS OF NOTE

Adam (& Eve)
M 4.23 (glory of Adam)

Cain (& Abel)
Seth (see above, "sons of Seth")

Enoch Traditions
Barag'el (p260)(262 + father of Macharvi?)
Hobabes
Adkim
Ohyah (p.260 = broth. of Enoch? (p.261)(262)
Hahyah (p.260 = broth. of Enoch? (p.261)(262)
Azasel
Mahewai (p.260, 261)(262)(Son of Baragel)
Shemiharah

Noah
Abraham (& Sarah)

Melchizedek
11Q Melch (see also Nag Hammadi); Kobelski monograph

Isaac
Jacob
Patriarchs

Levi
4Q540-48, Jub 1 (and eternal priesthood Gen 14/Ps 110)

Moses
-law of M.
-hand of M. = M 8.15
-M. wrote 4Q504|f1-2|3.12
4Q504|f1-2|2.9f (M. atoned for their sin)
4Q504|f1-2|5.14 (commanded through hand of M. your servant)

Aaron
Phineas
Joshua

David
4Q504|f1-2|4.6 (established covenant with D., shepherd & prince)

Solomon

Prophets in general
-servants the prophets M 1.3, 4Q504|f1-2|3.12 (sent, + Moses)

Elijah - Elisha
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Ezra

Maccabees/Hasmoneans
see Jonathan, Prayer for

H. HYMN TITLES AND FORMULAS in 1QH after Blank Spaces

4.7 By the spirit
4.9 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the secrets
4.16 [I give you thanks, Lord,] for the spirits
4.23 [You, Lord, prevent] your servant
4.26 [I give you thanks, Lord, because] ... spirit
5.13 These are those you fou[nded]
5.22 If he brings about evil
5.24 And I, your servant, have known (see 20.11)
6.8 [I give you thanks,] Lord, for ... wisdom
6.12 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known, thanks to your insight
6.17 But I, I have known, thanks to your goodness
6.21 I will not admit into the council
6.23 I give you thanks, Lord, according
7.16 But I, I have known, thanks to your intellect
7.21 But the wicked
7.26 [[no blank?]] But I, I have known that
9.10 You have stretched out
9.13 You have created
9.21 These things I know
9.28 You created breath
9.31 And you, in your compassion,
9.35 Listen, wise men
10.20 I give you thanks, Lord, because
10.31 I give you thanks, Lord, for
11.6 Now my soul [...]
11.19 I thank you, Lord, because
11.37 I give you thanks, Lord, for you
12.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because
13.5 I give you thanks, Lord, because
13.18 But you, my God, have
13.20 {I give you thanks}/Be Blessed,/ Lord, because
13.32 And you, my God, have opened
14.4 [But you, my God,] have opened
14.9 For all your deeds are
14.33 For to God Most High
15.6 I give you thanks, Lord, because
15.26 I give you [thanks, Lord,] because
15.31 For you are an eternal God
15.34 [I give you thanks,] Lord, because
16.4 [I give you thanks, Lord,] because
16.11 But you, O God, protect
16.16 But you, my God, have placed
17.18 But in you I [...]
17.23 For you, my God, [...]
17.38 [...(major break)...]
18.14 Be blessed, Lord, God of compassion
18.20 And I ... [extol your great name]
19.3 I give you thanks, my God, because
19.10 For your glory, you have
19.15 I give you thanks, my God, I exalt you
20.11 And I, the instructor, have known you, my God (see 5.24)

