[abaris - ancus (don)] Abaris Rutulian slain while asleep by Euryalus. Abas Graecus A Greek of some distinction slain by Aeneas, who later dedicates his armor at Actium. Servius suggested that Abas could have been one of the Greeks killed by Aeneas in the Coroebus -led counterattack (2.386-401). Abas Troianus A ship captain whose boat is overcome by the storm in Book 1. Abas Etruscus A commander of a gleaming fleet from Pomplonium who lands in the first wave at the Trojan camp and is the first person slain by Lausus. Abella A town in Campania known for its fruit, which the Latin means, and Vergil enhances the point with the adjective maliferae (apple-bearing). Abydus A Milesian colony situated on the Asiatic side of the Hellespont, the home of Leander, beloved of Hero, in mythology and with the the kingdom of Pergamum in the early second century B.C. Acamas A companion of Diomedes and one of the Greeks chosen to hide in the Trojan Horse. Acarnan A district, also known as Acarnania. in north-west Greece that was noted for its lack of civilization in the Greek world and was only absorbed by Rome in 30 B.C. Acca The closest companion of Camilla, to whom she utters her dying words and who subsequently reports the news of this disaster to Turnus. The name Acca is also part of Acca Larentia, who was the wife of Faustulus, who found and raised Romulus and Remus; she was also mother of the twelve Arvales, originators of an early priesthood. In Rome there was a feast in her honor called either the Larentalia or Accalia. Acerrae A town in the interior of Campania, on the banks of the river Clanius. The town was noted for the repeated floodings caused by the river's overflowing. Acesta The name proposed by Aeneas for the town to be settled by the Trojans not continuing with him to Italy; the name, if the king permits, is to honor King Acestes, the Trojan ruler of Sicily and Aeneas' host. TheGreeks in Sicily called it Egesta and the Romans used Segesta. This is generally viewed as an example of Vergil's desire to establish an aetiological connection between current Roman names and a Trojan or mythological past. Acestes Born of a Trojan mother exiled to Sicily and made pregnant by the god of the river Crimissus, he provided Aeneas with the wine shared with his men on the Carthaginian shore, was considered a possible ruler by Ilioneus if Aeneas were actually dead, and serves as Aeneas' host in Book V. During the funeral games he encourages Entellus to participate in the boxing match; he wins the prize in the archery contest when his arrow, shot after the target has been killed, bursts into flame and is taken as a portent by Aeneas. At the end of the book he allows those Trojans not continuing with Aeneas to settle in the new town of Acesta. Achaemenides A follower of Ulysses abandoned inadvertently by Ulysses and the others as they fled the Cyclops cave; he stayed on the island of the Cyclops until rescued by Aeneas, after he hears the unlucky man's story. He then joins the Trojan fleet and guides them on their way. Achaicus A Latin adjective referring to the Greeks as the Achaeans, the name used most often by Homer. Achates The faithful companion of Aeneas, in Book 1 he captains a ship, accompanies Aeneas on his explorations and hunts, enters Carthage with him in the cloud, speaks once to suggest to Aeneas that they should emerge from the cloud at once. Sent to fetch Ascanius, he returns with the disguised Cupid. In Book 3 he is the first of the Crew to spot Italy and in Book 6 he goes with Aeneas as far as the temple of Apollo where the Sibyl resides, returning with him to bury Misenus on the shore. He is with Aeneas in Pallanteum in Book 8 and serves as his armor-bearer in Book 10, until wounded in the leg by a spear of Numitor's meant for Aeneas. In Book 12 he helps carry the wounded Aeneas to camp and is later involved in the fierce fight when Aeneas returns to the battle. Acheloius An adjective referring to the longest river in Greece, the Achelous, which rises in Pindus (north-central Greece) and flows south to the Ionian Sea, separating Acarnania and Aetolia. The god of the river was associated with several mythsIt is now called the Aspropotamo. Acheron Although just one of the rivers in the Underworld and even then often considered a swamp (6.107), it was also used to represent the entire Underworld, most famously by Juno (7.312). Achilles The Greek hero and a major figure of the Iliad. In the Aeneid he appears prominently in the pictures in Juno's temple (1. 450-493); in Book 2 he is mentiond as the father of Pyrrhus/Neoptolemus in Book 2; in Book 6 Turnus is called another Achilles (6.89). Generally his name is invoked to underscore the cruel nature of the Greeks and warfare, or as a challenge/rebuke to the Trojans who suffered his wrath. Achivi A term for the Greeks, used without a pejorarive context to represent the entire Greek force assembled at Troy. It comes from Achaea, the north-eastern area of the Peloponessus on the Gulf of Corinth. Acidalia mater A phrase used by Vergil to describe Venus; Servius connected it to a spring in Boetia, in which the Graces, occasional companions of Venus, were accustomed to bathe. Acmon A follower of Aeneas, from Lyrnesus in the Troad; it happens to be the birthplace of Briseis, the girl whose seizure from Achilles by Agamemnon precipitates the events of the Iliad. Acmon appears on the walls of the Trojan camp under siege by Turnus and his forces. Acoetes The former armor-bearer of Evander assigned as companion to Pallas, but in the Aeneid only accompanies his dead body back to Pallanteum. Aconteus Killed in a cavalry battleby the Etruscan Tyrrhenus when knocked off his horse in a horrific head-on collision. Acragas The Greek name for Agrigentum (modern, Agrigento), originally a Doric colony midway on the southern coast of Sicily. In Vergil's day the town had obtained Roman citizenship and was a wealthy agricultural center. Acrisius A king of Argos, who in fear of a prophecy that he would die at the hands of his grandchild exiled his daughter Danae after she was impregnated by Jupiter in a shower of gold and gave birth to Perseus. Eventually, after being set free by Persus from the ill treatment of Polydectes, king of Seriphus, Danae is said, by Servius and Hyginus, to have emigrated to Italy, where she founded Ardea, the capital city for Turnus, king of the Rutulians. The reference to Acrisius is part of Amata's claim that Turnus can claim foreign descent as well as Aeneas. Acrisoneus The adjective referring to Acrisius. Acron A Greek from the town of Corythus (modern, Cortona), an ancient settlement founded by the eponym Corythus and Electra; she was the mother of Aeneas' ancestor Dardanus and of Iasius by Jupiter. Acron, who has left in full costume his marriage ceremony to fight on Aeneas' side, after being compared to a goat or deer slaughtered by a savage lion, is killed by the fierce Mezentius. Actaeus An adjective indicating Attica, the district in which Athens is located. Actias An adjectival noun indicating a woman from Attica, the district in which Athens is located Actius An adjective indicating Actium, a promontory at the southern tip of Epirus separating the Ambracian Gulf and the Adriatic. Just off the coast Octavian obtained his decisive victory over the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra in September of 31 B.C. A temple to Apollo was lavishly restored, a new city Nicopolis was established nearby, and games were started on the Olymic model, all by the victor to celebrate his triumph. Vergil refers to the place as Aeneas stops on his way to Italy to dedicate arms in Book 3; later in Book 8 the battle is the centerpiece of the shield made by Vulcan for Aeneas. Actor Troianus With Idaeus, one of the men who remove, at the behest of Ilioneus and Iulus, the distraught and hysterical mother of Euryalus from the front of the Trojan ranks. Adamastus The poor father of Achaemenides who sent his son off with Ulysses from Ithaca to the war at Troy. Adonis The child of Cinyras, king of Cyprus , through incest with his daughter Myrrha (or Smyrna). Loved by Venus, he was killed by a boar. The story is told in Ovid's Metamorphoses (X.298-559, 708-739) and involved in the story told by Catullus' friend Cinna in his Zmyrna, alluded to in Cat. 95. Adrastus The ruler of Argos who attempted to restore Polynices to the throne of Thebes (the subject of Aechylus' tragedy Seven Against Thebes), which ended in failure. Ten years later he led the Epigoni, the sons of the original seven, in a successful campaign. His son Aegialeus was killed in the battle and Adrastus died of sorrow while returning home. Aeacides Achilles The patronymic indicates a descendant of Aeacus, who was the son of Jupiter and Aegina, daughter of the river-god Asopus. Known for his piety, he ended a drought with prayers and repopulated his island when Jupiter turned a swarm of ants into men, who were etymoligally termed the Myrmidones. The father of Peleus and Telamon, he became a judge in the Underworld. Here the reference is to Achilles, the son of Peleus Aeacides Perseus King Perseus of Macedonia claimed descent from Achilles, the grandson of Aeacus. Perseus was defeated by Aemilius Paulus at the battle of Pydna in 168 B.C. Aeacides Pyrrhus Pyrrhus, Achilles' son, is the great-grandson of Aeacus. Aeaea An adjective indicating Aea, a promontory in Colchis where Circe originally lived; she named her new abode, an island in theTyrrheian Sea, after her homeland Aegaeon Anaother name for Briareus. Aegaeum The Aegean Sea, extending eastward from the Greek coast to Asia Minor; the etymology is linked to Aegeus, Theseus father who committed suicide by leaping into the sea, to aiges, the Greek word for goats, and to Aegea, a town on its coast Aegaeus Neptunus The adjective denoting the Aegean Sea is used to ddescribe Neptune as Aeneas sails through that area. Aegle A nymph, whose name means "the shining one" from the Greek aigle. The name is often used for nymphs. Aegon A sheperd of some status and wealth, who places his flock in the care of Damoetas; he is from Crete, as is suggested by the adjective Lyctius, indicating an important Doric settlement near Mt. Aegaeon, where the cave in which Rhea gave birth to Jupiter is located. The mountain's name may have suggested the name for Aegon. Aegyptia coniunx Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who was married in Egyptian ceremony to Mark Antony, who had divorced Octavian's sister Octavia, deepening the animosity between Octavian and Antony. Aegyptus The feminine noun indicating the country of Egypt, at the south-eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea in Africa. Aeneadae The patronymic is used generally to indicate followers of Aeneas; he uses the term in Book 3 to name the inhabitants of his first settlement in Thrace Aeneas The grandson of Assaracus and therefore in a collateral branch of Troy's founding and ruling family, he was the son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. He married Creusa, one of King Priam's daughters, whobore him Ascanius (Iulus). His experiences, from the fall of Troy to the death of Turnus, constitute the material of Vergil's epic, the Aeneid. Aeneas Silvius One of the Alban kings. Silvius is the name of the dynasty, after Aeneas son by Lavinia; this king, named for Aeneas and known for his pietas and his battle skill, finally assumed the throne after his guardian had usurped it for a long period of time, according to Servius. Aeolus A minor god entrusted by Jupiter with the confinement of the winds in his island-cave Aeolia. He is persuaded by Juno, with the promise of a wife, to let loose the winds that scatter Aeneas' fleet in Book 1. In the Odyssey (Book 10), he is a mortal who lives on the floating island of Aeolia, with his wife, and his six sons and six daughters; he provides Odysseus with a sack of winds to aid his journey. Aeolia The island where the cave is located in which Aeolus rules over the winds. Aeolides Misenus The patronymic indicates that Misenus was the son of Aeolus. It is not clear whether this indicates a mortal or the minor god. Servius prefers the minor god as father because of the appropriateness of a trumpeter being the son of the god of wind. Aeolides Ulixes The patronymic here refers to the rumor that Ulysses was the bastard son of Sisyphus, a son of Aeolus; the story is mentioned by Servius, is found in Sophocles' Ajax (l.190) and his Philoctetes (l.417), and appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses (13.31f). Aeolius An adjective indicating that it pertains to Aeolus, god of the winds. In Book 8 it is attached to the Lipari islands, which in Book 10 of the Odyssey are associated with Aeolus. Aeolus Troianus A survivor of the Trojan War, from the town of Lyrnesus in the Troad, but now buried in Laurentian land. Aeolides A patronymic used to describe Clytius, killed by Turnus within the Trojan Camp in Book 9. Which Aeolus is meant cannot be ascertained. Aepytus Aequi Falisci A town in southern Etruria, just north of the Tiber River. It means Falisci in the plain, and is the poetic name for Falerii; the idea rests on a proposal of Heinsius that Aequos in the text should be spelled with a capital. Aequicula gens The Aequi peolple, led by Ufens, who is named after a river in the area and is killed by Gyas in the battle after Aeneas returns from his wound. The Aequi were a fierce tribe of ancient Italy, inhabiting the foothills of theApennine Mountains east of Rome. The dictator Cincinnatus defeated them in 458 B.C. and returned to his plough. The tribe returned to some power around 300 B.C., but were defeated and their land settled by the Romans, who in turn romanized the Aequi. Aether A personification of the sky, used by Vergil in the Georgics to represent the process of fertilization as the sexual union of Sky and Earth. Aethiopes The dark-skinned or sun-burnt people (from the Greek aithiops) who live in the area south of Egypt. Vergil used the word in the Aeneid to indicate a place outside the settled and civilized world. Aethon The war-horse of Pallas; the name is Greek for "Blazing," suggesting perhaps both the speed and the nature of the steed. As Patroclus' horses weep for him in the Iliad (Book 17. 