Synopsis of Krishnamurti's articles

Chapters from Krishnamurti 1998
Go to print version here.


Problems with this material: originally appeared in journals and other sources, have been put together as a book which makes for some repetition on one hand, and without updating statistics etc. some material is out of date. Issues he raises are useful ones, however.

  1. Chapter 11: Language in School Education in India:
  2. This chapter is concerned with which languages are taught as subjects in Indian schools, and how the various states implement the Three-Language Formula that is the language policy of India.

    Table 11.2 (p. 278-9) gives data on which languages are taught at which levels, inwhich states and territories: (Note absence of data for Sikkim; an error?)

    Table 11.2: Major Languages in School Education (Classes in Roman Numerals)
    State/Union Territory Official Language First Language Second Language Third Language
    Andhra Pradesh Telugu Telugu (I-X) Hindi (V-X) English (V- X)
    Assam Assamese Assamese/Bengali (I-XI) English (IV-XI) Hindi/Bengali (IV-XI)
    Bihar Hindi Hindi (I-X) Sanskrit (IV-XI) E nglish (VI-XI)
    Gujarat Gujarati Gujarati (I-XI) Hindi (V-XI) English (V-XI)
    Haryana Hindi Hindi (I-XI) English (VI-XI) Urdu (VII-XI)
    Himachal Pradesh Hindi Hindi (I-XI) English (VI-XI) Urdu/Sanskrit (VI -XI)
    Jammu & Kashmir asan Urdu Urdu (I-XI), Kashmiri/Dogri (I-III) English (VI-X) English/Classical Lang. (VI-X)
    Karnataka Kannada Kannada (I-X) English (V-X) Hindi (VI-X)
    Kerala Malayalam Malayalam(I-X) English (IV-X) Hindi(V-X)
    Madhya Pradesh Hindi/Marathi Hindi (I-XI) Sanskrit (VII-XI) English (VI-XI)
    Maharashtra Marathi Marathi (I-XI) Hindi (V-XI) English (V-XI)
    Manipur English Manipuri/(Bengali/Hindi) (I-XI) English (III-XI) Hindi (IV-XI)
    Meghalaya English Khasi (I-XI) English (VI-XI) Hindi (IV-VIII)
    Nagaland English 14 languages (A-IV)
    16 languages (IV-VII)
    2 languages (IV-X)
    English (I-X) Hindi (V-VIII)
    Orissa Oriya Oriya (I-XI) Hindi (IV-XI) English (VI-XI)
    Punjab Punjabi Punjabi (I-XI) Hindi (IV-XI) English (VI-XI)
    Rajasthan Hindi Hindi (I-XI) English (VI-XI) Sanskrit (VI-XI)
    Sikkim (no data) (no data) (no data) (no data)
    Tamil Nadu Tamil Tamil (I-XI) English (III-XI) -
    Tripura English Bengali (I-XI) English (III-XI) Hindi/Sanskrit
    Uttar Pradesh Hindi Hindi (I-XI) English (VI-XII) Sanskrit (VI-XII)
    West Bengal Bengali Bengali (I-XI) English (III-XI) Hindi (VI-XI)
    Andaman & Nicobar Islands English/Hindi 9MTs (I-V)
    3MTs (VI-XI)
    English (IV-XI) Hindi (III-X)
    Arunachal Pradesh English 14MTs/English (A-XI) Hindi (III-IX) Assamese/Sanskrit (IV-XI)
    Chandigarh English Hindi/Punjabi (I-XI) Hindi (IV-XI) English (VI-XI)
    Dadra & Nagar Haveli English Gujarati/Hindi/English (I-XI) Hindi (V-XI) English(V-XI)
    Delhi Hindi Hindi (I-XI) Hindi/Sanskrit (IV-XI) English (VI-XI)
    Goa, Daman & Diu English 8 languages (I-IV)
    4 languages (V-X)
    English (III-X) Hindi (V-X)
    Lakshadweep English/Hindi Malayalam (I-XI) English (III-X) Hindi (IV-XI)
    Mizoram English Mizo (A-XI) English (IV-X) -
    Pondicherry English 4 languages(I-XI) English(III-XI) -
      (Mahe, Yanam) (no data?) (no data?) English (III-X) Hindi (V-X)

    Source: Chaturvedi and Mohale (1976).

    BHK recommends the following:


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, last modified 2/20/05.