***
APPENDIX: GASTER'S FULL OUTLINE (1976)

A. THE COMMUNITY
1. The community as a whole is called 'the Congregation'
2. The Community is distributed over several 'encampments'
3. The several 'chapters' called 'commune or 'cenobies' (<hb>YXD</>).
4. Another term is 'the corporation' <hb>XYBWR</>.
5.The Community constitute 'the Elect'
6. They are 'those in the lot (portion) of God'
7. They enjoy special 'illumination' designated "Sons of Light"
(a) The illumination is an 'enlightenment of the countenance'
(b) It is called 'Light-Perfection' <hb>)WR-TM</>.
8. Members of the Community are 'Sons of Truth'.
8a. It is described as 'the House of Truth'
9. Forms of Revelation:
(a) The Community is the recipient of God's 'truth'.
(b) this 'truth' is an esoteric doctrine.
(c) God has 'opened the ears' of the faithful.
(d) God has engraved the 'truth' on their hearts.
(e) they are especially 'schooled by God.
(f) they possess the 'vision' of knowledge (or understanding)
(g) they drank from the fountain of knowledge.
(h) they share the transcendental knowledge of God and angels.
(i) they have direct access to God, need no intermediary.
(k) they ascend to the 'height of eternity.'.
(1) God's 'power' is manifested in them <hb>HGBR</>.
10. The members as styled 'volunteers <hb>MTNBDYM</>.
11. The Community is called 'Gods, (eternal) plantation.
12. With the celestial hosts (communion of the saints).
13. Its members are driven from their native haunt.
14. They are dwelling in a desert, or in 'the land of Damascus'
15. They are being tested and proven

[[+Common Table ]]
[[+spiritual progress, healing?]]

B. GOVERNMENT OF THE COMMUNITY
1. The formal Deliberative Council <hb>'esah</>.
2. Officers
(a) 'Leader (Prince) of entire congregation'
(b) 'Overseer of All the Camps'
(c) high priest
(d) priests
(e) priests are called 'sons of Zadok'
sons of Aaron
(f) courses of priests
age of priests
(g) 'the priest anointed for war'
(h) the 'teacher of righteousness' <hb>moreh zedeq</>.
(i) teacher acts as 'father' to the brethren
(k) three priests at head of community
(l) presbyters; the 'twelve perfect men
(m) judges
(n) levites [priests...Levites...congreg.]
(o) 'messiahs' (anointed)
(p) 'overseer, inspector'
(q) 'overseer of the camp'
(r) 'overseer of the general membership' (Lit. the many).
(s) 'inspector' <hb>paqid</>
(t) 'interpreter'
(u) 'expositor' <hb>doresh</>
(v) 'instructor' <hb>maskil</>

C. LAWS AND PRACTICES
ablutions
atonement
blasphemy
calendar
celebrations/feasts
contamination
death penalty
defectors
demoniacal possession
dietary laws
disrespect
expulsion
fraud
incest
lost property
lying
marriage
name of God
oath
oath, abrogation of
prayer
punctuality
purity
revenge
sabbath
sacrifices
sanctuary, defilement of
slaves
testimony
treason
vows
wine

D. OPPONENTS OF THE BROTHERHOOD
1. Belial and his forces
2. 'Children of Corruption'
2a. 'Men of Corruption'
3. 'Sons of Darkness.'
4. 'Builders of a rickety wall' that gets daubed with whitewash
5 'Prophets of deceit (delusion)'
6. 'False prophets'
7. 'Lying (deceitful) interpretere
8. 'Seekers after smooth things.'
9. 'The froward <hb>helkaim</>.
10. 'Furtive men, dissemblerg' <hb>na'alamim</>.
11. Specific Opponents:
(a) 'Man of lies'
(b) 'Preacher of Lies'
(c) 'Man of Scoffing'
(d) 'Men of Scoffing who are in Jerusalem!
Sons of Seth??
(e) 'House of Absalom!
(f) 'House of Feleg'
(g) 'The Wicked Friese
(h) 'The Lion of Wrath

E. PAST AND FUTURE

1. History divided into 'Era of Wrath' and 'Era of Favor'
(a) 'Era of Wrath!
(b) 'Era of Wickedness'
(c) 'Era of Favor?

2. Requital
(a) 'The Final Era <hb>qes</>.
(b) 'Time of Visitation Inquisition' <hb>pequdah</>
(c) Final Judgment
(d) 'Day of Requital
(e) Spirits and angels also will be judged
(f) 'Messianic Travail
(g) Conflagration (Ekpyrosis)
(h) Messianic Era of Forty Years
(i) War against Belial, Gog, etc.
(k) Other Disasters:

3. Rewards:
(a) Renewal (Rebirth) of the World
(b) Eternal Peace
(c) Sevenfold Light
(d) Prophetic Forerunner of Messianic Age
(e) Messianic 'Star
(f) 'Faithful Shepherd will arise
(g) New Covenant will be concluded
(h) God records deeds of men for reward or punishment
(i) Righteous will acquire crown of glory'
(j) Righteous will acquire robe of majesty
(k) Righteous will unite in triumphant song
(1) Future Community will be the true temple of God
[[+ Treasure]]

F. ANGELOLOGY [see appended revised form of this section]
1. General names for angels:
(a) 'divine beings
(b) 'holy ones'
(c) 'host of heaven'
(d) 'host of the holy ones'
(e) 'eternal host'
(f) 'communion of the holy ones'
(g) 'sons of heaven'
(h) 'stalwarts' <hb>gibbore koh</>
(i) 'glorious ones'

2. Classes of angels:
(a) seven archangels
(b) 'angels of the presence'
(c) 'ministering angels'
(d) 'angels of sanctification'
(e) Cherubim

3. Particular angels:
4. Protective Angels
5. Angels possess transcendental knowledge
6. Angels sing praises in heaven
7. Angels participate in the eschatological war
8. Evil Spirits:
(a) 'angels of destruction'
(b) 'satans (see above Belial)'
(c) 'ruinous spirit' <hb>mashhith</>

Additional entries, mostly of Vermes index

age of priests CD xiv.7-12
ages of creation 4Q180
children CD xv.5-6; 1QSa 1.6-9
common table 1QS vi.4-5; 1QSa ii.17-21
consolations 4Q176
creation, Ages of 4Q180
crucifixion 4Q169 ii.12; 11QT lxiv.6-13
death penalty CD xvi; ix.1; 4Q169 ii.12; 11QT lxiv.6-13; 4Q159
defectors 1QS vii.22-23
disrespect 1QS vi.25.25-27; vii.2-5
exhortation to seek wisdom 4Q185
expulsion 1QS viii.21-24; vi.27-vii.2; vii.16-17, 22-23.
horoscopes 4Q186; 4QMessAr
incest CD v.7-9; cf. 11QTS lxvi.16-17
lying 1QS vi.25-27; vii.3
nakedness 1QS 7
prayers
daily 4Q503
for festivals 1Q34 and 34bis; 4Q507-9
liturgical 1Q34 and 34bis
of Nabonidius 4QprNab
punctuality 1QS i.13-15; 1QH xii.5ff.
Sage, Songs of the 4Q510-11
sanctuary 1QS viii; ix.6; 1qhab xii.3-4
Seductress 4Q184
spiritual progress, annual inquiry into CD xiv.3-6
taxes 4Q159

treason 11QT.liv-lv
treasure 3Q15
wife, Gentile 11QT.lxiii.13-14
wine 1QS vi.4-5; 1QSa 2.17-21
women 11QT.lxiii.13-14

1 The following translations are from James H. Charlesworth,
editor, The Princeton Theological Seminary Dead Sea Scrolls
Project, 1991--.

---

F. ANGELOLOGY [see revised form of this section]

See in general the writer's article, 'Angel' in The Interpreter's
Dictionary of the Bible.

1. General names for angels:
(a) 'divine beings

Heb. elim: H x.8; frag. ii.3,10; W i.10,11; xiv.15,16; xv.14;
xvii.7; Oration iv.1; AL (a) 2,5,10

Heb. elohim: AL (b) 5,7
(b) 'holy ones'

Z x.8; Hiii.22; iv.25; x.35; xi.1.2; W xii.4.7,8; xviii.2;
Oration iv.1, etc.

Cp. Enoch, passim.
(c) 'host of heaven'

H iii.35; W vii.6; xii.1,8,9

(d) 'host of the holy ones'

H iii.22; x.34-35. Cp. 'host of angels', W xii.8

(e) 'eternal host'

H xi.13

(f) 'communion of the holy ones'

H iv.25; frag. lxiii.2

"Watchers" DD 2.17ff; Enoch cycle

Derived from Ps. 89.8(7).
(g) 'sons of heaven'

H iii.22; frag. ii.10; W iv.22; xi.8

Cp. Enoch 6.2; 13.8; 14.3.
(h) 'stalwarts' <hb>gibbore koh</>

H viii.11; x.34-35. (Cp. W v.21; iii.35-36; AL (a) 5)

Derived from Ps. 103.20.
(i) 'glorious ones'

H x.8

Cp. Enoch 24.6 (Charles); Slavonic Enoch 21.3; 22.9.
2. Classes of angels:
(a) seven archangels

AL (a). Called 'arch-princes'; cp. Ezek. 38.2; 39.1.