424f.), so Aethon does also for his dead master. Aetolus Refers to Aetolia, a province in central Greece, south of Thessaly, between Locri and Acarnania, and also the homeland of Diomedes, Aeneas' great foe in the Iliad. After the Trojan War, Vergil describes Diomedes as having moved from his native land to Arpi in southern Italy. The references are all to Diomedes or to the Greek origins of his new home. Afer, Afri An African, usually when Africa is represented as one of the distant areas of the Roman world. Africa terra The continent Africa, where Dido has established her new city, Carthage. Africus The south-west wind, generally associated with storms. Agamemnonius The adjective means "belonging to Agamemnon," the leader of the Greek forces against Troy Aganippe A fountain on Mount Helicon in Boeotia. It was a sacred abode of the Muses and offered inspiration to poets. Agathyrsi A tribe from Scythia, an area north of the Black Sea; the Scythian tribes were nomadic and roamed a vast region from central eastern Europe into Asia. Agenor An ancestor of Dido; he was the twin brother of Belus, the founder of the dynasty that led to Belus, father of Dido. The brothers ruled over Phoenicia. ` Agis A follower of Aeneas from the province of Lycia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor due east of Rhodes; he is slain in the fighting during the rampage of Mezentius by one Valerus, which suggests a compliment to the gens Valeria, one of the great Roman families. Agrippa The main political ally and military adviser of Octavian/Augustus. Born around 63 B.C., he sided with Octavian from the assasination of Julius Caesar through the Battle of Actium until his death in 12 B.C.; in 36 B.C. he defeated Sextus Pompeius, to end for good the civil wars started by Caesar's death, and in 31 B.C. his tactics as commander of the left wing were the primary reason for Marc Antony's defeat. Augustus delivered his eulogy and buried him in the Mausoleum of Augustus. One of his marriages produced Vipsania Agrippina, the wife of the emperor Tiberius; married to Augustus daughter Julia, he produced three sons adopted by Augustus and two daughters, one of whom (Agrippina) was the mother of Caligula and the grandmother of Nero. Known for his military skills and his political acumen, he served Augustus in many ways and eventually reached a level of almost sharing power on an equal basis. He shared his wealth lavishly with the Roman people, building public works, like the Pantheon, and opening his vast art collection to the public, earning him enduring favor and support. Agyllina urbs The port city of Caere in Etruria, about 30 miles north of Rome. Caere was one of the oldest and wealthiest Etruscan cities, maintained good relations with Rome, and was granted special privileges as early as 390 B.C. Agyllini The citizens of Agylla. Aiax Ajax the Lesser in the Iliad, the commander of the Locrian Forces, quick-footed and often linked with the great Ajax, who serves as a model warrior for the entire Iliad. This Ajax, in the Iliad and Odyssey, is a character hated by Athena and drowned by Poseidon for blasphemy after a shipwreck on his return home. The epic cycle describes him dragging Cassandra from the temple of Minerva; Callimachus adds that he also raped her. Vergil selects and alters these details to have his fleet destroyed and him blasted by a thunderbolt and then impaled on a crag for some unspecified crime of madness. In the scene where Cassandra is dragged from the temple (2.403ff.), Ajax appears but only as one of the crowd of Greek fighters. Alba Longa The town, about 12 miles southeast of Rome, founded by Ascanius when he left Lavinium. The modern city, Castel Gandolfo, is the site of the papal summer residence The last of the Alban kings, Numitor, was the grandfather of Romulus and Remus. The descriptions of the site by Livy and Dionysius stress that the city occupied a long narrow ridge between Mount Alba and a lake, thus earning the epithet of Longa. It is generally agreed that Vergil connects the white sow predicted at Book 3.390 and encountered at Book 8.45 with the name Alba. Albanus An adjective indicating something belonging to Alba Longa. Albula The Tiber River, on whose banks Rome was located. Servius asserts that this was the ancient name of the river, based on its color, which may be based on the amount of sulphur in the water. Albunea The grove is now linked with the modern Zolforato near Lavinium. Servius associated it with the Tiburtine Albunea in Horace's Odes I.7. The link with sulphur mentioned by Vergil accounts for the name in the whiteless of the water and the Italian name. Alburnus Mountain in Lucania in southern Italy on the western coast, mentioned in the Georgics and Vergil's story of the gadfly. Alcander One of four Trojans slain by Turnus in a single line after he has entered the Trojan camp in Book 9. Alcanor The Trojan father of Pandarus and Bitias Alcanor The brother of Maeon, who comes to the aid of his dying brother and also dies by the spear of Aeneas as they try to stop the Trojans returning from Pallanteum. Alcathous A Trojan slain by Caedicus during the rampage of Mezentius. Alcides An adjective indicating a descendant of Alceus, king of Thebes, father of Amphitryon, and grandfather of Hercules; Vergil uses it to indicate Hercules exclusively Alcimedon A craftsman who created the cup proposed by Menalcas; Damoetas has a similar cup by the same man. Alcinous In the Odyssey (Book 7) his gardens are miraculously in bloom and producing fruit throughout the year and thus became proverbial for their wonders. Alcippe The "wife" or live-in mistress who looked after the home of either Corydon or Thyrsis; her name appears in Theocritus also Alcon A shepherd whose name appears only once in the Eclogues. Aletes An older Trojan whose ship is nearly wrecked in the storm of Book 1; when Nisus and Euryalus bring their plan to the Trojan leaders, he is the first to praise their courage and later gives Nisus a helmet, which is unfortunately abandoned for the helmet whose gleam betrays the youth's presence to the Rutulians. Alexis The beloved of Corydon, who laments his loss in Eclogue 2. Allecto The name means "the unceasing one" from the Greek allectos. Roused from her abode in the Underworld by Juno, she casts her snakes into Amata, Latinus' wife, and drives her to flee into the mountains with Lavinia to forestall a marriage with Aeneas; the Fury then visits the sleeping Turnus, who rejects her advice and is then confronted by her full frenzy; lastly, she helps Ascanius, as he hunts in the Latin woods, to wound a deer, the pet of the head-huntsman's daughter, and thus providing the immediate cause for the war with the Latins. She is sent back to the Underworld by Juno before she can wreak any more havoc. Allia On this river, that flowed eleven miles north of Rome into the Tiber through the territory of the Sabines, the Gauls under Brennus defeated Rome on July 18th in 390 B.C.; the day was considered accursed (dies nefastus) still in the lifetime of Vergil. Almo The brother of Silvia, whose deer was wounded by Ascanius, is the first person slain in the fighting that breaks out; he is perhaps named after the Almo, a small stream just south of Rome, in which the priests of Cybele would wash the statue and sacred objects of the temple every year. Aloidae The patronymic indicates the children of the giant Aloeus, Otus and Ephialtes; these two giants piled up two mountains, Ossa on Pelion, and then placed Mt. Olympus on top to make their attack on Jupiter; repelled by Jupiter, they were cast into the depths of Tartarus for their crime. Alpes The mountains in northern Italy, southeastern France, southern Switzerland, and western Austria. Alpinus An adjective that means belonging to the Alps. Alphesiboeus The name of a shepherd mentioned in two eclogues (5 and 8). The name means Z"producing a good yield of oxen" and is not found in earlier pasroral poetry, although the feminine form of the name does appear as a mythologigal name in Theocritus, Idyll 3.45. Alpheus A river in sounthern Greece in the province of Elis. The river goes underground in several places, from which arose the story of its passage from Greece to Sicily; the legend was that the eponymous god of the river chased the nymph Arethusa, who was saved by Diana turning her into a fountain; Alpheus pursued her under the sea and mingled his waters with hers in Ortygia, now part of the Sicilian city of Siricusa. Alpheus An adjective meaning belonging to the river, used by Vergil to indicate colonists from the territory of Elis, who settled the area around modern Pisa in Tuscany. Alsus A shepherd killed by Podalirius; neither has been heard of before or since. Amaryllis The name of a female which means "sparkling one." The name is used in Theocritus, and Vergil uses it in several of the Eclogues. Amasenus A small river south east of Rome in the territory of the Volsci; it is the river over which the infant camilla is hurled after being attached to the spear of her father Metabus. Amastrus One of the Trojans slain by Camilla as she displays her valor in Book 11 Amata The wife of Latinus, mother of Lavinia, and, according to Servius, the aunt of Turnus; her name means "the beloved one." She strongly supports the marriage of her daughter to Turnus; after being infected by Allecto's snakes, she takes Lavinia with her to the mountains. Eventually, convinced that Turnus is dead, she hangs herself in her husband's palace. Amathus A major city and cult center for Venus on the southern coast of Cyprus. Amazon A warrior maiden, mentioned often in the Iliad and the epic cycle. The word is of unknown origin, in the ancient world some derived the word from the Greek a-mazos, meaning without a breast. The warriors are described as coming from Thrace, from the area around the river Thermodon. Hippolyte, who fell in love with Theseus when he led an expedition against her peolple, and Penthesileia, who fell in love with Achilles just as she was about to die, are two of the legendary queens of the Amazons. Camilla and, to a lesser extent, Dido are modelled on these heroic figures. Amazonidae The Amazons, female warriors on the side of the Trojans in the Trojan War; their queen was Penthesileia. Amazonius An adjective indicating something belonging to the Amazons. Amerinus An adjective indicating that belonging to America, a wealthy and powerful town in southern Umbria, about forty miles north of Rome (modern Amelia). Aminneus An area of the province of Picenum, on the eastern coast of central Italy; the region was famed for its vineyards Amiternus An ancient city of the Sabines, about 40 miles east of Rome. It was also the birthplace of the historian Sallust (86-35 B.C.) Amor Cf. Cupido Amphion With his brother Zethus, he walled the city of Thebes, using the power of music through his lyre to charm the stones into their places. He married Niobe, who bore him many children, who perished as a consequence of her pride. The story was told by Sophocles and Euripedes in lost tragedies and is Now in Niobe's story in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Book 6. Amphitryoniades The patronymic indicates a descendant of Amphitryion, and is used by Vergil to mean Hercules. Amphrysus A smll river in Thessaly, on the banks of which Apollo tended the flocks of King Admetus, according to a legend that began in Alexandrian times. Amphrysius An adjective indicating the river Amphrysus, and usually used to indicate something associated with Apollo. Amsanctus A valley with a sulphurous lake about 35 miles east of Naples, in the terriory of the Hirpini. Once considered to be an entrance to the Underworld (umbilicus), the lake still retains its Sulphuric emanations, unlike Lake Avernus. Amyclae A town on the Campanian coast, about 8 miles west of Caieta, said to have been founded by colonists from the Laconian city of the same name, which was the home of Tyndarus and the birthplace of Castor and Pollux. The legend that silence was enjoined upon the people after a series of false alarms and that this silence led to an easy victory for the nearby Spartans who approached unnoticed. Servius refers to this legend and also to another, that the city was abandoned because of swarms of serpents. Amyclaeus An adjective indoicating something from Amyclae near Sparta. Amycus The king who was the founder of the race of Dares; he ruled the territory of Bebrycia, on the eastern shore of the Hellespont. The king challenged all visitors to a boxing match to the death, until finally vanquished by Polydeuces; The sory is told in the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius and in Theocritus 22. Amycus Husband of Theano; their child Mimas shared the dubious distinction of having been born during the same night as Paris. The characters of mother and father are otherwise unknown. Amycus A Trojan, whose disappearance in the storm is lamented on the shores of Carthage by Aeneas in Book 1; in Book 12, he and his brother Diores are killed by Turnus just before Aeneas and Turnus begin their final battle. Amycus A Trojan hunter killed by Turnus within the Trojan camp in Book 9. Amyntas A shepherd, whose name comes from Theocritus, who is used by Vergil in the Eclogues in various roles. Amythaonius An adjective indicating something belonging to Amythaon, the father of Melampus. Anagnia An ancient city of latium, about forty miles south of Rome along the Via Latina. Achemolus A Marsian, who fled to Turnus' father Daunus for protection after violating his father Rhoetus' new bride. Now an ally of Turnus, he is slain by Pallas. Anchises The Trojan father of Aeneas and a collateral member of the royal family from his grandfather Assaracus. Not mentioned in the Iliad, his relationship with Aphrodite/Venus is detailed in the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite; he is punished for revealing that she was the mother of Aeneas, the child that she bore. Vergil says that he was lamed by a thunderbolt, while Servius says that he was blinded. Carried out of Troy by Aeneas, he accompanies his son until his death in Sicily; Servius says that Anchises actually reached Italy. Aeneas clebrates funeral games in Sicily a year after his father's death in Book 5; in Book 6 Aeneas visits his father in the Elysian Fields in the Underworld, where Anchises explains the cyclical nature of souls and reviews the great men of Rome waiting to arrive in the world above. Anchiseus An adjective indicating something belonging to Anchises Anchisiades The patronymic indicates the son of Anchises, Aeneas. Vergil appears to use the term when Aeneas is confronted with a particularly ominous or important moment. Ancus The fourth king of Rome. Not much is known of his reign, but he was credited with the conquest of several towns, the institution of fetial procedure for declaring war, the annexing of the Janiculum Hill in the western bank of the Tiber, and the building of both the Marcian Aqueduct (unlikely) and the Sublician Bridge. His story is told in Livy. [androgeos - camers (damien)] Androgeos A Greek soldier killed during the sack of Troy. Androgeos The son of Minos, king of Crete, and Pasiphae; he was killed by the bull of Marathon having been sent by Aegeus to fight it. Andromache The wife of Hector and mother of Astyanax. She survived the sack of Troy and was taken to Epirus by Neoptolemus; after his death she married Helenus. She appears in the Iliad and Euripides wrote a play about her. Angitia A goddess among the Marsians, a people of central Italy living near lake Fucinus (modern Lago Fucino**). She was associated with drugs and spells and Servius identifies her with Medea. Anio A river in Latium, a tributary of the Tiber. Anius King of Delos and priest of Apollo. Anna The sister of Dido. According to some ancient sources she and not Dido loved Aeneas. She was identified (but not by Vergil) with Anna Perenna. Her story is told at Ovid Fasti 3. Antaeus A Rutulian pursued and presumably killed by Aeneas. Antigenes A shepherd. The name appears in Theocritus' seventh Idyll. Antiphates An illegitimate son of Sarpedon killed by Turnus. Another Antiphates appears in the Iliad, two more in the Odyssey. Antonius M. Roman soldier and statesman (83?