Camilla Warrior maiden, leader of the Volscians, first mentioned in the catalogue of Turnus's army at the end of book vii. Vergil, our only source for Camilla, tells us that her father, Metabus, in flight from his native land of Privernum, saved her life as a baby and dedicated it to the goddess Diana by strapping her to a javelin and throwing her across the river Amasenus. She is killed by the Etruscan Arruns in book xi. Her name may be etymologically related to camilla, girl-attendant of a priest. Camillus, M. Furius Roman tribune with consular powers, he saved Rome after it had been taken by the Gauls in 390 BC. Livy (5.51 ff) likens his public program to the Roman traditionalism of Ausgutus, and here he appears as one of the illustrious descendants shown to Aeneas by Anchises in the underworld. Campanus Referring to Campania, the fertile province of middle Italy. Its chief city was Capua. Cancer The Crab, the sign of the zodiac in which the sun is found at the time of the summer solstice. Poetically it may refer to any southern clime, or it may be used to indicate great and scorching heat. Canis A constellation of twenty four stars, the brightest of which is Sirius, the dog star. Its presence in the daytime sky in late summer was thought to add to the heat of the sun. Canopus A town of Egypt situated at the mouth of the Canopic branch of the Nile. At Canopus, ancient geographers located the true boundary between the continents of Africa and Asia. Capeni Referring to Capena, an ancient city of Etruria, now S. Martino, about 8 miles from the foot of Mt. Soracte. Caphereus A rocky promontory on the southern coast of Euboea where the homeward-bound Greeks were shipwrecked when Nauplius, king of Euboea and father of Palamedes, slain before the walls of Troy (ii.82 ff), hung out false lights to throw them off course. Capitolia The Capitol, or temple of Jupiter, built on the summit of the Mons Saturnius or Tarpeius by the Tarquinii. In a more extended sense, the whole hill (called the Mons or Clivius Capitolinus) including the temple and the citadel, separated from the Palatine Hill by the Forum Romanum, now Campidoglio. Capreae An island in the Tyrrhene Sea near Campania, now Capri. Capua The capital of Capania, celebrated in antiquity as one of the richest and most important cities of Italy. Vergil tells us that it took its name from Capys, Trojan follower of Aeneas Capys-Troianus Trojan follower of Aeneas who survived the battle with the Rutulians and later gave his name to the city of Capua. Capys-rex Albae Longae Eighth of the 15 kings of Alba Longa descended from Silvius, last son of Aeneas and Lavinia, the wife he took in Latium. Cares The Carians of Asia Minor are listed among the wide-flung conquered peoples pictured on the shield of Aeneas at Augustus's triple triumph celebrated in 29 BC for victories in Dalmatia, at Actium, and at Alexandria. Carinae The Keels, a famous quarter in the fourth region of Rome, between the Caelian and Esquiline Hills, now the site of San Pietro in Vincoli. When Aeneas visits Evander in Pallanteum, he sees cows grazing in the spot that is to become one of the most affluent sections of the city in Augustus's day. Carmentis In mythology, a prophetess, mother of Evander, who accompanied him from Arcadia to Latium. She is also called a nymph, possibly a water goddess; she was worshipped by Roman matrons as a goddess of birth, thus there are often two Carmentes, Prosa and Postversa, looking forward and backward. Carmentalis porta A gate at Rome near the temple of Carmentis in the eighth district. Carpathium A sea between Crete and Rhodes taking its name from the island of Carpathus located there. Carpathius Referring to the Carpathian Sea (see above). Casmilla Wife of Metabus and mother of Camilla, the warrior queen of the Volscians. Casperia A town of the Sabines known only from the mention of its name by Vergil and by his imitator, Silius Italicus (viii. 416). Caspius Referring to the Caspian Sea, largest of the inland seas of Asia, the shores of which were Scythia, Hyrcania, Atropatene, and Sarmatia Asiatica. It derived its name, according to Strabo, from the Caspii (an ancient people inhabiting a region of Albania); also called Mare Hyrcanium. Cassandra Daughter of Priam and Hecuba, sister of Paris, Hector, et. al. In Homer her prophetic gifts are not mentioned; he characterizes her as the most beautiful of Priam's daughters, the first to see Hector's body brought home. She is first referred to as a prophetess in Pindar; in the Agamemnon (1203 ff), Aeschylus tells the story of Apollo's gift of prophecy to Cassandra to win her love; when she cheats him, he