Cp. Tobit 12.15; Enoch 20.1-8; 21; 81.5; 90.2:1-22; Test. Levi
8.1; Luke 1.19,26; Rev. 1.4; 8.2; Hermas, Sim. 9.31; Hechaloth,
c.iv.

(b) 'angels of the presence'

H vi.13; Blessings iv.25-26; AL (b) 1

Cp. Enoch 104.1: Slavonic Enoch 21.1; Jubilees 1.27, 29; Test.
Levi 3.5, 7, and very frequently in rabbinic literature.

(c) 'ministering angels'

H v.21; xii.23; xv.24; frag. ii.14; AL (a) 1

Cp. Heb. 1.14. The morning Yoser-prayer in the Jewish liturgy
mentions the 'holy ones' and the 'ministering angels' as standing
'at the crest of the world', singing praises and 'receiving each
from tje yoke of the kingdom of heaven' (Singer, p. 38).

(d) 'angels of sanctification'

M vii.6; x.11; H I.11; Oration ii.8; Blessings iii.6; AL (a)

(e) Cherubim

AL (a)

Derived directly from Ezek. 10. Cp. also Enoch 14.16-17; 71.7:
Slavonic 21.1

3. Particular angels:

(a) Prince of Lights M iii.20, ZS.18
(b) Angels of Darkness M iii.20-21
(c) Angel of Truth M iii.24
(d) Mastemah Z xvi.5; PsJub a 2.1.9-1; 4Q 225
(e) Belial 1QS/M passim; DD passim (see D.1)
[see special section above by Marsha Cohen]
(f) Satan (GM 306); 11Q PS 19.15; 1QH 4.1 (see GM 358 (frag. 4)
and 360 (frag. 45)

Cp. Jubilees 49.2 The name is related to Satan.

4. Protective Angels

(a) Gabriel W ix.16

Cp. Ginzberg, Legends, v.21. Origen. De princip., I.81, says that
Gabriel is the angel of war.

(b) Michael M ix.15, 16; xvii.6, 7
Cp. Dan. 10.21; Rev. 12.7; Jude 9; Ginzberg, op.cit., v.4.
(c) Raphael M ix.15
(d) Sariel (or Uriel) W ix.15

Gabriel and Michael are mentioned also in a fragmentarry text
from Qumran provisionally entitled The Book of Noah; D.
Barthelemy and J.T. Milik, Discoveries in the Judaen Desert, I
(1955), 84-86.

5. Angels possess transcendental knowledge

M iv.22; H iii.23; frag. xiii.23; AL (a) 1

Cp. Slavonic Enoch 22.11; TB Haigah 16a.

Michael, Uriel and Raguel initiate Enoch into the 'mysteries of
the world': Jubilees 4.21; Enoch 40.4-5.

Michael tells Adam and Eve the mysteries of creation: Apoc. Mosis
3.13.

6. Angels sing praises in heaven

H ix.13; AL (a) passim

They sing the Trisagion: Isa 6.2-3; cp. Enoch 39.12f.; Slavonic
Enoch 8.8; 17.1; 19.6; 20.3; 21.1; 22.3; 31.1f.; 42.4; TB Hullin
14.a. See also S. Baer, Abodath Israe, 120; Apoc. Paul, 10.

On the liturgy of the angels, Cp. Apoc. Mosis 17; Test. Abraham
B. iv: Pal. Targum. Gen. 32.27; Ex. 14.24; S. Singer, Authorized
Daily Prayerbook, 38, 45, 160.

7. Angels participate in the eschatological war

H iii.35f.; vi.29f.; x.34-35; W xv.14

Based on Zech. 14.3, 5. Cp. also Test. Levi 1.19

8. Evil Spirits:
(a) 'angels of destruction'

M iv.12; Z ii.6; W xiii.12; xiv.10

Cp. Enoch 53.3; 56.1; TB Shabbath 88a, and often. The Samaritans
speak similarly of 'angels of perturbation' (mala'che rigzah).