-30 B.C.). A supporter of Julius Caesar he became Triumvir in 43 and defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi in 42. He subsequently took on responsibility for the eastern half of the empire and met Cleopatra in Egypt. During the 30s they became involved in a power struggle with Octavian and in 31 the latter defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium. They both fled to Alexandria and committed suicide. Antores A Greek. He was a comrade of Hercules who left Argos and settled in Italy with Evander. He is killed by Mezentius. Anubis An Egyptian divinity indentified with Hermes and represented with the head of a dog. He watched over the souls of the dead. Anxur A Rutulian killed by Aeneas. Anxurus A cult-title of Jupiter. Servius records that the name came from the Greek 'aneu xurou' = without razor, because the young god had not shaved. Aon The Aones were an ancient race settled in Boeotia near Thebes. The adjective Aon is found nowhere else. Aonius A name frequently used in Latin poetry to mean 'Boeotian'. Cf. Aon. Aornos The Greek name for Avernus, meaning literally 'birdless'. Aphidnus A Trojan killed by Turnus Apollo A Greek god, son of Zeus and Leto, brother of Artemis. He had many functions, including prophecy, music, poetry, archery, healing and colonisation, and was particularly associated with Delphi and Delos. His origins are unclear. Augustus adopted him as a kind of tutelary deity and dedicated a magnificent temple to him on the Palatine in 28 B.C. Appenninus The Apennines are the mountain range which runs practically the whole length of central Italy. It is unclear whether the name was originally applied to an individual peak. Aquarius One of the signs of the zodiac. The constellation is often associated with bad weather. It is often said to represent Ganymede, the cup-bearer of Zeus. Aquiculus A Rutulian soldier put to flight and perhaps killed by Pandarus and Bitias. Aquilo The north wind. Ara Maxima The Greek Ara Maxima cult of Hercules in the Forum Boarium at Rome probably dates from the fifth century B.C. Some sources say it was founded by one Potitius, others by Evander, others by Hercules himself. It was celebrated, probably on August 12, to commemorate the victory of Hercules over Cacus. Arabs Arabia. Vergil probably uses the term to to refer to not only the peninsula itself but also to its northern hinterland as far north as the Euphrates. Aracynthus A mountain range in Aetolia in western Greece. Arae The Altars, a rock formation off the coast of modern Tunisia. According to Servius Varro located them between Sardinia and Sicily. They are not to be identified with the Arae Philaenorum traditionally the eastern boundary of the Carthaginian Empire and later the boundary between the Roman provinces of Africa and Cyrenaica. They are perhaps the Skerki rocks about 60 miles S.W. of Lilybaeum. Arar A river in Gaul, the modern Saone. Araxes A river in Armenia flowing into the Caspian Sea, the modern** Arcadia A mountainous region in the central Peloponnese, birthplace of Evander. Arcas An adjective meaning Arcadian. Arcens A Sicilian whose son is killed by Mezentius. Arcetius A Rutulian killed by Mnestheus. Archippus King of the Marsians, a people of central Italy, probably of Sabine origin. Arcturus The brightest star in the constellation Bootes. Its rising and setting are associated with bad weather. Ardea A city in Latium, modern Ardea**. Most sources agree in making it a foundation of great antiquity. For Vergil it is the capital city of the Rutulians. Arethusa A nymph, one of the Nereids. Her name is associated with a number of springs, but the most famous story about her tells of how she was pursued by the river god Alpheus while bathing in his streams; as she fled she was transformed into a river by Artemis. She then flowed under the sea and reappeared on the Sicilian island of Ortygia. Argi, Argivi The Argives, another name for the Greeks. It is used frequently by Homer. The city of Argos (modern**) lies in the eastern Peloponnese. Hera was particularly associated with the place. Argo The name of the ship which carried Jason in search of the Golden Fleece. Argus A hundred-eyed monster who guarded Io after her metamorphosis into a cow. Argus A guest of Evander. When he tried to plot against the king he was killed by Evander's friends. Argiletum The name of the grove in which Argus (see above) was buried by Evander. The word means literally 'death of Argus'. Argyripa A town in Apulia, modern**. The name is associated with Argos since it is related that Diomedes fought for Daunus against the Messapians and as a reward received some of their land. Turnus sends an embassy there asking Diomedes to become an ally in the war against the Trojans but Diomedes refuses. Aricia A powerful and important town in Latium, homeplace of Virbius, the modern**. It was on the Appian Way about 16 miles from Rome. Arion A legendary musician and poet, comparable to Orpheus. The story of how his music so captivated some dolphins that one of them saved him from drowning is told by Herodotus (1.23-4) and Ovid (Fasti 2.79-118). Arisba A town in the Troad mentioned by Homer (Iliad 2.836). Aristaeus Son of Apollo and the nypmh Cyrene, a god or hero associated with hunting and herding whose cult is found in Thessaly, Cyrene, Ceos, Boeotia and Arcadia. As well as discovering bugonia (the art of regenerating bee-hives from the carcasses of dead oxen) he was responsible for the origin of the cooling Etesian Winds which blow in the Aegean for 40 days in mid-summer. Ariusius From Ariusia, a town in northern Chios famous for its wines. Armenius The term Armenia is used to refer to a vast territory in eastern Asia Minor covering parts of modern Turkey, Iraq and Georgia**. Arpi See Argyripa. Asbytes A Trojan killed by Turnus Ascanius Son of Aeneas and Creusa. Also called Iulus and hence claimed as ancestor by Julius Caesar. After the death of Aeneas he is said to have founded Alba Longa. Ascanius A river in Bithynia. It is associated with the rape of Hylas. Ascraeus Ascra in Boeotia was the home of the poet Hesiod. He famously described it as 'bad in winter, hard in summer, never good'. Asia A Roman province whose boundaries changed considerably over the years. The term was also used generally to refer to all the territory beyond the Hellespont and the eastern shore. Asius Asian Asius A Trojan, the son of Imbrasus. In the Iliad there are two Trojans named Asius (Il. 2. 873-9, 16.717-19). Asilas A Rutulian; he kills Corynaeus. Asilas An Etruscan; he is a prophet. Assaracus Son of Tros, father of Capys and grandfather of Anchises. He is often named in Latin poetry as an ancestor of Aeneas. Assyrius Assyria corresponds more or less to the modern Kurdistan but the word was usually associated with oriental luxury in general rather than with a clearly defined geographical region. Astura A town in Latium, modern**. Livy (8.13.5) has a river of the same name, Pliny (N.H. 3.57.81) an island. Astyanax Son of Hector and Andromache. He was killed either by Neoptolemus or Odysseus during the sack of Troy. His name means literally 'lord of the city'. Astyr An Etruscan; his name comes from Astura (q.v.). Athesis A northern Italian river, modern Adige. Servius wrongly says that it flows into the Po. Athos A mountain in northern Greece, modern**. The name was also applied to the peninsula running out into the sea on which the mountain stands. Atina Vergil seems to assume that this town was in Latium, but it was actually in Volscian territory. The modern name is**. Atinas A Rutulian. Atlas One of the Titans, son of Iapetus and Cymene. In Homer he guards the pillars of heaven and earth, but he is more normally considered to hold up the sky. He became identified with a range of mountains in north-west Africa, the Atlas mountains. Atridae A Greek patronymic referring to the sons of Atreus, Agamemnon and Menealus who led the Greek expedition to Troy in order to recapture Helen. Atys A young Trojan, eponymous ancestor of the Roman family the Atii. Aventinus A son of Hercules. He is known from no other source. Aventinus The Aventine, modern**, one of the seven hills of Rome. Avernus A lake in Campania bwteen Cumae (modern**) and the Gulf of Baiae (modern**). It is in the crater of an extinct volcano and was considered to hide an entrance into the Underworld since the whole region was heavily wooded and reeked of sulphurous emissions from the lake. It was associated with Odysseus' descent into Hades when the ancients began plotting his wanderings on the map of the Mediterranean. Aufidus A river in Apulia, modern Ofanto**, one of the biggest in southern Italy. It flows into the Adriatic north of Bari. Augustus Caesar C. Octavius (63 B.C. - A.D. 14), Roman general and statesman, founder of the Roman Empire. He was introduced to public life by Julius Caesar and found himself declared Caesar's chief heir. He subsequently set about avenging the assassinated dictator and soon became involved in a power struggle with M. Antony. He proved to be ambitious and ruthless and he finally won a decisive victory in 31 B.C. at Actium, thus bringing to an end a long series of terrible civil wars that had plagued Italy for decades. He next set about establishing himself in power, a process which he represented as the restoration of the Republic. In 27 B.C. he took the title Augustus. In his person were concentrated supreme political and military power and overwhelming moral authority, and he soon became the focus of an imperial cult which presented him as a divine figure. With the help of Maecenas he was the patron of Vergil, Horace and other poets, although few today believe that they commissioned the writing of the Georgics and Aeneid. Through the empire he founded Augustus profoundly changed the course of world history. Aulestes An Etruscan; captain of a ship in the Etruscan fleet led by Tarchon; killed by Messapus. Aulis The poet in Boeotia from which the Greek fleet set sail for Troy. Aurus A Ligurian, one of whose sons is killed by Camilla. Aurora The goddess of the dawn, the mother of Memnon. Aurunci A northern Campanian tribe. The word is in origin probably identical with Ausonii. Ausonia The word is used to refer to Italy; the Ausonii are the Italians. Originally it referred to a particular tribe but one which can no longer be identified. Auson was said to be the son of Odysseus and Calypso. Auster The south wind. Automedon A Greek, charioteer of Achilles. His name occurs frequently in the Iliad. Bacchus The Greek god of wine and inebriation. Bactra A town in Turkestan, modern Balkh**, an important point on the trade routes between Asia and Rome. Baiae A coastal town in Campania on the Bay of Naples, modern**. Balearis The Balearic Islands, Majorca etc. Barcaei The inhabitants of the city of Barce, modern** Barche The nurse of Sychaeus, Dido's husband. Batulum A town in Campania. Its site is unknown. Bavius A poet; nothing is known about him except that he and Vergil did not share similar ideas about poetry. Cf. Mevius who incurred the enmity of Horace (Epodes 10.2). Bebrycia Bebrycia was on the eastern shore of the Hellespont in the region the Romans called Bithynia. Belides Belus was usually considered to be the father of Danaus but Vergil has him as the father of Palamedes. Bella A variant reading for Abella (q.v.) at Aeneid 7.740. Bellona A personification of war as a female divinity who was considered to be the sister of Mars. Bellum A personification of war as a neuter divinity. Belus King of Phoenicia and father of Dido. He took control of Cyprus and welcomed Teucer there. His name is a hellenisation of the oriental name Baal or Bel. Benacus A lake in Cisalpine Gaul in northern Italy, the modern Lago di Garda. Berecyntius Berecyntus was a city in Phrygia. Its location is unknown. The Berecyntes worshipped the Magna Mater. Beroe A nymph. Beroe A Trojan woman, wife of Doryclus. Bianor Servius records that Bianor, also called Ocnus, was son of the river god Tiberis and the prophetess Manto, the legendary founder of Mantua. Bisaltae A people of Thrace Bitias A Tyrian. Bitias A Trojan, brother of Pandarus, killed by a Turnus. Bola A town in Latium, perhaps modern Lugnano**. Bootes A constellation in the northern sky. Arcturus is its brightest star. Boreas The north wind. Briareus A hundred-headed giant, son of Gaia and Ouranos. Britanni The inhabitants of Britannia, i.e. Great Britain. Brontes One of the Cyclopes. Brutus L. Junius Brutus, traditionally the founder of the Roman Republic. He is said to have expelled Tarquinius Superbus and executed two of his sons for plotting the restoration of the Tarquins. Busiris An Egyptian king who was said to slaughter all foreigners visiting Egypt on the altar of Zeus. Butes A Bebrycian killed by the Trojan Dares at Hector's funeral games. Butes A Trojan, arm-bearer of Anchises. Butes A Trojan killed by Camilla. Buthrotum A town in Epirus in northwest Greece, modern Butrinto. Byrsa The Greek word 'bursa' means a bull's hide. The Greeks identified the word with the Phoenician name for the citadel of Carthage, Bosra. Cacus A monstrous figure who terrorised the community of Evander at Pallanteum and stole the cattle of Hercules when he was passing through Italy on his way back from the west with the cattle of Geryon, for which theft Hercules killed him. His story is also told memorable at Livy 1.7. Servius notes that Cacus = 'kakos', the Greek word for 'bad'. Caeculus Son of Vulcan, founder of Praeneste and eponymous ancestor of the gens Caecilia. Cato told the story of how as a baby he was found near a temple fire by maidens going to fetch water. He was called Caeculus ( = little blind boy) because his eyes were closed on account of the smoke. Caedicus A friend of Remulus of Tibur to whom he gave some weapons as presents. These were in turn passed on to Remulus' grandson, who is killed by Euryalus. Caedicus An Etruscan who kills the Trojan Alcathous. Caelius Caeli is a variant reading for caeli at Ecl. 3.105. Caeneus A Thessalian. He was originally a woman called Caenis, daughter of the king of the Lapiths. When Poseidon seduced her she requested to be turned into a man. He subsequently fought bravely against the Centaurs before being defeated and hammered into the ground. Ovid tells his story at Metamorphoses 12.**. Vergil alone has him becoming a woman again in Hades. Caeneus A Trojan who kills the Rutulian Ortygius. Caere An important town in Etruria, modern Cerveteri. Caesar Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.), Roman general, statesman and writer. He grew to a position of supreme power in Rome as a result of a brilliant political and military career before being assassinated by some Roman aristocrats who feared his apparently boundless ambition. His accounts of his campaigns in Gaul in seven books and of his civil war against Pompey in three books survive. Caicus A river in Mysia, modern Ak-su or Bakir**. Caicus A Trojan. Caieta A town in Latium situated opposite Formiae on a promontory which forms the northern extremity of the Golfi di Gaeta. It was said to have derived its name from the burial there of Aeneas' nurse Caieta. Calaber Calabria is a region in southern Italy. Calchas A prophet who accompanied the Greeks to Troy. He is famous especially for his role in the sacrifice of Iphigeneia at Aulis and in the quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon in the first book of the Iliad. Cales An important city in Campania. Calliope One of the Muses. She was particularly associated with epic poetry when their functions became fixed. Calybe An Italian priestess of Juno. Calydon A famous city in Aetolia, founded by Aetolus who named it after his son. Its name appears frequently in Homer. Camenae Italian goddesses originally associated with a spring and meadow in Rome who came to be identified with the Muses. Camerina A town in Sicily, modern**. Camers A Rutulian, the son of Volcens. [camilla - deiopea (pam)] Camilla Warrior maiden, leader of the Volscians, first mentioned in the catalogue of Turnus's army at the end of book vii. Vergil, our only source for Camilla, tells us that her father, Metabus, in flight from his native land of Privernum, saved her life as a baby and dedicated it to the goddess Diana by strapping her to a javelin and throwing her across the river Amasenus. She is killed by the Etruscan Arruns in book xi. Her name may be etymologically related to Camilla, girl-attendant of a priest. Camillus, M. Furius Roman tribune with consular powers, he saved Rome after it had been taken by the Gauls in 390 BC. Livy (5.51 ff) likens his public program to the Roman traditionalism of Ausgutus, and here he appears as one of the illustrious descendants shown to Aeneas by Anchises in the underworld. Campanus Referring to Campania, the fertile province of middle Italy. Its chief city was Capua. Cancer The Crab, the sign of the zodiac in which the sun is found at the time of the summer solstice. Poetically it may refer to any southern clime, or it may be used to indicate great and scorching heat. Canis A constellation of twenty four stars, the brightest of which is Sirius, the dog star. Its presence in the daytime sky in late summer was thought to add to the heat of the sun. Canopus A town of Egypt situated at the mouth of the Canopic branch of the Nile. At Canopus, ancient geographers located the true boundary between the continents of Africa and Asia. Capeni Referring to Capena, an ancient city of Etruria, now S. Martino, about 8 miles from the foot of Mt. Soracte. Caphereus A rocky promontory on the southern coast of Euboea where the homeward-bound Greeks were shipwrecked when Nauplius, king of Euboea and father of Palamedes, slain before the walls of Troy (ii.82 ff), hung out false lights to throw them off