Pronouns: From Latin to Old French

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Interrogotive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Intensive Pronouns
Enclitic Forms

Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

Latin--Subject pronouns were not used a lot.
OF--Subject pronouns were pretty much optional.
MF--Subject pronouns are obligatory.

EGO	TU	ILLE (*ILLI)	ILLA	NOS	VOS	ILLI	ILLAE (*ILLAS)
jo, je, *gié	tu	il	ele	nos	vos	il	eles
je	tu	il	elle	nous	vous	ils	elles

* none of the other subject pronouns have a seperate stressed form

Object Pronouns

Latin--Two kinds: a) reflexive and b) direct object.
OF--unstressed (me), stressed (mei, moi) with imperatives (regardez-moi) and object of a preposition (pour moi).
MF--Moi /mwé/ went to /mwá/ late 18th century when upper class wanted to sound more like the lower classes to avoid persecution or death.

ME	TE	ILLUM	ILLAM	NOS	VOS	ILLOS	ILLAS
me/mei, moi	te/tei, toi	lo, le	la	nos	vos	les/els	les/eles
me/moi	te/toi	le	la	nous	vous	les/eux	les/elles

Indirect Object Pronouns

MF--Strange form leur comes about from the genitive case and is therefore invariable for gender or number.

MIHI	TIBI	ILLI ILLUI ILLAEI	ILLORUM		SE	SIBI
mi	ti	li lui li,lei	lor	se/sei	si
		lui	leur	se/soi

Demonstrative Pronouns

Msg	ECCE+ISTE > *ISTI	>(i)cist	cet, ce
	(dat) ISTI > *ISTUI	> (i)cestui	cet, ce
	ISTUM	> (i)cest
Mpl	ECCE+ISTI	> (i)cist	ces
Mpl	ISTOS	> (i)cez	ces
Fsg	ECCE+ISTA	> (i)ceste	cette
	ISTI	> (i)cesti
	ISTAM	> (i)ceste
Fpl	ECCE+ISTAE > *ISTAS	> (i)cestes	ces
Fpl	ISTAS	> (i)cestes	ces

Old French Paradigm:

	Msg	Mpl	Fsg	Fpl
Nom.	(i)cist	(i)cist	(i)ceste	(i)cestes (i)cez
Obl.	(i)cestui (i)cest	(i)cez	(i)cesti (i)ceste	(i)cestes (i)cez

NOTE: Cestes form is rare, icez is the more frequent form.
The i is usually added for metrical reasons.

Other forms:

ECCE+HIC > (i)ci
ECCE+HOC > ço > ce
ILLAC > la

Msg	ECCE+ILLE > *ILLI	>(i)cil	celui
	(dat) ILLI > *ILLUI	> (i)celui	celui
	ILLUM	> (i)cel
Mpl	ECCE+ILLI	> (i)cil	ceux
Mpl	ILLOS	> (i)cels, (i)ceus	ceux
Fsg	ECCE+ILLA	> (i)cele	celle
	(dat) ILLI	> (i)celi
	ILLAM	> (i)cele
Fpl	ECCE+ILLAE > *ILLAS	> (i)celes	celles
Fpl	ILLAS	> (i)celes	celles

	Msg	Mpl	Fsg	Fpl
Nom.	(i)cil	(i)cil	(i)cele	(i)celes
Obl.	(i)celui (i)cel	(i)cels	(i)celi (i)cele	(i)celes

NOTE: While cil was being increasingly used as a demonstrative,
cist was becoming increasingly pronomial.
Both, however were used as adjectives and pronouns.

Enclitic Forms

The articles le (lo, lu, lou) and les regularly lose their unstressed vowel and fuse with the preposition a, de and en.

a + le:	al > au
de + le:	del > deu, dou, du
en + le:	el > eu, ou, u
a + les:	as*
de + les:	des
en + les:	es

*By the end of the 13th century aus and aux appear by analogy with the singular au.

Other common enclitic forms:

ja le jal

ja me jam

je le jel

je les jes

je me jem

tu le tul

tu me tum

lui en luin

ne le nel, nul, nou, nu

ne les nes

ne me nem

ne se nes

ne te net

qui le quil

qui les quis

qui me quin

que le quel, queu

que se ques

si le sil, sel, seu

si les sis, ses

si me sim

si en sin

se le sel, seu

se les ses

ço est çost (in early texts)

ja le	jal
ja me	jam
je le	jel
je les	jes
je me	jem
tu le	tul
tu me	tum
lui en	luin
ne le	nel, nul, nou, nu
ne les	nes
ne me	nem
ne se	nes
ne te	net
qui le	quil
qui les	quis
qui me	quin
que le	quel, queu
que se	ques
si le	sil, sel, seu
si les	sis, ses
si me	sim
si en	sin
se le	sel, seu
se les	ses
ço est	çost (in early texts)