(b) 'satans (see above Belial)'

H frags. iv.6; xiv.3; Blessings I.8

(c) 'ruinous spirit' <hb>mashhith</>

H frags. iv.6; xiv.3

Derived from Ex. 12.13, as popularly interpreted.

//end of earlier draft//

Places of Note

Jordan & Jordan Valley in the DSS (thanks to Dierk van den Berg)

1Q20GenAp XXI,5
1Q22 I,10
4Q243 Frg. 2,3
4Q379 Frg. 12
4Q559 Frg.x 4,3
5Q17 Frg.1,3

The reference in Aramaic Enoch (1 Enoch 6:5-6) to the descent
(presupposing YRDW in Hebrew) of the Watchers on Mount Hermon potentially
includes in its range of puns the name of the Jordan, given the
association of the myth in the passage with the descent of the snow, etc.,
on the mountain (included explicitly in Syncellus -- "There will descend
on it [Mount Hermon, where the angels took the oath] neither cold, nor
snow, nor frost, nor dew, unless they descend on it in malediction, until
the day of the Great Judgement") and latter on with the waters of Dan
(see 13:8). (The translation is by Milik, Books of Enoch, p. 318).

David Suter
Saint Martin's College

---
From: stwersky@sas.upenn.edu (Shoshana M Twersky)
Subject: Index to Biblical Persons of Note in DSS
To: kraft@ccat.sas.upenn.edu (Robert Kraft)
Date: Thu, 6 May 1999 12:06:47 -0400 (EDT)

Dear Professor Kraft,
Hi. Here is my index. I didn't include page numbers for every
reference but I did for most.
Thanks for everything,
Shani Twersky

Master Key to the Index

1. Example- Rule of the Community: 1QS 4.23 (GM#7). This means that the
reference is in Rule of the Community (which is 1QS), column 4, line 23.
GM#7 means that it can be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea
Scrolls Translated" on page 7.

2. A different example (which is part of a fragment)- 4QDamascus
Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.8 (GM#51). This means that the phrase is in
4QDamascus Document/b (which is also 4Q267) and it is fragment 3
(f3=fragment 3), column 4 (iv=column 4), line 8. GM#51 means that it can
be found in Garcia Martinez's book "The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated" on
page 51.

3. Another example- 4Q Damascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.[7]- This document
4QDamscus Document/c (also called 4Q268) is in fragment 2, column 2 ,
line 7. The brackets around the 7 (the line number) indicates that the
whole phrase is in Garcia Martinez's brackets. In these brackets were
holes in the documents which he filled in.

4. Finally, if a line number is not bracketed but after the reference
part of the phrase is bracketed, this is meant to indicate that that part
of the phrase in brackets is in brackets in Garcia Martinez's book and
the rest is not.

Persons of Note
A. Adam (& Eve)
1. Glory of Adam-isn't clear that it is actually talking about Adam and
not just man kind in general
Rule of the Community: 1QS 4.23 (GM#7)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.20 (GM#35)

B. Cain (& Abel)

C. Seth (see above, "sons of Seth") sometimes seems to be used of
the community

D. Enoch Traditions
1. Baraq'el
a. 4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f1.2(GM#260)

b. Baraq'el, my father, was with me
6QBook of Giants: 6Q8f1.4(GM#262 + father of Macharvi?)

2.Hobabes
3.Adkim
4.Ohyah
a. Then O'hyah said
4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f4.3(GM#260)
(GM#260=broth. of Enoch?)

b. 'Ohyah, his brother acknowledged and said
4QBook of Giants/b: 4Q530 2.15 (GM#261)

c. Ohyah'
4QBook of Giants/c:4Q531f2.9 (GM#262)

5.Hahyah
a. Said to Hahyah
4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f4.3(GM#260) broth. of Enoch?
GM#261 and GM#262-previous index had this, but don't see the name there

6.Azasel
7.Mahawai
a. To you Mahawai
4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f2.3 (GM# 260) Mahaw[ai](Son of Baragel)