course. Capitolia The Capitol, or temple of Jupiter, built on the summit of the Mons Saturnius or Tarpeius by the Tarquinii. In a more extended sense, the whole hill (called the Mons or Clivius Capitolinus) including the temple and the citadel, separated from the Palatine Hill by the Forum Romanum, now Campidoglio. Capreae An island in the Tyrrhene Sea near Campania, now Capri. Capua The capital of Capania, celebrated in antiquity as one of the richest and most important cities of Italy. Vergil tells us that it took its name from Capys, Trojan follower of Aeneas Capys-Troianus Trojan follower of Aeneas who survived the battle with the Rutulians and later gave his name to the city of Capua. Capys-rex Albae Longae Eighth of the 15 kings of Alba Longa descended from Silvius, last son of Aeneas and Lavinia, the wife he took in Latium. Cares The Carians of Asia Minor are listed among the wide-flung conquered peoples pictured on the shield of Aeneas at Augustus's triple triumph celebrated in 29 BC for victories in Dalmatia, at Actium, and at Alexandria. Carinae The Keels, a famous quarter in the fourth region of Rome, between the Caelian and Esquiline Hills, now the site of San Pietro in Vincoli. When Aeneas visits Evander in Pallanteum, he sees cows grazing in the spot that is to become one of the most affluent sections of the city in Augustus's day. Carmentis In mythology, a prophetess, mother of Evander, who accompanied him from Arcadia to Latium. She is also called a nymph, possibly a water goddess; she was worshipped by Roman matrons as a goddess of birth, thus there are often two Carmentes, Prosa and Postversa, looking forward and backward. Carmentalis porta A gate at Rome near the temple of Carmentis in the eighth district. Carpathium A sea between Crete and Rhodes taking its name from the island of Carpathus located there. Carpathius Referring to the Carpathian Sea (see above). Casmilla Wife of Metabus and mother of Camilla, the warrior queen of the Volscians. Casperia A town of the Sabines known only from the mention of its name by Vergil and by his imitator, Silius Italicus (viii. 416). Caspius Referring to the Caspian Sea, largest of the inland seas of Asia, the shores of which were Scythia, Hyrcania, Atropatene, and Sarmatia Asiatica. It derived its name, according to Strabo, from the Caspii (an ancient people inhabiting a region of Albania); also called Mare Hyrcanium. Cassandra Daughter of Priam and Hecuba, sister of Paris, Hector, et. al. In Homer her prophetic gifts are not mentioned; he characterizes her as the most beautiful of Priam's daughters, the first to see Hector's body brought home. She is first referred to as a prophetess in Pindar; in the Agamemnon (1203 ff), Aeschylus tells the story of Apollo's gift of prophecy to Cassandra to win her love; when she cheats him, he turns the blessing into a curse-she will always tell truth but never be believed. Another tradition is that she and her brother Helenus, while sleeping as children, had their ears licked by serpents and thus received the gift of prophecy. She commonly appears in tragedy and epic as warning, vainly, about the evil results of successive events, e.g. the birth of Paris, the entry of the Wooden Horse under the walls of Troy. Castalia A fountain or spring at the site of ancient Delphi, home of the oracle of Apollo. Both Mt. Parnassus and the fons Castalia are thus associated with poetry and the inspiration of the poet. Castor A follower of Aeneas mentioned as one of the foremost guards of the fort which the the Trojans defend against the onslaught of the Rutulians in book x. Castrum Inui An ancient city of Latium, the foundation of which Vergil ascribes to the Alban kings. It is not mentioned by any historical or geographical writer, but Roman poets refer to it repeatedly as simply Castrum, which means military camp. Ovid places it on the coast between Antium and Lauinium. The town had probably ceased to exist at a very early period which would explain Servius's error in identifying it with Castrum Novum on the coast of Etruria. Catilina, L. Sergius Roman of patrician family who conspired in the consular elections of 63 BC to seize power by a coup d'etat. The conspiracy was thwarted by Cicero; Catiline was declared an outlaw, fled Rome, and was killed by government troops in 62 BC. Cicero was hailed as a savior of Rome but also widely condemned for the executions of Catiline's co-conspirators. Catillus Twin brother of Coras with whom he joined Turnus's army to fight the Trojans. They are identfied as brothers of Tiburtus, founder of Tibur. Cato, M. Porcius (1) The Elder, (234-149 BC) also known as Censorius, Roman statesman, was an embodiment of the old Roman virtue of gravitas. He was distinguished as a stern judge of morals, conservative in politics, unrelenting in his hostility to Carthage. His major works were the Origines and De Agri Cultura. (2) The Younger, (95-46 BC) great grandson of Cato (1), also a staunch republican and enemy of Caesar; he committed suicide after the battle of Pharsalia, at Utica, hence his appellation Uticensis. Caucasus The great mountain range which extends across the isthmus between the Euxine and Caspian Seas and now forms the boundary between Europe and Asia, but belonged entirely to Asia in the ancient division of continents. The early Greeks had little actual knowledge of this part of the world, using it primarily to connote remoteness and magnitude; e.g. Prometheus was chained here. The honor of having scaled its heights was credited to Alexander out of flattery but it was Pompey who actually reached the Caucasus in his pursuit of Mithridates in 65 BC. Causasius Referring to the Caucasus mountain chain (see above). Caulon A city in southern Italy, on the east coast of Bruttium between Locri and the Gulf of Scyllacium. Caurus The Northwestern wind; indicating wintery climes. Caystros A river of Lydia between the basin of the Hermus on the north and that of the Maeander on the south. Cea The Latin name of the Greek Ceos, one of the most important islands of the Cyclades, facing the promontory of Sunion. The birthplace of the poet Simonides, also celebrated for its splendid female clothing. Cecropidae The descendants of Cecrops, ancient king of Attica who founded the citadel of Athens; thus Athenians. Cecropius Of Cecrops; thus Attic or Athenian. Celaeno One of the Harpies; she calls herself the oldest of the Furies (iii. 245ff) when she predicts that the Trojans will eat their tables out of terrible hunger upon their arrival in Italy. Her name literally means Dark One. Celemna A city in Campania, mentioned only by Vergil. Celeus A king of Eleusis; he or his son was taught agriculture by Ceres whom he entertained as his guest. Centauri A race of wild creatures having the upper part of a human being and the lower part of a horse. Centaurs inhabit the woods or mountains of Elis, Thessaly, and Arcadia. Myths involving Centaurs occur in Homer, late Mycenaean, and early orientalizing art, making them very old. In Greek stories, Centaurs are usually representatives of lustful, drunken, often barbaric behavior, e.g. when invited to a wedding by king of the Lapiths, several Centaurs attempted to rape the women, starting a famous battle with the Lapiths, variously depicted in art and literature. The Centaurs were said to be born of Ixion and a cloud, in the shape of Juno of whom he was enamoured; but in Pindar they are the children of Centaurus, son of Ixion and Nephele, who mated with mares near Mt. Pelion. Centaurus (1) The name of the ship Sergestus "rides" (invehitur) in the funeral games in book v. The name, derived from the half-man, half-horse creatures of early myth, suggests the size, speed, and bucking of the ship as Sergestus maneuvers to outrun his comrades in the contest. (2) One of the Etruscan ships in the allied fleet with which Vergil returns from his journey up the Tibur. The name is taken from the figure-head described here (x. 195ff) as huge and monstrous, like a Centaur. The name probably belonged to real Roman ships, just as the feminine form is known to have been used for Athenian ships. Ceraunia A lofty range of mountains in the northern part of Epirus toward which the Trojans sail, as offering the shortest, though not the safest, route to Italy. The name derives, as Servius tells us, from the frequent thunder storms by which they are visited on account of their height. They are sometimes also called Acroceraunia, though this is properly the name of the promontory jutting into the Ionian Sea. The Ceraunian mountains extend several miles along the coast from the Acroceraunian promontory southwards, making navigation very dangerous. Cerberus The triple-headed dog which guards the gates of the underworld, often simply referred to as "the dog of Hades." Classical art and literature depicts Cerberus with three heads and mane or tail of snakes. Ceres An ancient Italian corn-goddess, commonly identified with Demeter, the daughter of Saturn and mother of Proserpina. The ocurrence of her festival, the Cerialia (Apr 19), on the calendars and the existence of a flamen Cerialis testifies to the antiquity of her worship in Rome, but her association with any of the Greek deities is obscure. Her most famous cult, that on the Aventine, became a center of plebian activities, was supervised by the aediles Cereris, and was connected with the ludi Ceriales, a major part of the Cerialia. Since she is the goddess of agriculture, especially of the harvest, the name is often used by metonomy for bread or for grain itself. Servius says the name is derived from creare, and she is often given the epithet alma. Cerealis Of or referring to the goddess Ceres (thus the English cereal). Cethegus A Rutulian soldier in Turnus's army; he is killed by Aeneas in book xii. Chalcidicus Referring to Chalcis, a city of Euboea of which Cumae was a colony. Chalcis was also the birthplace of the poet Euphorion. Chalybes A tribe on the south coast of the Black Sea, famous for their work in iron, sometimes considered the inventors of this craft. Chaon An unknown Trojan whom Helenus calls the eponymous hero of the land of his new Trojan city. Chaonia Region of Epirus. Landing here the Trojans encounter Helenus, and Andromache tells them the story of his founding of a new Trojan citadel. Chaonius Referring to Chaonia, region of Epirus. Chaos Hesiod calls Chaos the first deity to come into being. He is the personification of the primal state in which earth, sea, and sky were mingled in confusion. Vergil identifies Chaos as the father of Erebus and Nox in the underworld. Charon The boatman who carries across the river Styx all shades who have received proper rites of burial (often including the placement of a coin in the mouth as fee for the ferryman) or those unburied who have waited out the necessary hundred years on the near shore of the underworld. Charybdis The monstrous whirlpool on the Sicilian side of the Straits of Messina. It sucks and spews out water three times a day, creating, with Scylla on the opposite side, a treacherous passage for ships. Chelae The Claws, the sign of the zodiac known as Scorpio. Chimaera (1) A monster of divine race, one of the guardians of the underworld, with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tailof a serpent. Hesiod tells us this fire-breathing monster, offspring of Typhon and Echidna, was slain by Bellerophon. (2) Boat driven by Gyas in the funeral-games race in book v. Chionius A variant of Echionius, referring to Echion, the mythical founder of Thebes. Chiron The wise old Centaur with knowledge of medicine and healing herbs. Well-versed in other aarts, as well, he educates the heroes, Achilles, Asclepius, and Jason, and helps Peleus woo Thetis. His cult is in Thessaly. Chloreus Trojan follower of Aeneas, he is described as a former priest of Cybele. Decked in golden Phrygian armor, he attracts the attention of Camilla in the battle with the Rutulians. She is killed while pursuing him for his booty, and later (book xii.363) he is killed by Turnus. Chromis (1) One of the Trojans slain by Camilla in book xi. (2) A shepherd in Eclogue vi who playfully binds the sleeping Silenus and asks for a song as his ransom. Cicones The tribe of Thracian women who tear Orpheus limb from limb, in their Bacchic frenzy, as he wanders in his grief for Eurydice (Georgics iv. 520ff). Ciminus A lake and mountain in southern Etruria between Volsinii and Falerii. The former, still called Monte Cimino, is a conspicuous object from Rome and the surrounding countryside. The lake is situated in the heart of the mountain in the crater of an extinct volcano. A legend recorded by Servius attributed its formation to Hercules, while another represented it as covering the site of a town named Succinium which was swallowed by an earthquake. It is today called Lago di Vico, from a village of that name on its banks. Cinna Gaius Helvius Cinna, a leader, along with Catullus and Calvus, of the so-called Neoteric movement in Latin poetry. Cinna was tribune of the plebs in 44 BC when, at the funeral of Julius Caesar, he was killed by an angry mob who mistook him for Lucius Cornelius Cinna, and enemy of Caesar. Cinyphius Libycus G. 3.312. Cinyra A Ligurian ally of Aeneas, son of Cycnus, brother of Cupavo. Circe An enchantress, daughter of the Sun, who lives on an island (which later became a promontory, the modern Monte Circeo) midway between the Bay of Naples and the mouth of the Tiber. She is a prominent character in Homer's Odyssey, where she changes Odysseus' men into swine before the hero (with the assistance of Hermes) outwits her. She then helps Odysseus plan his journey to the land of the dead and warns him about the dangers that he will face on his journey back to ithaca. Circaeus Of or pertaining to Circe. Circenses Of or pertaining to the Circus Maximus, an enormous stadium in Rome where races and other contests were held. Cisseis Patronymic: "daughter of Cisseus," king of Thrace; namely Hecuba, the wife of Priam. This genealogy is first found in Euripides (Hecuba 3). Homer makes Hecuba the daughter of Dymas, king of Phrygia (Iliad 16.718). Cisseus 1 A Thracian king and, according to one tradition, the father of Hecuba. Cisseus 2 A Latin warrior, the son of Melampus, slain in battle by Aeneas. Cithaeron A mountain in Boeotia where the rites of Bacchus were celebrated. Clanius A river of Campania prone to flooding. In antiquity it would periodically inundate the region around Acerrae (modern Lagno). Clarius A cult title of Apollo referring to his sanctuary and oracle at the Ionian town of Claros near Colophon. Clarus A Lycian warrior, brother of Sarpedon and Thaemon, and a member of Aeneas' troops. Claudia The gens Claudia was one of the most illustrious in Roman history. The Claudii traced their origins to Attus Clausus, a Sabine chief who, after the expulsion of the kings, migrated to Rome along with his entire family and their clients. Livia, the wife of Augustus, was a member of the gens Claudia, which may explain why Vergil gives such prominence to one of their ancestors in the Aeneid. Clausus A Sabine chief who fights with his troops on the side of Turnus. Vergil makes him the eponymous ancestor of the gens Claudia, though he is probably inventing on the basis of the story of Attus Clausus, a Sabine chief who, after the expulsion of the kings, migrated to Rome along with his entire family and their clients. Livia, the wife of Augustus, was a member of the gens Claudia, which may explain why Vergil gives such prominence to one of their ancestors in the Aeneid. Clio A nymph, listed by Vergil among the daughters of Ocean. Clitumnus A spring in Umbria near Spoleto. Cloanthus A Trojan captain whom Vergil names as the eponymous ancestor of the Roman gens Cluentia. Cloelia A Roman girl sent with a group of hostages to the Etruscan king Lars Porsenna. When she and her companions escaped captivity and swam the Tiber back to Rome, the Romans returned them to Porsenna, who expressed deep admiration for their bravery Livy 2.13). Clonius 1 (9.574) A Trojan warrior slain in battle by Turnus. A Clonius is later slain