turns the blessing into a curse-she will always tell truth but never be believed. Another tradition is that she and her brother Helenus, while sleeping as children, had their ears licked by serpents and thus received the gift of prophecy. She commonly appears in tragedy and epic as warning, vainly, about the evil results of successive events, e.g. the birth of Paris, the entry of the Wooden Horse under the walls of Troy. Castalia A fountain or spring at the site of ancient Delphi, home of the oracle of Apollo. Both Mt. Parnassus and the fons Castalia are thus associated with poetry and the inspiration of the poet. Castor A follower of Aeneas mentioned as one of the foremost guards of the fort which the the Trojans defend against the onslaught of the Rutulians in book x. Castrum Inui An ancient city of Latium, the foundation of which Vergil ascribes to the Alban kings. It is not mentioned by any historical or geographical writer, but Roman poets refer to it repeatedly as simply Castrum, which means military camp. Ovid places it on the coast between Antium and Lauinium. The town had probably ceased to exist at a very early period which would explain Servius's error in identifying it with Castrum Novum on the coast of Etruria. Catilina, L. Sergius Roman of patrician family who conspired in the consular elections of 63 BC to seize power by a coup d'etat. The conspiracy was thwarted by Cicero; Catiline was declared an outlaw, fled Rome, and was killed by government troops in 62 BC. Cicero was hailed as a savior of Rome but also widely condemned for the executions of Catiline's co-conspirators. Catillus Twin brother of Coras with whom he joined Turnus's army to fight the Trojans. They are identfied as brothers of Tiburtus, founder of Tibur. Cato, M. Porcius (1) The Elder, (234-149 BC) also known as Censorius, Roman statesman, was an embodiment of the old Roman virtue of gravitas. He was distinguished as a stern judge of morals, conservative in politics, unrelenting in his hostility to Carthage. His major works were the Origines and De Agri Cultura. (2) The Younger, (95-46 BC) great grandson of Cato (1), also a staunch republican and enemy of Caesar; he committed suicide after the battle of Pharsalia, at Utica, hence his appellation Uticensis. Caucasus The great mountain range which extends across the isthmus between the Euxine and Caspian Seas and now forms the boundary between Europe and Asia, but belonged entirely to Asia in the ancient division of continents. The early Greeks had little actual knowledge of this part of the world, using it primarily to connote remoteness and magnitude; e.g. Prometheus was chained here. The honor of having scaled its heights was credited to Alexander out of flattery but it was Pompey who actually reached the Caucasus in his pursuit of Mithridates in 65 BC. Causasius Referring to the Caucasus mountain chain (see above). Caulon A city in southern Italy, on the east coast of Bruttium between Locri and the Gulf of Scyllacium. Caurus The Northwestern wind; indicating wintery climes. Caystros A river of Lydia between the basin of the Hermus on the north and that of the Maeander on the south. Cea The Latin name of the Greek Ceos, one of the most important islands of the Cyclades, facing the promontory of Sunion. The birthplace of the poet Simonides, also celebrated for its splendid female clothing. Cecropidae The descendants of Cecrops, ancient king of Attica who founded the citadel of Athens; thus Athenians. Cecropius Of Cecrops; thus Attic or Athenian. Celaeno One of the Harpies; she calls herself the oldest of the Furies (iii. 245ff) when she predicts that the Trojans will eat their tables out of terrible hunger upon their arrival in Italy. Her name literally means Dark One. Celemna A city in Campania, mentioned only by Vergil. Celeus A king of Eleusis; he or his son was taught agriculture by Ceres whom he entertained as his guest. Centauri A race of wild creatures having the upper part of a human being and the lower part of a horse. Centaurs inhabit the woods or mountains of Elis, Thessaly, and Arcadia. Myths involving Centaurs occur in Homer, late Mycenaean, and early orientalizing art, making them very old. In Greek stories, Centaurs are usually representatives of lustful, drunken, often barbaric behavior, e.g. when invited to a wedding by king of the Lapiths, several Centaurs attempted to rape the women, starting a famous battle with the Lapiths, variously depicted in art and literature. The Centaurs were said to be born of Ixion and a cloud, in the shape of Juno of whom he was enamoured; but in Pindar they are the children of Centaurus, son of Ixion and