A. Mahawai speaking
1. And Mahawai replied
4QBook of Giants/a: 4Q203f7ii.1-4 (GM#260) Maha[wai . . .]

2. Hardly had Mahawai finished telling
6QBook of Giants:6Q8f1.5 (GM#262)

B. Mahawai being spoken to
1. They called to Mahawai
4QBook of Giants/b: 4Q530 2.21 (GM#261)

2. Said to Mahawai
6QBook of Giants: 6Q8f1.2 (GM#262)
8.Shemiharah

E. Noah
1. With Noah you established [a covenent . . . ]
Festival Prayers: 4Q508f3.2(GM#412)

2. With Noah, your chosen one
5QRule: 5Q13f1.7 (GM#73)

3. Sons of Noah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.1 (GM#34)

F. Melchizedek
1.11Q Melch (see also Nag Hammadi); Kobelski monograph

G. Patriarchs
1. Abraham
A. Actions done/or not done by Avraham
a. Abraham did not walk in it
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.2 (GM#34)

b. Abraham circumcised himself
The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.6 (GM#39)
4Q Damascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.[7]

c. Covenant of Abraham
he Damascus Document: CD/a 12.11 (GM#42)
2. Isaac
a. Isaac
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.3 (GM#34)

3. Jacob
a. Jacob
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.3 (GM#34)

A. Discussing Jacob w/his immediate sons
a. Son of Jacob (referring to Levi-Jacob's immediate son)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.15 (GM#35)

b. Jacob's sons-these are his immediate sons
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.4 (GM#34)

a. A star moves out of Jacob (part of Numbers 24:13)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.19 (GM#38)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.8 (GM#51) [A star] moves out [of Jacob
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f5.3-4 (GM#68) . . .[A star] moves out of
[Jacob]

b. Sin of Jacob (is unclear if this refers to Jacob himself)
The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.17 (GM#46) [Ja]cob

4. Reuven
5. Simeon
6. Levi
a. Levi, son of Jacob
The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.15 (GM#35)

b. Sons of Levi
War Scroll: 1QM 1.2
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18v.16 (GM#57)
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11ii.11 (GM#67)[ . . . sons of Levi . . .]
5QRule: 5Q13f2.8 (GM#73)
c. Name of . . . Levi
War Scroll: 1QM 5.1

d. Tribe of Levi
The Damascus Document: CD/a 10.5 (GM#41)
4QDamascus Document: 4Q267f17iii.4 (GM#55)

7. Yehuda
a. Sons of Yehuda
War Scroll: 1QM 1.2
b. Princes of Judah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.3 (GM#38)
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.15 (GM#45) (is from Hos 5:10)

c. Wicked men of Judah
The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.26-27

8. Isaacher
9. Zeveulen
10. Naphtali
11. Dan
12. Gad
13. Asher
14. Benjamin
a. Sons of Benjamin
War Scroll: 1QM 1.2

15. Manassah
16. Ephraim
A. Refers to the separation of the Kingdoms of Israel
a. Since the day Ephraim departed from Judah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.12 (GM#37)

b. When the two houses of Israel separated, Ephraim detached itself from
Judah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.13 (GM#37)

c. Ephraim became separated from Judah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 14.1 (GM#44)
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f11ii.3-4 (GM#62) Ephraim became separated
from [Judah
d. Since the day Ephraim separated from Judah
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3iv.[2] (GM#51)

H. Moses
1. Moses
4QFestival Prayers/c: 4Q509f1-4.8 (GM#412)

A. Basically this is the Bible (as we think of it)

1. Law of Moses
Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.8, 1QS 8.22
4QRule of the Community: 4Q255f5.7 (GM#21)
4QRule of the Community: 4Q258f1i.6 (GM#22)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.2 (GM#39)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.9 (GM#39)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.12 (GM#39)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.2 (GM#39)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 16.5 (GM#39)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f17i.3 (GM#54)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18v.6 (GM#56)
4QDamascus Document/c: 4Q268f2ii.4 (GM#58) [ . . . law] of Moses
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.[20] (GM#67) [ . . .law of Moses . . .]
4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f3-4.5 (GM#91)

