In Hamers & Blanc 1989, Chapter 5, they discuss various 'cultural' aspects of bilinguality, especially. culture and identity.

"All definitions of culture agree that language is an important part of culture. There is a consensus that culture is a complex entity which comprises a set of symbolic systems, including knowledge, norms, values, beliefs, language, art and customs, as well as habits and skills learned by individuals as members of a given society." (H&B, p. 115)

"Bruner ... defines culture as being among other things a system of techniques for giving shape and power to human capacities; the values, tools and ways of knowing of a culture equip members of a society with amplification systems. A culture is seen as a deviser, a repository and a transmitter of these amplification systems; their significance for the individual's cognitive, affective and social development is that they provide devices for the internal organization and shaping of experience. These 'amplifiers' will be crucial elements in the building up of an individual's social representations, that is representations of external reality shared with other members of the society."

" Language is a component of culture along with other entities like, for example, values, beliefs and norms; language is a product of culture, transmitted from one generation to the next in the socialization process; it also moulds culture, that is to say, our cultural representations are shaped by language. But, unlike other components of culture, language interacts with it in specific ways; for language is a transmitter of culture; furthermore, it is the main tool for the internalization of culture by the individual. Although culture and language do not exist independently from each other, however, they are not homologous." (H&B, p. 116)

Let's break this down somewhat:

  1. " Language is a component of culture along with other entities like, for example,

    • values,
    • beliefs
    • and norms;

  2. language is a product of culture, transmitted from one generation to the next in the socialization process;

  3. [language] also moulds culture, i.e., our cultural representations are shaped by language.

  4. Unlike other components of culture, language interacts with it in specific ways;

    1. language is a transmitter of culture;

    2. furthermore, it is the main tool for the internalization of culture by the individual.

  5. Although culture and language do not exist independently from each other, however, they are not homologous. " (H&B, p. 116)