by Messapus. In the Iliad (2.495), Clonius is the name of a Boeotian warrior. Clonius 2 (10.749) A Trojan warrior slain in battle by Messapus. A Clonius is earlier slain by Messapus. In the Iliad (2.495), Clonius is the name of a Boeotian warrior. Clonus The artisan who fashioned the scene of the Danaids on the baldric of Pallas. The name is otherwise unknown, but the Greek word klonos (which appears in Homer) means "tumult." Cluentius The nomen borne by all members of the Roman gens Cluentia. Vergil connects the name of this gens with that of the Trojan captain Cloanthus. Clusium An extremely ancient city of Etruria, one of the twelve membere of the Etruscan league, originally called Camars (modern Chiusi). In the Aeneid the people of Clusium fight on the side of Aeneas in the war against Turnus. In the early period of Roman history it is the city of Lars Porsenna. Clusinus From or native to Clusium. Clymene A nymph listed by Vergil among the daughters of Ocean, following Hesiod Theogony 351 and 508). In Homer (Iliad 18.47) Clymene is the name of a Nereid, and the name is common elsewhere in Greek myth. Vergil's Clymene is a singer, and her song is the story of Mars and Venus (=Ares and Aphrodite) sung by Demodocus in Homer (Odyssey 8). Clytius 1 A Trojan warrior, the son of Aeolus, slain in battle by Turnus. The name Clytius is given to one of Priam's counsellors by Homer (Iliad 3.147). Clytius 2 Father of Euneus. The name Clytius is given to one of Priam's counsellors by Homer (Iliad 3.147). Clytius 3 An Italian from Lyrnesus, father of Acmon and Menestheus. The name Clytius is given to one of Priam's counsellors by Homer (Iliad 3.147). Clytius 4 A Rutulian warrior, beloved of Cydon. The name Clytius is given to one of Priam's counsellors by Homer (Iliad 3.147). Cnosius From or native to Cnossos, the main city of Crete, where King Minos had his court. Cocles Publius Horatius Cocles, a legendary hero of early Roman history. He single-handedly defended the Pons Sublicius against Etruscan invaders under Lars Porsenna until it could be destroyed. Then, leaving the enemy on the far bank of the Tiber, he plunged into the river in full armor and swam to safety. Cocytus A river of the mythological underworld, the river of lamentation (from the Greek verb ko_kyo_, "to wail"). Cocytius Of or having to do with the river Cocytus, a river of the mythological underworld. Cocytia virgo refers to the Fury Allecto, whose home was in the underworld. Codrus The name of a shepherd in the Eclogues, not found in previous bucolic poetry. Coeus One of the Titans, the father of Leto (see Hesiod, Theogony 134 and 404). Collatinus From or native to Collatiae, a Sabine town not far from Rome. Conon An astronomer of the third century BC. He was credited with the discovery of the constellation Coma Berenices, the subject of a portion of Callimachus' Aetia translated into Latin by Catullus (poem 66). Cora A town in Latium inhabited by the Volscii. Coras Brother of Tiburtus and the twin brother of Catillus, founder of the Sabine city of Tibur (modern Tivoli). He founght on the side of Turnus against Aeneas. Corinthus A city of central Greece situated on the isthmus between Boeotia and the Peloponnesus. It was looted and destroyed by Lucius Mummius in 146 BC. Coroebus A young Phrygian ally of Priam betrothed to Cassandra. He is not mentioned by Homer, but does appear in the Little Iliad (see Pausanias 10.27.1). There is a tradition that regards Coroebus as proverbially foolish (Suda s.v. Koroibos). Corona The constellation Corona (the Northern Crown) was said to be the crown fashioned by Hephaestus and presented to Ariadne by Dionysus. Its setting in the latitude of central Italy is during the last week of November. Corybantius Of or pertaining to the Corybantes, priests of Cybele who worshipped her with wild music and ecstatic dancing. Corycius From or native to Corycus, the name of both a mountain and a city in Cilicia, a province in the southern part of Asia Minor between Pamphylia and Syria. Cilicia was notorious as the home of pirates, and Servius believes that the Corycius senex was in fact one of a group of pirates settled by Pompeius in Calabria after his naval operations in 67 BC. Corydon The name of a shepherd in the Eclogues and in Theocritus' Idylls 4 and 5. In Greek korydo/s is the name of the crested lark. Corynaeus 1 A Trojan priest who takes part in the funeral rites of Misenus and is later slain in battle by the Latin warrior Asilas. Coryaenus 2 A Trojan warrior. Corythus 1 Father of Dardanus and founder of the Etruscan city of Corythus. Corythus 2 An ancient Etruscan city said to be the birthplace of Dardanus. Cosae An ancient Etruscan city. Cossus Aulus Cornelius Cossus, one of only three men in Roman history (along with Romulus and M. Claudius Marcellus) to win the spolia opima, the spoils that a general wins when he slays an enemy general in battle. Cremona A city of Cisalpine Gaul that suffered during the Creta insula 3.104, 122, 129, 162; 5.588. Cresius 4.70; 8.294. Cressa 5.285; G. 3.345. Cretaeus 3.117; 12.412. Cretes 4.146. Cretheus Musis amicus 9.774, 775; Graium fortissimus 12.538. Creusa Aeneae coniunx 2.562, 597, 651, 666, 738, 769, 772, 778, 784; 9.297. Crinisus flumen in Sicilia 5.38. Crustumeri in Sabinis 7.631 Crustumius G. 2.88. Cumae in Campania 6.2. Cumaeus 3.441; 6.98; E. 4.4. Cunarus Ligus 10.186. Cupauo Ligus 10.186. Cupencus Rutulus 12.539. Cupido 1.658, 695; 10.93. Cf. Amor. Curae 6.274 Cures in Sabinis 6.811 ; 8.638; 10.345 Curetes 3.131; G. 4.151. Cybebe dea Phrygia 10.220. Cybelus mons Phrygius 3.111; 11.768. Cyclades insulae 3.127; 8.692. Cyclops 3.569, 617, 644, 647, 675; 6.630; 8.418, 424, 440; 11.263; G. 1.471; 4.170. Cyclopius 1.201. Cf. Polyphemus Cycnus rex Ligurum 10.189. Cydippe nympha G. 4.339. Cydon Cretensis 12.858. Cydonius E. 10.59. Cydon Rutulus 10.325. Cyllarus nomen equi G. 3.90. Cyllene mons in Peloponneso 8.139. Cyllenius Mercurius 4.252, 258, 276; sidus G. 1.337. Cymodoce nympha 5.825. Cymodocea 10.225. Cymothoe nympha 1.144. Cynthus mons Delius 1.498; 4.147. Cynthius Apollo E. 6.3; G. 3.36. Cyprus insula 1.622. Cyrene nympha G. 4.321, 354, 376, 530. Cyrneus Corsicus E. 9.30 Cythera insula 1.680; 10.51, 86. Cytherea Venus 1.257, 657; 4.128; 5.800; 8.523, 615. Cytorus mons in Paphlagonia G. 2.437 Dacus G. 2.497 Daedalus 6.14, 29. Dahae 8.728. Damoetas pastor E. 2.37, 39; 3.1, 58; 5.72. Damon pastor E. 3.17, 23; 8.1, 5, 16, 62. Danae 7.410 Danai 2.5, 108, 327, 368, . 413, 495, 505, 757, 802; (voc.) 2. 117; Danaos 2.49, 71, 258, 440; 6.519; Danaum 1.30, 96, 598, 754; 2.14, 36, 44, 65, 162, 170, 276, 309, 370, 389, 398, 433, 462, 466, 572; 3.87; 6.489; 8.129; 12.349; Danais (dat.) 2.396, 617, 669; 5.360; (abl.) 3.288; 4.425; 9.154 Danaus (adi.) 3.602. Daphnis E. 2.26; 3.12; 5.20, 25, 27, 29, 30, 41, 43, 51, 52, 57, 61, 66; 7.1, 7; 8.68, 72, 76, 79, 81, 83, 84, 85, 90, 93, 94, 100, 102, 104, 109; 9.46, 50. Dardanus auctor Troiae 3.167, 503; 4.365; 6.650; 7.207, 240; 8.134; Troianorum dux 4.662; 11.287; (adi.) 2.618; 5.119; 6.57; 7.219. Dardania Troia 2.281, 325; 3.52, 156; 6.65; 8.120. Dardanidae 1.560; 2.59, 72, 242, 445; 3.94; 5.45, 386, 576, 622; 6.85, 482; 7.195; 9.293, 660; 10.4, 263, 545; 11.353; 12.549, 585, 775. Dardanis 2.787. Dardanius 1.494, 602, 617; 2.582; 3.596; 4.163, 224, 626, 640, 647, 658; 5.30, 711; 6.169, 756; 7.289, 422, 756; 8.14; 9.88, 100, 647, 695; 10.92, 133, 326, 603, 638, 814; 11.400, 472; 12.14, 613; E. 2.61. Dares Troianus 5.369, 375, 406, 417, 456, 460, 463, 476, 483; 12.363. Daucius 10.391. Daunus Turni pater 10.616, 688; 12.22, 90, 934. Daunius 8.146; 12.723, 785. Decii 6.824; G. 2.169. Deiopea nympha (A) 1.72; nympha (B) G. 4.343. [deiphobe - haemus (paddy)] Deiphobe sacerdos 6.36 Proper name of the Cumean Sybil, daughter of Glaucus, mythological figure who reavels to Aeneas the destiny of the Trojans in Bk. 6. Deiphobos Priami Filius Mythological figure , son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, first mentioned in Homer (Il. 13.156ff., 402ff.). Describesd as on of the more powerful of the Trojans; Athena, impersonating him, caused Hektor's death. He married Helen, after the death of Paris, and was later betrayed by her. According to Vergil he is butchered and mutilated by Menelaus. Delia Surname of Artemis, taken from the smallest in the chain of islands which makes up the Cyclades in the Agean Sea. Delos Smallest (2 sq. miles) of the Cyclades, and the cult site of Apollo. Mentioned in Bk. 4 during the hunting scene comparing Aeneas to Apollo. Delius Surname of Apollo. See Delia. Demodocus Part of an Arcadian band (see Ladon and Pheres) that is killed by Halaesus in a pitched battle. Demoleos A Greek Warrior who was killed by Aeneas during the Trojan War (but he is not mentioned in the Iliad or the Odyssey by Homer). His three ply chain mail shirt was given to the second place winner of the boat race. Demophoon Trojan who was dipatched by Camila in furrious battle. Dercennus Ancient king of the Laurentians. His tomb, covered by thick oaks, allowed Opis, nymph to Diana, to kill Arruns. Deucalion In Greek Mythology, son of Prometheus and Clymene; king of Phthia, in Thessaly. Deucalion, when Zeus was to destroy the world with a great flood, fled on a ship with his wife Pyrrha, only to spared because of their piety. After a 9 day voyage, they landed on Mt. Parnassus in Phocis. The consulted the santuary of Themis on how the human race might be restored. The goddess told them to cover their heads, and to throw the bones of their ancestors behind them. Interpreting the bones to be the stones of the earth, they followed Themis' orders. The stones which Deucalion threw turned into men; the stones that Pyrrha threw turned into women. Diana The ancient Italian divinity, whom the Romans identified with the Greek Artemis. She was the daughter of Juppiter and Latona; her twin brother was Apollo. Dictaeus Originally a mountain on Crete where Zeus was brought up. So he bore the so he bore the surname Dictaeus. The Roman poets employ the adjective Dictaeus as synonymous with Cretan. Dido The legenday Queen of Carthage, and one of the most important characters in the Aeneid. Daughter of the king of Tyre, wife to the slaughtered Sychaeus, sister to Pygmalion (who murdered her husband for the crown of Tyre), she fled to north Africa in order to found a city to rule, Carthage. Beloved by Juno, Carthage become the central obstacle to the founding of Troy. She opened her gates to the exiled Trojans a sign of hospitality (Bk. 1), and invited the Trojans to stay in Carthage. Because of her love for Aeneas, she allowed her power over Carthage and her subjects to decline. Wrought with her emotional tie to Aeneas, she kills herself because of his refusal to stay and love the queen. She threw herself on to a buring funeral pyre. Didymon A metal worker whose well wrought sheild was given as a prize to Nisus in the race as a consolation prize. Didyma A mountain in Phrygia which lies on the fronties of of Galatia (modern day Turkey). It is important to Cybele, and the Cybelean cult, who was a goddess of the eatrh and the wilderness. Diomedes Greek leader who was the son of Tydeaus and Deipyle, and succeeded Adrastus as king of Argos. He went to Troy with 80 ships, second to Achilles in bravery. He seized the horses of Aeneas, and he forced the swift steeds of Rhesus off the pastures before they could graze and drink, hence preventing the fullfilment of the oracle that if the horses were allowed to graze and drink Troy would never be taken. Diomedes and Ulysses are said to have carried the Palladium (see Palladium) back to Argosin order to gain new auspices for Troy's destruction. Dionaeus (adj. from Dione) A description of the comet which appeared at the assaination of Julius Caesar in 43 BC. (see Dionaea) Dionaea (adj. from Dione) She was the consort of Zeus at Dodona, and the mother of Venus. Diores Relative to King Priam, participant in the foot race at the uneral games of Anchises, eventually taking third prize. In the battle of Bk. 12, he and his brother (Amycus) are killled by Turnus after having been thrown by their horses. Their severed heads adorned Turnus' battle charriot, damp with blood. Dioxippus Trojan warrior killed by Turnus in Bk. 9 along with Itys, Clonius, and Dioxippus. Dirae The goddesses of vengence ( also known as Erinyes, Eumenides, and Furiae). Some ancient commentators say that they are the daughters of Gaia, having sprung forth fgrom the bood of Uranus. Others believe that they were the daughters of Night, and of Darkness. Their names were Allecto (she who does not rest), Tisiphone (avenger of the murder), and Megaera (the jealous one). They are the punishers of every type of transgression under the natural order, and especially for those having been wronged, or slighted. They punish without mercy all who commit inhopitable acts against their hosts, the impiety of sons and daughters to their parrents, the blood feuds between clans, muder,and perjury.Their invocation was the sign Dircaeus An adjective meaing "Theban". Vergil is alluding to the punishment of Dirce and Lycus by Amphion and his brother Zeuthus, after their mother Anbtiope had been mistreated by th latter. Dirce was bound to the horns and of a bull and left to be dragged to death. Her body was thrown into a spring near Thebes, and has been synonymous with it ever since. Dis Hades Discordia Civil Strife personified. Dodona The most ancient orcale in Greece. near Epirus; dedcated to Juppiter by there oldest race of the Greeks, Pelasgians. The oracle's responces were given fro the lofty oaks or beech trees. The message of the gods was interrpreted by the movement of the wind through the branches; brazen vessels, also, were hung from the trees in order to give greater effect to the mystery. Once interrpreted solely by men, later the priesthoods were taken over by aged females. Untill supplanted by the oracle at Delphi, Dodona was more significant in the heroic age and not so much in the historic period. Dodonaeus Used as an adjective referring to the town in Epirus. Dolichaon Son of Heberus, who is a soldier in the company of Aeneas. Dolichion is killed by Mezentius. Dolon A Trojan spy who offered to infiltrate the Greek camp at night. He was said to be ugly , rich and greedy, and to have volunteered for the mission out of personal gain (Achilles' horses and charriot), and not for glory or patriotism. He was caught by Diomedes and put to death. Dolopes A race of people from the district of Dolopia located in S.W. corner of Thessaly. Described as fierce and rugged, they mirrored their mountianous surroundings. The fought at Troy. Donusa A small island which makes up the Cyclades, a series of islands lying off the north coast of Crete. Donusa lies nearest to Naxos. Doricus The adjective meaning "Greek". Doris The daughter of the Oceanus and Thethys. She married Nereus (the old man of the sea) and gave birth to the 50 Nereids. Doryclus A man of Epirus, husband of Beroe. Doto One of the Nereids. Drances An elderly Latin chieftan who was of noble birth on his mother's side and of low birth on his father's side. Depicted by Vergil as a man who opposed Turnus' personal ambitions. He pleaded for Turnus to settle for peace with the Trojans, instead of waging a pointless battle. Drepanum Taken from the Greek word meaning "sickle", it was a sea port town in N.W. Sicily. Originally founded by the Carthaginians, it was the place of burial of Anchises. Drusi A noble family of Rome from the Livia gens. Although there were many notable family members bearing the Drusi name, Vergil is alluding to Nero Claudius Drusus, who was the son of Tib. Claudius Nero and Livia. He was born three monthes after the marriage of Augustus and Livia, 38 BC. Greatly trusted by Augustus, he was lauded by the people and held in high esteem over his brother. After being successful against the Gremans in 4 campaigns, and reaching as far as the Elbe, he was thrown from his horse and died. Dryades Another name for the Nymphs. They were female divinities of a lower form, and were seperated into 6 subsections. 