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Introduction . The occurrence of dialect variation in feature-length cartoons with
particular dialects being used as stereotypes to characterize certain roles or status
in the film has been noted by various researchers. I am interested in how this phenomenon has
permeated into many genres of film and television, in particular how French versions of
American cartoons are `voiced'. This means in particular how French stereotypes of French
language and its social and regional dialects are used to `translate' American
stereotypical voices. [ your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your
text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; ; your text here; your text here;
your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text
here;
In my discussion of these phenomena I shall try to demonstrate that the use of various
dialects originated (as far as the American context is concerned) with Vaudeville comedy, in
particular the Borscht-Belt comedians of the pre-radio era, was continued in early radio and
then became crystalized in early `talkie' cartoons, pioneered by the Disney Studios. As this
phenomenon spread around the world, and these movies were dubbed in different languages,
indigenous traditions of stereotyping were relied upon to `translate' the foreign voice into
an indigenous one, while preserving some semblance of linguistic stereotyping, albeit
a local one. This tends to result in the use of regional and social stereotypes already extant
in France, such as rural or rustic patois for certain purposes, or working-class
dialects from urban areas such as Paris for others; the French criminal subculture with its
own argot has long been known, and argot shows up in these cartoons for
certain purposes beyond the criminal stereotype.
Review of the Literature This phenomenon has been noted
and researched by, in particular, Jones 1947, Vassberg 1993, Picard 1993,
Denis and Veltman 1989, and Vermes and Boutet 1987. I
have found chapter 5 in Lippi-Green (1997) to be particularly
useful, but I also find that this study overlooks and/or de-emphasizes certain elements that I
wish to focus on. For notions of French stereotyping and social dialectology, I rely on the
work of Vermes 1987. your text here; your text here; your text
here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; ; your
text here; your text here; your text here; your text here;
[For more about the Review of
Literature, and what it should entail, click here.]
My Study My study of this issue focuses on gender roles in feature-length cartoons
dubbed in French and distributed in French-speaking countries between 1947 and 1987. your text
here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; ; your text here; your
text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here;
(This is the longest part of the paper and goes on for pages).your text here; Pages and pages
of connected text.. . ; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; ;
your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text
here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your
text here; your text here; during which you make claims, test
them, show evidence for them, and provide warrants
for the evidence... (See Booth, Colomb and Williams for more about this.) If you do a
survey about people's reactions to sounds, dialects, or whatever, this would be the place to
tell us what you are going to do, or have done.
Conclusion
In conclusion, [e.g. based on my survey results ]I find that the assumptions made by my
principle sources are borne out in my own study in a general sort of way, but that the gender
issues raised by Lippi-Green and others needed to be researched further, in particular, as it
affects French notions of language and dialect. My own survey, administered to 10 French
speakers of various ages, as described above, seems to suggest
that French versions of the Disney cartoons rely on stereotypes associated with
indigenous regional forms of language, known there as patois or idiomes
such as Breton, Basque, Corsican, and Alsatian dialects/languages. Class-based
differences also exist, butyour text here; your text here; ; your text here; your text here;
your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text
here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here; your text here;
It is clear that this is a fertile field for study, and that much more
could be done in this area than I have been able to accomplish in this
short project. Nevertheless, my conclusions are, I believe, warranted.
References Cited
- 1
- Booth, Wayne C., Gregory C.
Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. 1995. The Craft of Research
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- 2
- Denis, M. N. and Veltman,
Calvin. 1989. Le déclin du
dialecte alsacien. Strasbourg: Association des publications près
les Universités de Strasbourg.
- 3
- Gardner-Chloros, Penelope.
1985. ``Language
selection and switching among Strasbourg shoppers."
International Journal of the Sociology of Language,
54:117-135.
- 4
- Hartweg, Frédéric.
1987. ``Le dialecte Alsacien: domaines
d'utilisation." In Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und
Linguistik. Volume 32. P.H. Nelde (ed.), Sprachkontakt und
Sprachkonflikt. Pp. 75-82. Wiesbaden: Fr. STeiner Verlag.
Routledge.
- 5
- Lévy, Paul. 1929.
Histoire linguistique d'Alsace
et de Lorraine. Paris: Société d'Édition Les
Belles Lettres.
- 6
- Lippi-Green, Rosina.
1997. English with an Accent . New York and London:
- 7
- Picard, Olivier. 1993.
``Maternelles bilingues: la charte est
signée." Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, No. 6, January 8, 1993.
- 8
- Jones, Mary. 1947.
Les luttes linguistiques
en Alsace jusqu'en 1945. Strasbourg: Culture Alsacienne.
- 9
- Philipps, Eugène. 1978.
L'Alsace face à son
destin: la crise d'identité. Strasbourg: Société
d'Edition de la Basse-Alsace.
- 10
- Philipps, Eugène. 1982.
Le défi Alsacien.
Strasbourg: Société d'Edition de la Basse-Alsace.
- 11
- Vassberg, Liliane M. 1993.
Alsatian Acts of Identity:
Language Use and Language Attitudes in Alsace.
Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
- 12
- Vermes, Genevieve et Josiane
Boutet (eds.) 1987. France,
pays multilingue. Vols. I and II. Paris: L'Harmattan.
- 13
- Movie Database:
http://us.imdb.com/search. (but note the
following source for websites, etc.!)
Summary of Survey Results:
- Subject A: a white female aged 22, native speaker of French, from the region of Marseilles.
- Subject B: a white male aged 40, native speaker of French, from Paris.
- Subject C: an Afro-Carribean French citizen, female, aged 31, from Martinique.
- Subject D: A French woman of Jewish descent, aged 25, from Lyon.
- Subject E: An Alsatian man, native speaker of both French and Alsatian, from Strasbourg, aged 27.
- Subject F: A male aged 24, of Algerian descent, born in France.
- Subject G: A woman aged 34, born in France, of Corsican descent.
- ETc.
- ETc.
For suggestions about how to cite things from webpages, look here
OTHER THINGS TO NOTE
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