Garcia Table

Chart from Ofelia Garcia on Types of Bilingual Education

Table 25.1 (adapted from Baker, 1993) lists the different types of bilingual education, grouped into three catagories, with their differing characteristics. These types are discussed below.

Table 25.1 Types of bilingual education

Type of child Lang. in classroom Educational aim Linguistic aim

I Monolingual education for language minority students leads to relative monolingualism

1 Submersion L minor Major Assimilate Monolingualism

2 Submersion withdrawal SL L minor Major Assimilate Monolingualism

3 Structured immersion (sheltered English) L minor Major Assimilate Monolingualism

4 Segregationist L minor Minor Segregate Monolingualism

II Weak bilingual education leads to relative monolingualism and limited bilingualism

1 Transitional L minor Minor to Major Assimilate Monolingualism

2 Mainstream+ withdrawal F/SL L major Major and FL/SL Enrichment Limited bilingualism

3 Mainstream + supplementary F/SL L major Major and FL/SL Enrichment Limited bilingualism

III Strong Bilingual education leads to relative bilingualism and biliteracy

1 Separatist + withdrawal SL L minor Minor and major Autonomy Bilingualism

2 Two way dual L L minor and L major Major and minor Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

3 Mainstream + supplementary heritage L L minor Major and minor Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

4 Maintenance L minor Minor and major Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

5 Immersion L major Minor and major Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

6 Mainstream bilingual L major 2 major Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

7 Two/multi-way mainstream
bilingual/multi-lingual Many L major Many major or major and minor Enrichment, pluralism Bilingualism

Table 25.1 Types of bilingual education
		Type of child	Lang. in classroom	Educational aim	Linguistic aim
I Monolingual education for language minority students leads to relative monolingualism
1	Submersion	L minor	Major	Assimilate	Monolingualism
2	Submersion withdrawal SL	L minor	Major	Assimilate	Monolingualism
3	Structured immersion (sheltered English)	L minor	Major	Assimilate	Monolingualism
4	Segregationist	L minor	Minor	Segregate	Monolingualism
II Weak bilingual education leads to relative monolingualism and limited bilingualism
1	Transitional	L minor	Minor to Major	Assimilate	Monolingualism
2	Mainstream+ withdrawal F/SL	L major	Major and FL/SL	Enrichment	Limited bilingualism
3	Mainstream + supplementary F/SL	L major	Major and FL/SL	Enrichment	Limited bilingualism
III Strong Bilingual education leads to relative bilingualism and biliteracy
1	Separatist + withdrawal SL	L minor	Minor and major	Autonomy	Bilingualism
2	Two way dual L	L minor and L major	Major and minor	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism
3	Mainstream + supplementary heritage L	L minor	Major and minor	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism
4	Maintenance	L minor	Minor and major	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism
5	Immersion	L major	Minor and major	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism
6	Mainstream bilingual	L major	2 major	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism
7	Two/multi-way mainstream bilingual/multi-lingual	Many L major	Many major or major and minor	Enrichment, pluralism	Bilingualism