Negative Fusion in Kannada
Literary Tamil Locatives | Gloss | Spoken Tamil Locatives |
---|---|---|
viiTT-il | in the house | viiTTul e |
meel | on top | meele |
kiiR | below | kiiRe |
anku | there | ange |
enku | where | enge |
inku | here | inge |
vaDakku | (to the) north | vaDakke |
meerku | (to the) west | meekke |
terku | (to the) south | tekke |
kiRakku | (to the) east | keRakke |
veLi | outside | veLiye |
When the LT and ST forms are compared, the ST forms appear with a final -e(e) which traditional grammarians analyze as the "emphatic particle" and simply state that ST locatives all have to appear with this final emphatic. In fact, however, if emphasis is needed, an additional e(e) has to be added: ange-y-ee "right there" etc. What has happened is that the emphatic e(e) has been incorporated into (fused with) the locative, and has in some sense become the marker of locative, since it is the common feature of all the ST forms above, whether explicitly marked with le or not, as in "semantically locative" forms (most of the above: postpositions, points of the compass, etc.). Note also how the points of the compass are marked with a now redundant dative marker ( -ku ). The emphatic has now been fused with the locative, and bracketing between it and the locative is gone. The points of the compass are, in the case of 'east' and 'west' built upon and incorporate the locational postpositions meel 'up' and kiiR 'down' (since the geography of Tamilnadu is such that west is 'uphill' and east is 'downhill.') (Cf. perhaps Kannada forms? Cf. Gai etc.)
This contrasts with past negative maaDlilla 'didn't/doesn't make/do'. Reduction and deletion of the intervocalic lax consonants results in a short form without the previous overt future marking or verbal noun marking, but the meaning is the same.