Some Background about Tamil Syntax

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What one needs to know about Tamil syntax to understand the evolution of aspectual verbs:

1. Tamil is an SOV language, so verb occurs at end of sentence.

2. Auxiliaries, negation, other morphology (modals) of the verb is added to the right of the verb-stem.

3. Sentence conjunction and any kind of complex sentences look like this:

   
               S    			
              /\ 		        	
             /  \  	
            NP  VP
           /     \   		
          /       \		 	
         S        Vb				
        / \        \	      			
       /   \        \    		 
      NP   V(AVP)   V(main)    	      	
   		     	
   			  
   
   

   In other words, all embedding is to the left of the main verb;

   1. If Sentences are conjoined or embedded, the verb of the embedded sentence is truncated, i.e. does not appear fully-formed, but appears instead as the AVP (adverbial participle), which is the past stem of the verb with a euphonic vowel (if necessary).

   2. There can be multiple embeddings, theoretically infinitely, with only the last of the sentence marked for tense, PNG, modality, etc. (negation is usually marked on the final verb, too, but may also appear on the AVP, i.e. there are negative AVP's.

   3. In older Tamil, negation was clearly a verbal element i.e. negation is/was a verb.)

   4. I have recordings of folk tales where the whole story was one long sentence, each verb of the sentence in the form of the AVP, or perhaps embedded before the AVP of the quotative verb, so that only the last verb of the story was finite.

   Here's an example:

   tiDiir-NNu kaakkaa	parandu	vandu	oru muttu maaleye	tuukki	kiTTu	parandu	pooy	iDu-cci
   Suddenly (the) crow	flying	coming	(the) pearl necklace	lifting	(while) holding	flying	going	quit-PNG
   'Suddenly, the crow flew down, and flew away with the pearl necklace'

   (Or, more literally: 'Suddenly, the crow came flying, and lifting the pearl necklace, simultaneously went flying completely away.')

   Actually, though there are seven separate "verbs" here, only some of them are lexical verbs while others express aspectual or deictic meanings, which in English are rendered by down, away, with etc. But the syntax of this sentence consists of seven verbal roots, six of them in the AVP form, and only the last one (which happens to be aspectual) marked for PNG and tense.

   Aspectual verbs are thus like the "vector verbs" H&T cite from Peter Hook's work on Hindi. Typically they follow main verbs (to the right) but they bear the morphology, while the lexical verb is in the form of the AVP. This is different from auxiliary (modal) verbs, that express ability, permission, possibility etc. which follow a lexical verb in the infinitive form. Modal verbs have more restricted morphology in Tamil, i.e. tend not to be marked as fully for tense, PNG, etc. Modal verbs have also been recruited from lexical verbs, but their syntax is different. E.g., the modal muDi 'be able' has a lexical analog muDi (be) finish(ed) but the modal form appears mainly with dative-subjects, and marked for future-neuter, while the lexical verb can have complete tense, PNG, etc. (See here for more on this.

   Look here for more information on syntax of modals. For more information on Tamil verb morphology and syntax, consult this source Proceed to more indepth discussion of Tamil aspectual verbs.

   haroldfs@ccat.sas.upenn.edu, last modified Jan. 27, 2005