1. Oceanides, or nymphs of the Ocean, the daughters of the Oceanus. 2. Nereides, Nymphs of the Mediterranean, daughters of Nerreus (the old man of the sea). 3. Naiades, nymphs of fresh water, whether of rivers, lakes, brooks, or springs. 4. Oreades, the nymphs of the mountains and grottoes, also called by the names derived from the particular mountains the inhabited. 5. Napaeae, the nymphs of the glens. 6. Dryades, the Nymphs of the trees, who were believed to die together with the trees which had become their dwelling. Drymo One of the nymphs. Dryope One of the nymphs and mother to Tarquitus. Dryopes A Pelasgic people who first dwelt in Thessaly. Dryops A Trojan companion to Aeneas and was killed by Clausus, who struck him with his lance, running him through the throat, and crushing his voice box. Hitting the ground, Dryops spit forth blood and vomit. Dulichium An island not far off from the coast of Ithaka, in the Ionian Sea. Dulichius The adjective form of Dulchium. Dymas A Trojan mentioned in the Battle of Troy. After having joined Aeneas and his band, and having exchanged their arms for Andregos' weapons, he was killed by his own troops when he was mistaken for being a Greek. Ebysus An Italian warrior killed by Corynaeus, who picked up a smoldering torch from an altar and smashed it into the face of Ebysus. Echionius The adjective form of Echion. One of the five surrvivors of the men born of the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. Edonus Supply Thracian. The word comes from the Edones, a Thracian people, known for their orgiastic celebration of Bacchus. Egeria One of the nymphs who had instructed Numa in the affairs of Roman folk religion. Her grove becamae a cult site and a place of worship, never allowing harm to any who sought sanctuary. Egestas The personification of Want, or Poverty. Electra See Pleas for more information. Eleusinus The adjective of Eleusis, a small town in the deme of Attica, on the coast. Possessing a magnificent temple to Demeter, it gave its name to the great festival held in her name, Eleusinia. Elis A country of the W. coast of the Peloponesus Eleus Adjectival form of Elis, the island. Elias Also an adjectival form of Elis, the island. Elissa Another name for Dido. Elyssium Also know as the Elyssian Fields - the region of the underworld in which there was perfect happiness. There was neither storm, nor rain, nor rain, but the cool west wind breathes forever. The perfect state of beauty to which all heroes wanted to finallly achieve after death. Elysius An adjective form of Elysium. Emanthia Thre district of Macedonia between Haliacmon and the Axius. The poest give the name Emanthius to the whole of Macedoni, and sometimes Thessaly. Emanthion A Trojan who was killed by Liger. Enceladus The son of Tarturus and Ge, he was one of the hundred armed giants who made war upon the gods. He was killed by Zeus, who burried him under Mt. Aetna. Enipeus A river in Thessaly. Posidon assumed the form of the god in this river in order to obtain possession of Tyro. The image of this river is used by poets for "ever flowing". Entellus The Sicillian boxing champion, once brave and outstanding in the field of pugilisim, his teacher was Eryx, one of the greatest boxersa and teachers of boxing in the ancient world. Being goaded into fighting by Acestes, he defeats him, albeit he was older. Eous From the Eous-a-um: of the morning; or of the East, eastern, orient (not to be confused with China). Many times Lucifer is also employed, a term meaning "light bringer". Epeos The architect of the Trojan Horse. Ephyre One of the Nymphs. Ephyreius Taken from the ancient word for Corinth, Ephyra, meaning Corinthian. Epidaurus A town in the Argolis on the Sardonic Gulf. Used in the Georgics as the an excellent place for horses. Epirus A country in N.W. Greece, so called it to distinguish Epulo A Latin warrior who is killed by Achates. Epytides Friend to Aeneas and guardian to Ascanius, son of Aeneas. Epytus A youg Trojan Warrior whom Aeneas meets in the first stages of the Battle of Troy. With Hypanis,Dymas, Rhipeus and Coroebus, he encounters the first band of Greeks, led by Androgeos. Erato One of the nine muses who, with her sisters, control the development, and insight into different modes of poetry. Erato controlled erotic poetry, hence her name. Her name is invoked by Aeneas in Bk. 7 because it is passion that has contributed to the wanderings and misery of the Trojans. Erebus He was thye son of Chaos, and father of Aether and Hemera (Day). His name signifies darkness, and is applied to the dark space through which the shades pass into Hades. Eretum An ancient town blonging to the Sabines, who fought against Aeneas. From its earliest history, Eretrum had always displayed itself as anti-Roman. Even during the Second Punic War, Eretrum took sides with the Carthaginians, under the command of Hanibal. Erichaetes A Trojan Warrior killed by Messapus, a Latin. in hand to hand combat. Eriicthonius Son of Hephaestus. He was said to have been put into a chest so he might be protected from harm. But Agraulus, Pandrosus, and Herse, having seen mistakenly in the form of a sperpent, and seized with maddness, they threw the chest upon the Acropolis. He became king. Eridanus A river whose banks were said to have been laddened with amber. Many believe that the mouth was the Padus (Po) River. Erigone Daughter of Icarius, an Athenian. The tale told is that Dionysus visited Icarius wiith a grape cluster. He taught the former the culture of the vine, and so Icarius went to spread the word about the nature of the vine, vitaculture, and enology. Having first come upon shepherds, and they drinking the un-mixed wine, were seized with maddness and killed Icarius. Erigone, having found her father through the aid of Maera, her dog, found the body of her father in a shallow grave. Deep in grief for her master, she hung herself from the tree that perched over the grave. The dog, also, killed itself by jumping down a well. Dionysus, on learning of the death of his favorites, caused many other virgins to kill themselves in tha same manner that Erigone died, untill the perpetrators were handed over. T o mourn their deaths, Dioysus placed both the dog and Erigone in the heavens as stars: Virgo and Sirus. Erinys See Dirae. Eriphyle The wife of Ampharius, King of Argos. During the war of the Seven Against Thebes, she sent Ampharius to his death. Because of this act, she herself was killed by Ampharius' son, Alcmaeon. Erulus King of the Praenstians. He was son of Feronia, who gave him three lives, and could only be killed in three different ways. Ericinus See Eryx. Erymanthus A mountain in Arcadia on which Hercules killed the a giant boar. Erymas A Trojan warrior killed by Turnus. Eryx A mountain on the N.W. of Sicily near Drepanum. On the summit stood an ancient temple of Aphrodite. But the name also applies to the King of Sicily, the son Aphrodite, stepbrother to Aeneas. He was desrcibed as the greatest boxer, renowned for his prowess as both a competitor and coach. He was killed by Hercules in a boxing match. Erycinus The adjective of Eryx. Etruria A region located in central Italy. Home of the Etruscans, Etruria was highly developed, and its people were extreemely civilized. The last three Roman kings were Etruscan, and they they left many indelible marks on Roman social, and cultural practices. Euadne The wife of Capaneus, one of the Seven against Thebes, who was distrought over the death of her husband that she threw herself onto his funeral pyre. She is seen in the underworld as one who is in the Grove of Mourning. Euander Son of Hermes and an Arcadian Nymph, Carmentis. He is said to have founded a colony (60 years before the Trojan War) at the base of the Pallentine Hill, called Pallentium, on the Tiber, which was incorporated later into Rome. Evander is said to have taught his people the art of writing and social amenities. His name is taken from the Greek is eu=good, and andros=man, "good man". Euanthes A Phrygian warrior who is said to have been the same age as Hector, and killed by Mezentius. Euboicus Adj. form of Euboea, the largest island of the Aegean Sea, about 90 miles in length, lying along the coasts of of Attica and Boetia. The central part of island was know for its two colonies, Eretia and Chalchis, of which the former city played a part in the founding of the city of Cumae. Poest have often used the adjective Euboicus to refer to the notion of Cumean. Eumedes A Trojan warrior, descended from Dolon, and renowned in war. He was killed by Turnus in battle, having the latter's lance thrust through his neck. Eunaeus A Trojan warrior, son of Clytius, who was impaled by Camila. Euphrates A large river in Asia, descending from the Armenian mountains. It formed the easternmost bounday to the Roman Empire. Europa The daughter of the Phoenician king, Agenor. Zeus, being enchanted by her beauty, changed himself into a bull and mingled with her herd. Europa was so taken by the tameness of the bull that she was persuaded to climb on his back, and she was carried off to Crete where she was made the mother of Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. Eurotas The main river of Laconia, and in the Peloponesus. Eurus The Southeast (or East) wind. Under the command of Aeolus, the wind keeper, Eurus - along with his two brothers (Africu and Notus) - took part in the destruction of the Trojan fleet in Bk. I. Often depicted by Vergil as a destructive force. Euri The plural of the Southeast wind. Euryalus A Trojan warrior, friend to Aeneas, was know for his hansimeness and his youth. He took part in the foot race in the funeral games to Anchises. He gained first prize as a result from his friend, Nisus, whho threw himself in front of the other participants, blocking their way, and making it possilble for Euryalus to win. Eurydice Mythological character and wife to Orpheus. She was bitten by a snake and descended into the undeworld. Orpheus, bieng grief stricken, followed her to the shades, and pleaded to Pluto for her return. He granted his request with one attainder, that neither he or she look back untill they reach the light. Not heeding Pluto's words, Orpheus looked back to his wife, checking on her progress, and instantly her life ebbed away. Eurypylus His name in Greek means "wide gates", and hence Vergil is making a play on his name to suggest to the audience that his is the plan that will eventually open the gates. He was sent to the oracle of Apollo to find the manner by which Troy might be breached. He told them that because the blood of a virgin (Iphanigeia) had been spilt in order to appease the winds, only the blood of a Greek could appease the winds in order to go home. Eurysthenus King of the Myceans whowo Hercules performed his 12 labors for. Eurytides The patronymic for "son of Eurytus". see Clonus. Eurytion A Trojan warrior, know for his skill with the bow, he shot the arrow that broke the peace with the Acheans. He placed 2nd in the final outcome of the contest. Fabaris A river in the Sabine region from which Clausus has drawn part of a mighty legion. It is a tributary to the Tiber, and whose modern name is Farfa. Fabii An ancient patrician family of Rome whose most notable was Q.Fabius Maximus, named the Cunctator (Delayer); He was the first Roman general to meet Hannibal during the Second Punic War, and not be defeated. His tactics were defensive, and sought to harrie the Cartheginians, and not to defeat them. This allowed the Romans, to divert their energies to the task of attacking the supply lines between Carthage and Rome. Fabricus One of the most popular heros in the Roman annals. He was tauted by the Roman moralists for his frugal manner of life, and his overt disdain for luxury. He and his contemporary, Curius Dentatus, were legendary for shuning the urban life and enjoying their lives on the family farm. Fadus A Rutulian warrior who urged an attack aginst the Trojans when his leader was away. Falernus An adjective denoting the district of Campania which was known for some of the finest wine in the ancient world. Falisci Iron Age inhabitants of the Campanian region, who were later conquered by the Romans in 241BC. They were transplanted into the interrior. Fama Personified as the goddess of Rumor, or Scandal. She innhabits the tops of Carthage after the affair of Dido and Aeneas. She breathes distrust and civil discord into the Carthaginians. Fames Personified as the goddess of Hunger, or Starvation. She is part of the misfortunes of man who were kept in the underworld. Faunus King of the Latins, son of Picus, and grandson of of Saturn. When King Latinus sought advice to whom his daughter ought to marry, he went to the oracle of Fanus. Latinus was told by Fanus that his daughter should not marry a Latin (Turnus), and should join herself to a new blood line of greater strength (Aeneas). Faunni Pan like figures who were associated with the rebirth and rejuvenation of the contryside, especially wodded areas. Feronia The ancient Italian divinity whose santuary was at Terrcina, near Mt. Soracte. At her festival a great fair was held, when the people used to offer her the first fruits of their fields. Fesceninus The adjective form of Fescinia, a town in Etruria. The Romans derived their coarse songs from this area, called Fescennine songs. They were popular at weddings and and harvesdt festivals. Fidena An ancient town in in the land of the Sabines, about 5 miles N.E. of Rome, situated on a hill, between the Tiber and Anio. The region was in constant unrest under the Romans and posed a threat to the harmony of the Romans. It was destroyed, and wasted, only to be rebuilt later under strict Roman guidelines. Fides A Roman goddess, the personification of fidelity, faithfullness. Flauina arua The fields surrounding Etruria. Formido Personification of dread, alarm, and panic. Fortuna The goddess of Fortune. She was represented with different attrbutes; with a rudder she was conceived as the divinity guiding the affairs of the world; with a ball, she represented the varying unsteadiness of fortune. Her role in the Aenied is formidible. Foruli A Sabine town, modern day Civita Tommasa. Fucinus A lake in the center of Italy, 30 miles in circumference, into which all the mountain streams of the Apennines flowed. Fuga The personification of flight, exile. Furiae See Dirae. Furror The personification of frenzy, maddness. Gabii A town in Latium, a colony in Alba Longa; the place in which Romulus is said to have been brought up. Also realtin to the people in the area who were said to have been attacked by a hostile force while in their sacraficial cloaks. The repelled the attackers, impart to their dress in combat. Gabinus Adjective form of Gabii. See above. Gaetulus A hostile tribe located in North Africa, south of Mauretania and Numidia, in Modern Morroco. They were on of the threats to Dido and Carthage. Galaesus 1. A river in Calabria, it was famed in the ancient times for the pastures on its banks, on which were fed the sheep that produced the famed Tarentin wool. 2. An old Italian king who was famed for his wealth, and notion of justice; he was killed when he cried for peace instead of war. Galatea One of the sea nymphs, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was pursued by by the uncouth monster Polyphemus, she being only in love with Acis. Gallus, Galli The people of Gaul,Modern Day France. The figure highly in the history of Rome during the republic and the Empire. The are foretold by the Sibyl as being a part of Rome in Bk. 6. First conquered by Julius Caesar (58-50 BC). Gangaridae The Indian peoples. Ganges The main river in India, and not known to the Western eye untill the travels of Alexander the Great. Ganymedes Son of Tros and Callirrhoe, said to be the most beautiful of all mortals. As the favorite of Zeus, he was carried off to be his cup bearer. Garamantes The southern most people know to the ancients in North Africa. First described by Herodotus as an unwarlike people. Garamantis See above. Garganus 1. A mountain in Apulia. . Gargus A montain in Mysia. Gaudia Roughly translated as "evil delights". An entity which was kept in the underworld, along with the other plagues of man. Gela A costal city of S. Sicily which had been founded in the 7th cen. BC by the Greeks. By the time of Augustus it was a back water town, and nearly uninhabited. Aeschylus, the Greek Tragedian, died there. Geloni A tribe of Scythians who were lkocated on the banks of the Borysthenes. Germania The region to the north of Rome and equal to Modern Day Germany. The Germani were respected warriors and lovers of liberty. The Romans first met them in force during the campagins of Julius Caesar (58-53 BC). Geryones A king of Erytheia, now Cadiz. He was the son of Medusa the Gorgon, and had three heads or had the bodies of three men. He owned a large large herd of cattle to which he trusted to his two headed dog, Eurytion. Hercules was sent to to capture the herds of Geryones as one of his labours. Getae The Thracian people, also called Daci by the Romans. They were located near the Ister (Danube). Geticus The adjective form of Getae. Glaucus 1. A god of the sea, who possessed the gift of prophesey. 