2. Book of Moses
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [91] (GM#79)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 103 [book] of Moses
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8. [6] (GM#84),
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8.10
4QHalackhic Letter: 4Q398f1.4 b[ook
of Mo]ses
2QJuridical text: 2Q25f1.3 (GM#86)

------------------------------------------------------------
B. What is done/said by G-d to/through Moses

1. Commanded through the hand of Moses or commanded by means of the hand
of Moses
Rule of the Community: 1QS 1.3 (GM#3)
Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.15 (GM#12)
4QRule of the Community/a: 4Q255f1.3 (GM#20) [com]manded through the hand
of Moses
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.7 (GM#23) ha[nd of Moses]
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q25 3.[6]GM#27)
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f4.8 (GM#416)
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504 5.14 (GM#415)

2. As he says through the hands of Moses
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f185.1-2 (GM#56)
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f11i.17 (GM#67)

3. What you [said] by Mose's hand
War Scroll: 1QM 10.6 (GM#102)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Hand of Moses
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.17 (GM#51) hand of [Moses . . .]
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q268f2.5-6 (GM#60) hand of [Moses]
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f4i.3
6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.4 (GM#71) [ . . .hand of Mos]es
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f3ii.16 (GM# 416) [ . . . hand of ] Moses


2. Your holiness which walks in front of us . . . in front of Moses, your
servant
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q504f6.12 (GM417)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

B. Things that Moses does (though in some of these examples it comes
from G-d)

1. Moses wrote
Word of the Luminaries: 4Q504 3.12 (GM#414)

2. Moses said (and then it quotes a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.8 (GM#36)

3. Moses says (and then it quotes a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.26-27 (GM#46)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3ii.(GM#51)
Moses sa[ys . . .]

4. And what Moses said (and then it quotes a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.14 (GM#38)

5. Moses atoned for their sin
Word of the Luminaries: 4Q504 2.9 (GM#414)

6. covenant oath which Moses established with Israel
The Damascus Document: CD/a 15.8 (GM#39)

I. Aaron
A. All of these deal with the community being a kind of holy
house/fortress for Aaron
1. God . . . from Aaron raised men of knowledge or God . . . raised from
Aaron men of knowledge
The Damascus Document: CD/a 6.2 (GM#36)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f3.ii.[18-19] (GM#51)
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f2.8 raised [from Aaron men of knowledge]
6QDamascus Document: 6Q15f3.5 (GM71) [ . . . and from Aaron raised men of
knowledge . . .]

2. Holiness in Aaron (implying a community)
Rule of the Community: 1QS 5.6 (GM#8)
4QRule of the Community/b: 4Q255f5.[5] (GM#21)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1i (GM#22)

3. It will be the most holy dwelling for Aaron (It refers to the community)
Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.8-9 (GM#12)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.3 (GM#23) [for Aaron]

4. Holy of holies for Aaron
Rule of the Community: 1QS 8.5-6 (GM#12)
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.12 (GM#26)


5. Holy fortress for Aaron
4QRule of the Community/e: 4Q259 2.15 (GM#26)
---------------------------------------
1. Holies for Aaron (the meaning here is unclear)
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2i.[1] (GM#23)

2. The Community shall set themselves apart (like) a holy house for Aaron
Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.6 (GM#13)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. House of Aaron
4QRule of the Community/d:4Q258f2ii.6 (GM#24)

B. This is the lineage of Aaron (both his immediate sons, the priests,
and also the Messiah)

1. Sons of Aaron (referring to Nadab and Abihu)
War Scroll: 1QM 17.2 (GM#112)

2. Sons of Aaron (referring to priests)
Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.7
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f1ii.1
4QRule of the Community/d: 4Q258f2ii.7
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [15] (GM#77)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 19-20 sons of [Aaron], Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 81
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT [85]
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q394f1i.15 (GM#80)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q395f1.6 (GM#81)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv.8 (GM#82)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q396f1iv:[11] (GM#82), 4QHalakhic Letter:
4Q397f5+6.[8] (GM#83)
4Qordinances/b: 4Q513f10.8 (GM#91) sons of Aa[ron]
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f6ii.5 (GM#52), 4QDamascus Document/b:
4Q267f6ii.11 (GM#52), 4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f9i.13 (GM#53)
4QDamascus Document/e: 4Q270f9ii.6 (GM#64)
4QDamascus Document/g: 4Q272f1ii.2 (GM#70) [ . . . so]ns of Aaron

3. Messiah/s of Aaron
Rule of the Community: 1QS 9.11
The Damascus Document: CD/a 12.23 (GM#43)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 14.19 (GM#44) [messiah] of Aaron
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.10-11 (GM#45)
The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.1 (GM#46)
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f18iii.12 (GM#56)
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f13.2 (GM#69) [ . . .messiah of] Aaron and Israel

4. Sons of Aaron (where I wasn't sure what it was referring to)
4QDamascus Document/d: 4Q269f4iii.8 [ . . .sons of A]aron

J. of Nadab and Abihu
War Scroll: 1QM 17.2 (GM#112) [of Nadab and Abi]hu

K. Phineas

L. Joshua

M. David
1. David
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 111 (GM#79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q399f1i.[9] (GM#85)
War Scroll: 1QM 11.2 (GM104) -"David, your servant"
Words of the Luminaries: 4Q5044.6 (GM#415) ("and established your (God)
covenant with David")
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.1 (GM#36)
('however, David had not read the sealed book of the law . . . )

2. Words of David
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 95 (GM#79) [words of . ]
. . David
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q397f7+8.10(GM#84) [words of . ] . . David

3. David's deeds were praised
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM#36)

A. David's lineage (both direct and in the future)

1. The son of David (referring to Solomon)
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM#79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM#84)

2. Bud of David
4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.3 (GM#124)
4QWar Scroll/g: 4Q285f5.4 (GM#124) bu[d of David]
-------------------------------------------------------------
1. Sukkat of David
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.16 (GM#38)
4QDamascus Document/f: 4Q271f5.[1] (GM#68)

N. Solomon
1. Solomon
Halakhic Letter: 4QMMT 104 (GM#79)
4QHalakhic Letter: 4Q398f1.1 (GM#84)

O. Prophets
1. Elijah

2. Elisha
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch . . . and Elisha to
Giezi his servant
The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38)

2. Isaiah
a. By means of the prophet Isaiah (then it quotes
a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13 (GM#35)
b. Of whom Isaiah said (then it quotes a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 6.8 (GM#37)
c. Written in the words of Isaiah . . . which says (then says a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM#37)

3. Jeremiah
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.20 (GM#38)

4. Ezekiel
a. By means of Ezekial the prophet (then it
quotes a verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 3.21 (GM#35)

b. As Ezekial said
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.{11} (GM#45)

c. By the hand of Ezekial
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.12 (GM#45)
5. Ezra

6. Zechariah
a. Which is written by the hand of Zechariah, the prophet (followed by a
verse)
The Damascus Document: CD/b 19.7 (GM#45)

P. Maccabees/Hasmoneans
See Jonathon, Prayer for

Q. Other People of Note
1. Amoz (father of the prophet Isaiah)
a. Son of Amoz
The Damascus Document: CD/a 4.13-14 (GM#35)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 7.10 (GM#37)
2. Eleazar
a. Since the day of death of Eleazar
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.3 (GM#36)

3. Joshua
a. Joshua and the elders had hidden
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.4 (GM#36)

4. Uriah
a. Uriah's blood (is saying how David was praised except for Uriah's blood)
The Damascus Document: CD/a 5.5 (GM#36)

5. Baruch
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to
Baruch, son of Neriah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38)

6. Neriah
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to
Baruch, son of Neriah
The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.20 (GM#38)

7. Giezi
a. This is the word which Jeremiah spoke to Baruch . . . and Elishah to
Giezi his servant
The Damascus Document: CD/a 8.21 (GM#38)
8. Peleg
a. House of Peleg
The Damascus Document: CD/b 20.22 (GM#47)

9. Nebuchadnezzar
a. Into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon
4QDamascus Document/a: 4Q266f1.[13-14]
4QDamascus Document/b: 4Q267f2i.10-11 Ne[buchadne]zzar
Note-there were a couple of times that it mentioned Moses and Aaron and
I had no idea what the reference was to.

//end of supplemented file//

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