2. King of Corinth and son of Sisyphus and father of Bellerphrontes. At the funeral games of Pelias in Iolcus, he was thrown and torn to pieces by his own horses. His ghost is said to have appeared before the horses racing at the Isthmian games and terrify them. 3. (Antenorides) A Trojan warrior, the son of Antenor, whose ghost Aeneas sees in the underworld. 4. (Imbrasides) A Trojan warrior, thew son of Imbrasus. Gorgo One of the three sisters (Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa), she had snakes for hair, and anyone who looked at her would turn to strone. Perseus killed her, and her head was used as an emblem on the shiled of Minerva. Grogoneus The adjective form of Gorgo. Gortinius An adjective from Gortyna, a village in Crete. Gracchus A prominent Roman family whose most notable members were Tiberius (died 133 BC) and Caius ( died121 BC). They two tried to institute major agrarian reforms designed to repatriate, and reinvigorate, the small landholding farmer that was descimated during the period of the Punic Wars. Gradiuus A pseudonymn of Mars; see Mars. Graecia Greece proper. Grai The Greeks. The body of men who were made up of several different tribes from the Argolid (Boetians, Thessalians, Spartans, etc.). Graius The adjective form of the noun Grai: "Greecian". Graiugenae "Greek-born". Grauiscae An Etrurian port north of Rome whose name seems to be derived from the "unhealthiness" of the climate, of which Vergil alludes to. Grynaeus The adjective form of the noun Gryium, which was an Aeolian city in Asia Minor. Within the city was a temple to Apollo. Gyaros One of the minor islands that make up the Cyclades. It is little more than a pile of rock, but served its purpose in the Roman world as a site for those sent into exile. Some authors point out that the island was so poor that the mice were used to knaw through the iron. Gyas 1. A Trojan who was the almost lost in the storm in Bk. 1. As a participant in the boat race during the funeral games, he throws his piolt from the ship for refusing his orders. 2. A Latin who was killed by Aeneas. Gyges A Trojan who was guarding the camp of Aeneas, and wrought assunder by Turnus. Gylippus An Arcadian whose childern were born by a Tuscan wife. Hadriacus The adjective of from the noun "Hadria", the Adriatic. Haedi The star of the kid (goat), from which sudden storms were said to have arisen. Haemon 1. A Rutulian who participated in the attack of the Trojan camp while Aeneas was away. Hamonides A Latin whose son was the priest of Diana and Apollo. He was pursued by Aeneas and cut down. Haemus A large range of mountains which stretch from the Adriatic to the Euxine. Located in Thrace, this range seems to have derrived it name from the Greek word "xeimon" or cold. The people dwelling aropund this range were, generally, called Thracians. [halaesus - labyrinthus (herman)] Halaesus Son of Agamemnon; Servius' entry for A. 7.723 discusses his status. First appearance in the narrative catalogue of Italians, A. 7. He leads several groups of Campanians. Ovid (Amores 3.13.31f; Fasti 4.73) relates how Halaesus left Argos after Agamemnon's death; after a series of wanderings he arrived in Italy and became the leader of the Falisci and the founder of Falerii (an area known for its wine production, cf. A. 7.725-6, 'those who turn with hoes the Massic ground abounding in Bacchus'). Halaesus appears again in the battle of A. 10 and is slain by Evander's son Pallas; just prior to his death the poem's narrator reveals that Halaesus' father had hidden him in the woods in the hope of escaping such a fate. Since Agamemnon is not mentioned at this point, some have concluded that the Halaesus of A. 10 is a different hero from the one in A. 7. Halius A Trojan killed by Turnus. Halys A Trojan killed by Turnus. Hamadryades A class of nymphs that inhabits treed areas. Servius' entry for E. 10.62 indicates that they live and die with trees, i.e. they are they life-force of individual trees, and though long-lived, they are not immortal. Hammon A cult title of Juppiter in Africa; also spelled Ammon. V. uses it to describe Iarbas, the Libyan king who was son of Hammon and a Garamantian (i.e. Libyan) nymph. Harpalyce A Thracian nymph who appears in a simile which describes Venus' disguise as she appears to Aeneas near Carthage. Servius' discussion of A. 1.317 tells us that her father was king of the Thracian Amymonii. When her father was talen captive by the Getae (or the Myrmidons) she freed him more swiftly than thought possible for a woman; and so she is described as being able to outrun ('cross', so Servius) the swift river Hebrus. After her father was killed she fled to the woods and survived by hunting and stealing, until the deer caught and killed her in a net. Harpalycus A Trojan killed by a spearcast from Camilla. Harpyiae The Harpies were creatures depicted as birds having women's faces. The Trojans encounter them in the Strophades islands of the Ionian Sea. Aeneas' narrative refers to their attacks on Phineus, an episode related in detail in Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica; the Trojans have to fend off a similar attack on the cattle they have slaughtered. No number of Harpies is specified in Vergil, though one of them is named--Celaeno, who speaks a prophetic speech to the 'sons of Laomedon'. Hebrus A river in Thrace (N-NE coast of Aegean Sea). Vergil attaches the adj. 'winged' to it in a simile describing Harpalyce, apparently to indicate the swiftness of its current; but Servius maintains this is false, and that the Hebrus is very calm even when storms raise it to a high level. He goes on to identify another river of the same name in Thrace near the city of Cypsela. Vergil uses Hebrus again in another simile describing Turnus in battle: he is compared to Mars, who appears to inhabit the area of the 'ice-cold' Hebrus. It is also mentioned in terms of coldness in E. 10; in G. 4 it appears with reference to the Thracian Orpheus and his love affair with Eurydice. Hebrus A Trojan, son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius, king of the Etruscans. Hecate Goddess of the Underworld. At Dido's pyre a priestess invokes her as one of 300 gods by an epithet meaning 'one of three sisters', which Servius explains by her identification with Diana and Proserpina; he goes on to note that Hesiod gives a different parentage to each of these three goddesses, which suggests a too-literal rendering of the epithet (which is also used e.g. to describe the three-headed dog Cerberus by Ovid, Tristia 4.7.16, Tibullus 3.4.88, Propertius 4.7.52), particularly as this epithet is immediately followed up with the 'three faces of virgin Diana'. Servius also supplies an etymology for Hecate from the Homeric epithet hekatebolos, 'far-shooting', which is associate with Diana (i.e. Artemis). Dido herself later identifies Hecate as the name 'wailed at night by city crossroads'; cf. Trivia. In his appeal to the Sibyl at Cumae Aeneas acknowledges Hecate as the goddess who put her in charge of the forest of Avernus, one of the entrances to the Underworld; in a later encounter with Aeneas, Tisiphone uses the same phrase. In a sacrifice the Sibyl invokes Hecate as 'powerful in the Sky and in Erebus', an interesting deviation from her normal sphere. Hector Chief among the Trojan heroes in the Iliad. Son of Priam, king of Troy; husband of Andromache, father of Astyanax. By the time of the action of the Aeneid Hector has been killed by Achilles, but this does not prevent his mention in the poem. His valiant defence of his city for 10 years is remembered by Turnus in contemptuous comparison to the Trojans' struggle with the Italians; Diomedes gives Aeneas the honour of sharing in this long defence. Aeneas pairs himself with Hector in his exhortation to his son Ascanius. Hector occurs first in a frustrated outburst by Aeneas, who wishes he had died among the fortunate at Troy, and mentions Hector along with Sarpedon as conspicuous examples. When Aeneas recounts the destruction of Troy, Hector appears to him, advising flight with the holy relics and Penates and the founding of a new city. He stresses the uselessness of defending Ilion any longer; if the city could have been saved, it would have been so by Hector himself, a sentiment expressed somewhat differently by his mother Hecuba to her husband Priam as he attempts to defend his palace from the Greek onslaught. The Trojans encounter a cenotaph for Hector in Buthrotum, built by his widow Andromache; she gives the aition for the port city of Chaonia. At the actual tomb of Hector we hear of boxing matches, suggesting that funeral games were held for him there. Hectoreus An adjectival form of 'Hector', meaning 'belonging/pertaining to Hector'. Hecuba Wife of Priam. She appears in Aeneas' narrative of the sack of Troy. Helena Jupiter mated with Leda in the guise of a swan; Helen was one of the offpring of this union. She is mentioned in the books which begin each half of the Aeneid; her robe, in which she set out for Troy and her 'illicit marriage', is described in Aen. 1; in Aen. 7 Amata protests the match of her daughter Lavinia to Aeneas, in terms which suggest that he will take her away just as Paris removed Helen from Lacedaemon. Cf. Tyndaris. Helenor Son of Licymnia, slave to the king of Maeonia. He was sent to Troy and appears as a light-armed Trojan ally who is killed by the Latins. Helenus Son of Priam. After the destruction of Troy he fled to Epirus (N.W. Greece) & the area of Buthrotum, where he established communities named after Trojan locales after the death of Neoptolemus. He also became the husband of Andromache, who had passed to Neoptolemus after the fall of Troy. Aeneas refers to Helenus as an 'interpreter of the gods'; he goes on to associate him particularly with the oracular site of Clarus, a shrine of Apollo located near Ephesus. Helenus tells him what to avoid and what to seek: in particular, the omen of a white sow is to be the location of a new Trojan foundation. Helicon A mountain in Boeotia (central Greece), traditionally the home of the Muses. Vergil speaks of it twice in the second half of the Aen., in a repeated line asking the Muses for information for his 'catalogues'. Hellespontiacus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Hellespont', i.e. the straits through which the Propontis (or Sea of Marmara) flows into the Aegean Sea. These straits are often called the Dardanelles in modern usage. In Geo. 4 Vergil uses the adj. of Priapus: Servius explains that Priapus came from Lampsacus, a city on the n. shore of the Hellespont, but was 'driven out because of the magnitude of his penis'. Later he was received among the gods, and given charge of gardens. Helorus A river in Sicily, mentioned in Aeneas' narrative of the Trojans' wanderings in Aen. 3. Helymus A Trojan mentioned in Aen. 5. Helymus A Sicilian who participates in the games of Aen. 5. Herbesus One of the Rutulians killed by the young Trojan Euryalus. Hercules (Greek Herakles.) Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Alcmena. One of his sons, Aventinus, participates in the Italians' war against the Trojans. Some of the Italians armed with his favourite weapon, the club. Cf. Alcides, Amphitryoniades, Tirynthius. Herculeus Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hercules'. Used of Tarentum, of the lionskin worn by Aventinus, of the domus Pinaria which managed the cult of Hercules, etc. Herminius Trojan killed by Catillus. Hermione Daughter of Menelaus. She replaced Andromache as Neoptolemus' wife. Hermus A river in Lydia (modern Turkey). The plain of the Hermus was apparently fertile, since V. uses the grain grown there in a simile to describe the multitude of peoples in Clausus' train. The river itself is described as 'churning with gold' in Geo. 2. Hernica saxa The Hernican rocks were located in the area of Praeneste, in Latium. Hesione Daughter of Laomedon and sister of Priam. She was married to Telamon, and moved to Salamis. Hesperia Greek for 'Land of Evening', i.e. 'west'. Used to refer to Italy & Sicily. Hesperis Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hesperia'. Hesperius Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hesperia'. Hesperides The 'Daughters of Hesperia'. Dido, in a speech intended to deceive her sister Anna, locates their temple at the edge the land of the Aethiopes, at the boundary of Oceanus, next to the setting of the Sun. Hesperus A star, said in E. 8 to rise from Mt. Oeta. Hiberus Adjective meaning 'pertaining or belonging to Iberia (i.e. modern Spain & Portugal'. Hicetaonius One of the Trojans who defend a rampart against the Rutulians. Hiems Diety whose name means 'storm' in Latin. Anchises specifies that a black victim be sacrificed to him to secure the Trojans' passage to Crete. Himella A river in Sabine country, in an area cultivated by the Tetricae, one of the peoples who follow Clausus. Hippocoon A Trojan who participates in the games of A. 5; son of Hyrtacus. Hippodame Daughter of Oenomaus, aka Hippodameia. Pelops won her hand in a chariot race, described by Apollonius Rhodius. Hippolyte Queen of the Amazons, who appears in a simile comparing her & her warriors to Camilla and her band. Hippolytus Son of Theseus. His son Virbius, born to Aricia, appears among the Italian forces in A. 7. Hippotades 'Son of Hippotas', a patronymic used of Amastrus. Hisbo A Rutulian killed by Pallas. Hister The ancient Latin name for the Danube River, mentioned twice in Geo. Homole A mountain in Thessaly (central Greece), used in a simile to describe Catillus and Coras of Tibur. Horae Latin for the 'hours', personified along with Nox in A. 3. Horcus A Latin transliteration of the Greek word meaning 'oath'. In Hesiod's Works & Days Horcus is a god born on the fifth day and nursed by the Furies. In the Palatine Vergil Horcus appears in Geo. 1, as a god of the Underworld; other manuscripts read Orcus (Pluto) instead. Hyades Sisters of the Pleiades and daughters of Atlas; their name means 'bringers of rain' in Greek. Cicero & Gellius offer different etymologies for their name. As a group of stars they make up the head of the constellation Taurus. Hybla A mountain in Sicily. In E. 7 Corydon mentions the sweetness of the honey produced there in unfavorable comparison to the sweetness of Galatea. Hyblaeus Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hybla'. Used in E. 1 to describe bees. Hydaspes A river in India, mentioned in G. 4. Hydaspes A Trojan killed by Sacrator. Hydra A name derived from the Greek word for 'water'. A monster of this name with 50 black throats appears inside the gates of the Underworld in A. 6. A more famous Hydra appears in A. 7, on the shield of Aventinus, as Hercules is portrayed killing it. Hylaeus A Centaur, killed by Hercules. He is mentioned in a hymn to Hercules sung by the Salii. Hylas Son of Theiodamas, king of the Dryopes, and a nymph named Menodice. Hercules killed Theiodamas and abducted the young and beautiful Hylas, who accompanied him on the voyage of the Argonauts. In Mysia (modern Turkey) the nymph of the spring Pegae encountered Hylas while he was fetching water and fell in love with him; she pulled him into the spring, but authors differ on whether he drowned there or simply lived with her under water. Hercules did not take his disappearance well, and ordered the people of the nearby city of Cius never to stop searching for the boy, so that every year they would search the countryside calling the name 'Hylas'. His story is told by Apollonius and Theocritus (the fragments of Callimachus mention Theiodamas); Vergil refers to the Hylas story in E. 6 and G. 3. Hylax The name of a dog who barks at the approach of Daphnis in E. 8. His name derives from the Greek verb hulaktein, 'to bark'. Hyllus A Trojan killed by Turnus. Hypanis A river in Sarmatia (which included parts of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and W. Russia), now called the Boug. Hypanis A Trojan who joins Aeneas in defending Troy during its fall. He is paired at the end of the hexameter line with Dymas; when the Greeks discovered that Aeneas' band were impostors, Hypanis and Dymas are again paired in death. Hyperboreus A Greek adjective meaning 'above Boreas', i.e. far north. The Hyperboreans were a mythical northern people; the adj. is used by V. to describe coldness. Hyrcanus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hyrcania'. This is a region in Asia bounded on the n. by the Caspian Sea; it contained many wild beasts. Hyrtacus A Trojan, father of Nisus. Hyrtacides A patronymic meaning 'son or descendant of Hyrtacus'; used of Nisus. Iacchus Iacchus may have been an distinct figure in the early Eleusinian cult, but by the fifth century BC this name appears as another title of Dionysus or Bacchus. V. always uses it in the last foot of the line. Iaera A nymph who raised Pandrus and Bitias, sons of Alcanor. Ianiculum The Janiculum is a hill just w. of the boundaries of the ancient city of Rome. V. gives to Evander a speech in which he provides an aition for this name, taking it from the god Janus, to whom a monument was dedicated there, and collis, Latin for 'hill'. Ianus The god Janus was portrayed as having two faces, looking in opposite directions. He had liminal associations, for instance with doors, gates, and thresholds. His association with the Janiculum in Aen. 8 is appropriate to a geographical feature bordering on Rome. He is twice paired with Saturnus by V. Iapetus Son of Ge and Uranus according to Hesiod, and one of the Titans. Iapetus was father to Prometheus & Epimetheus, Atlas and Menoeteus, again acc. to Hesiod. Iapys An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Iapydes'. These were an Illyrian people, inhabiting n. Dalmatia. Used of the river Timavus, which terminates in the Adriatic Sea. Iapyx An Apulian, and ancestor of Diomedes, according to a speech delivered by Venulus. Servius reports that the mountain Garganus, which V.Êuses adjectivally to refer to Iapyx, lies in the region of Apulia called Iapygia. Servius and Servius Danielis disagree on whether Iapyx derived his name from the region or vice versa. Iapyx Name of a wind, said by Gellius (who cites V.) to blow from Apulia Iapyx A Trojan, son of Iasus. Out of love for him Apollo granted Iapyx knowledge of the art of medicine, since he wished to heal his father. Iapyx attends to the wounded Aeneas, with the divine help of Venus. Iarbas King of the Gaetuli, an African tribe, and suitor of Dido. Iasius A Trojan ancestor, who along with Dardanus came fron Italy to found the Trojan nation, according to a speech delivered to Aeneas in his sleep by the Penates. Servius reports that Dardanus and Iasius were brothers of Jupiter & Electra (but Iasius was actually sired by Corythus). Iasius was said to have killed Dardanus. Servius Danielis reports that Dardanus founded Troy, while Iasius founded a settlement on Samothrace, and held an independent kingdome there. He also reports another tradition in which both Dardanus & Iasius were sons of Corythys; Dardanus went to Phrygia and became an ally of Teucer the son of Scamandrus. Teucer gave his daughter in marriage to Dardanus, and after Teucer's death the area of the Troad became known as Dardania. Iasides A patronymic meaning 'son or descendant of Iasius'. V. uses it of Palinurus and Iapyx. Icarus Son of Daedalus. Ida A mountain range running approximately e.-w., which forms the southern frontier of the Troad. Idaeus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ida'. Ida Mother of Nisus. Servius indicates that some readers understood this name to refer to Mt. Ida, with the description of her as 'huntress' used as a figure of speech, meaning that the mountain abounds in hunts. Servius Danielis understands the figure as metonomy: 'huntress' standing in for those who hunt on Ida. Idaeus A Trojan hero whom Aeneas sees in the Underworld. Idaeus One of the Trojans who carries off the grieving and unnamed mother of Euryalus. Idalium A mountain on Cyprus, and site of a sanctuary of Aphrodite (Venus). Idalia Modern Dali, in central Cyrpus. The region in which Venus hid Ascanius. It contained 'high groves'. This feminine form is a variation on Idalium that does not appear before V. Idalius An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Idalia'. Used of Venus. Idas A Trojan killed by Turnus. Idas A Thracian who sent three unnamed sons from their town of Ismara to the Trojans; these sons were killed in battle by Clausus. Idmon A Rutulian who serves as Turnus' messenger to the Trojans. Idomeneus King of Crete, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos. Servius Danielis reports that he came to Italy after he had been expelled from the Cretan city of Lyctus. Servius reports the reason for his expulsion: on his way home after the destruction of Troy, he encountered a storm, and vowed that he would sacrifice the first thing that he encountered should he arrive safely. This thing happened to be his son; some say that he actually sacrificed him, others that he only expressed the desire to do so, but in either case a pestilence befell the city, and on this account he went to the promontory in Calabria known as the Campi Sallentini. He besieged the Sallentini and eventually founded a city nearby. Idumaeus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Idumaea'. This state was in Palestine--an area known for palm trees, which are described by this adj. in its first appearance in Latin, in V.'s Georgics. Ilia Either the daughter (so Ennius) or descendant (so V.) of Aeneas, who was impregnated by Mars and gave birth to Romulus and Remus. Aka Rhea Silvia. Ilione Eldest daughter of Priam. Servius reports that she was married to Polymestor (king of Thrace, who betrayed his Trojan allies and killed her brother Polydorus). Servius Danielis adds that she was sent away after the capture of Troy, and died by her own hand; Hyginus, however, records a tradition in which she killed Polymestor. Ilioneus A Trojan, and one of their senior statesmen, to judge by his leading role when Aeneas is absent from the scene; perhaps his name (derived from Ilium) suggests some status in the city's governing class; cf. Ilione. Servius remarks that his role as spokesman is appropriate, since Homer says that his father, Phorbas, always fought with the favor of Mercury (Hermes), the god of eloquence. Ilium The Latinized form of Ilion, a Greek city established on the site associated with the legends of Troia, on the s. side of the Hellespont. Iliacus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Though the form appears to be Greek, there are no occurrences in either Greek or Latin which are certainly earlier than V. Iliades The feminine plural of the Greek adjective Ilias, 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Used by V. to indicate Trojan women. Ilius An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Illyricus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Illyria', i.e. the area e. of the Adriatic Sea. Ilva An island opposite Populonia (in Etruria); the modern Elba. The name is Ligurian; the Greek name was Aithale, 'smoky', suggested by its iron-smelting industry. Ilus Founder of Ilium, i.e. Troy. Son of Tros (Homer, however, refers to an Ilus who was son of Dardanus) and Callirrhoe, daughter of the river Scamander (Xanthus). Victor of a wrestling match in Phrygian games, for which victory he received 50 young males and an equal no. of females, in addition to a dappled cow, which, according to an oracle, was to lead Ilus to the spot upon which he should found a city. This turned out to be an area sacred to the Phrygian goddess Ate ('Ruin' in Greek). When he asked Zeus for a favorable sign for his foundation, the Palladium dropped from the sky; Ilus thereupon built a temple for this object, and his city, Ilion, was to remain invulnerable so long as the Palladium remained there. Ilus married Eurydice: their children were Laomedon and Themiste. Ilus A name by which Ascanius was known at Ilium, according to V. Ilus A Rutulian apparently killed by Pallas. Imaon An Italian shielded in battle by Halaesus. Imbrasus A Lycian who sent his sons Glaucus and Lades to Troy. Imbrasides In addition to the two sons of Imbrasus, Asius is also given this title, meaning 'son or descendant of Imbrasus'. Inachus King of Argos or god of the Argive river that bore his name. He was father of Io, whose story appears on the shield of Turnus; Turnus claimed descent from Inachus and Acrisius. Inachius Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Inachus'. Used by V. in Aen. to mean 'Argive'. Inarime An island located near the promontory of Misenum, off the Campanian coast; Servius Danielis said it was later known as Aenaria, and that either Typhoeus or Enceladus were crushed by it. Servius reports that an earthquake caused the island of Prochyta to be formed from the rubble of Inarime. India A land known for its production of ebony and ivory in V.'s Geo. Located in s. Asia, its northern border formed by the Himalya mts., which extend from the Brahmaputra river on the e. to the Indus river on the w.; these were known by the ancient names of Emodus and Imaus. Indi A plural masculine adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to India', and used as the name of its inhabitants. Indus An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to India'. Indigetes Plural of Indiges, 'hero of the land'; used of figures who attain divine status and act as patron deities. Used by V. of Romulus, Vesta, and Aeneas. Inous Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ino'. Ino was driven made by Hera and leaped into the sea with her son; both became sea deities, and received new names: Ino became Leucothea, Melicertes became known as Palaemon. In the Aen. the adj. is used of Palaemon; in Geo. it describes Melicertes. Servius identifies Palaemon with Portunus. Insidiae Latin for 'plot', 'snare'. Mentioned with Irae, 'the Wraths', and Formido, 'Dread', as personified companions of Mars in a simile. Invidia Latin for 'Envy'. Personified in Geo., with apparent reference to Callimachus' 'Phthonos', Greek for 'envy'. Io Daughter of Inachus. Beloved of Zeus, Hera changed her into a cow, which Argus guarded. Iollas Rival of Corydon for the affections of Alexis in E. 2. Iollas The addressee of two singers, Menalcas and Damoetas, in E. 3. Iollas A Trojan killed by Catillus. Ionium The name of a sea, roughly the modern Adriatic, though the ancient mare Ionium can extend somewhat farther to the e. In this sea V. locates the Strophades, inhabited by the Harpies. Ionius Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Ionian sea'. Iopas A singer and cithara player in Carthage. Servius says that he was an African king and one of Dido's suitors, according to a 'Punic history'. Iphitus One of the Trojans, along with Pelias, who accompanied Aeneas while fighting at the fall of Troy. Irae See 'Insidiae'. Iris Daughter of the Titan Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra. In Homer she carries messages for Zeus, but in later literature (including V.) that is Hermes' duty; Iris carries out duties assigned by Hera. Cf. Thaumantias. Ismarus A mountain in s. Thrace, associated with Orpheus. Ismara The neuter plural form of Ismarus, referring to the same mountain range. This area was famous for its wine. A small lake and a city in the region bore similar names. Ismarus An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ismara'. Idas is associated with this region. Ismarus A Lydian ally of the Trojans, described as an archer. Italia The peninsula known as Italy, in which the Trojans must refound their state. Italides Either 'descendants of Italy' or 'descendants of Italus'. V. uses the term of Camilla's female companions, Larina, Tulla, and Tarpeia. Itali Plural adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Italy', used often to mean 'Italians'. Italus The singular of the above, used to mean 'Italian'. Italus Eponymous ancestor and found of the Italian peoples. Servius says that he was king of the Sicilians; from Sicily he came to the area near the Tiber river, and gave it the name Italia. He goes on to demonstrate that the inhabitants of Laurolavinium were Sicilians by citing V.'s own aetiology for Siculi and Sicanes. Ithaca Island in the Ionian sea, and home of Ulysses (Odysseus). Ithacus Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ithaca'; used use Ulysses (Ulixes). Ituraeus Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ituraea'. This mountainous district in N.E. Palestine derived its name from the descendants of the tribe of Jetur, who inhabited it in an early period. In the Roman period the inhabitants were famous for their archery. Servius identifies them with the Parthians. Itys A Trojan killed by Turnus. Iulius An adj. formed from the name of the Roman gens Iulia. Used by V. of Julius Caesar; whether this refers to the assassinated dictator or to Augustus is disputed. Servius says that 'the poet's whole intention is to praise Augustus', but then asserts that in A. 1 the reference is to the elder C. Iulius Caesar. In Geo. 2 the adj. has an Augustan reference. Iulus Son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius. The etymology given by V. is that his name at Ilium had been Ilus; later he was given the 'nickname' Iulus. Iuno Juno (Greek Hera), wife and sister of Jupiter, and nemesis of the Trojans. Cf. Lacinia, Saturnia. Iuppiter Jupiter (Greek Zeus), son of Saturnus, sibling of Juno, Pluto, and Neptune. Chief among the Roman state gods. Iustitia Latin for 'Justice', and the personification of it. She was the last immortal to leave the earth in the Age of Bronze, and was identified with the astrological sign Virgo, aka Astraea. Iuturna Juturna, sister of Turnus. Ovid reports that she was raped by Jupiter and made a river nymph and an immortal in recompense. He also tells us that a lake of the same name was formed from a stream in the Alban hills, and there was a temple and festival in her honor in Rome. Ixion King of the Lapiths in Thessaly. Ixion attempted to rape Juno, but Jupiter tricked him by substituting a cloud; the offspring of this union was Centaurus, progenitor of the Centaurs. Pirithous was sometimes called Ixion's son, but in Homer the child's father was Zeus, out of Ixion's wife. Ixion was punished for his attempt; the location of his punishment was fixed by Apollonius as the Underworld. He was tied to a wheel; V's Georgics indicate that snakes bound him to the wheel, and their bites may have been part of his torture. Karthago The city of Carthage, located in modern Tunisia. Said by V. to be a colony of the Phoenician city of Tyre. Labici The name of a people in Latium. Servius gives the following aition: Glaucus, son of Minos, came to Italy seeking a kingdom for himself, but was unsuccessful. Since he had nothing to show (as his father had shown a belt to his expedition on their departure) for his efforts, he presented his shield; from this action he was called 'Labicus', a Latin name derived from the Greek expression 'apo tes labes', 'from the handle'. The name of this peo