Nephele, who mated with mares near Mt. Pelion. Centaurus (1) The name of the ship Sergestus "rides" (invehitur) in the funeral games in book v. The name, derived from the half-man, half-horse creatures of early myth, suggests the size, speed, and bucking of the ship as Sergestus maneuvers to outrun his comrades in the contest. (2) One of the Etruscan ships in the allied fleet with which Vergil returns from his journey up the Tibur. The name is taken from the figure-head described here (x. 195ff) as huge and monstrous, like a Centaur. The name probably belonged to real Roman ships, just as the feminine form is known to have been used for Athenian ships. Ceraunia A lofty range of mountains in the northern part of Epirus toward which the Trojans sail, as offering the shortest, though not the safest, route to Italy. The name derives, as Servius tells us, from the frequent thunder storms by which they are visited on account of their height. They are sometimes also called Acroceraunia, though this is properly the name of the promontory jutting into the Ionian Sea. The Ceraunian mountains extend several miles along the coast from the Acroceraunian promontory southwards, making navigation very dangerous. Cerberus The triple-headed dog which guards the gates of the underworld, often simply referred to as "the dog of Hades." Classical art and literature depicts Cerberus with three heads and mane or tail of snakes. Ceres An ancient Italian corn-goddess, commonly identified with Demeter, the daughter of Saturn and mother of Proserpina. The ocurrence of her festival, the Cerialia (Apr 19), on the calendars and the existence of a flamen Cerialis testifies to the antiquity of her worship in Rome, but her association with any of the Greek deities is obscure. Her most famous cult, that on the Aventine, became a center of plebian activities, was supervised by the aediles Cereris, and was connected with the ludi Ceriales, a major part of the Cerialia. Since she is the goddess of agriculture, especially of the harvest, the name is often used by metonomy for bread or for grain itself. Servius says the name is derived from creare, and she is often given the epithet alma. Cerealis Of or referring to the goddess Ceres (thus the English cereal). Cethegus A Rutulian soldier in Turnus's army; he is killed by Aeneas in book xii. Chalcidicus Referring to Chalcis, a city of Euboea of which Cumae was a colony. Chalcis was also the birthplace of the poet Euphorion. Chalybes A tribe on the south coast of the Black Sea, famous for their work in iron, sometimes considered the inventors of this craft. Chaon An unknown Trojan whom Helenus calls the eponymous hero of the land of his new Trojan city. Chaonia Region of Epirus. Landing here the Trojans encounter Helenus, and Andromache tells them the story of his founding of a new Trojan citadel. Chaonius Referring to Chaonia, region of Epirus. Chaos Hesiod calls Chaos the first deity to come into being. He is the personification of the primal state in which earth, sea, and sky were mingled in confusion. Vergil identifies Chaos as the father of Erebus and Nox in the underworld. Charon The boatman who carries across the river Styx all shades who have received proper rites of burial (often including the placement of a coin in the mouth as fee for the ferryman) or those unburied who have waited out the necessary hundred years on the near shore of the underworld. Charybdis The monstrous whirlpool on the Sicilian side of the Straits of Messina. It sucks and spews out water three times a day, creating, with Scylla on the opposite side, a treacherous passage for ships. Chelae The Claws, the sign of the zodiac known as Scorpio. Chimaera (1) A monster of divine race, one of the guardians of the underworld, with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tailof a serpent. Hesiod tells us this fire-breathing monster, offspring of Typhon and Echidna, was slain by Bellerophon. (2) Boat driven by Gyas in the funeral-games race in book v. Chionius A variant of Echionius, referring to Echion, the mythical founder of Thebes. Chiron The wise old Centaur with knowledge of medicine and healing herbs. Well-versed in other aarts, as well, he educates the heroes, Achilles, Asclepius, and Jason, and helps Peleus woo Thetis. His cult is in Thessaly. Chloreus Trojan follower of Aeneas, he is described as a former priest of Cybele. Decked in golden Phrygian armor, he attracts the attention of Camilla in the battle with the Rutulians. She is killed while pursuing him for his booty, and later (book xii.363) he is killed by Turnus. Chromis (1) One of the Trojans slain by Camilla in book xi. (2) A shepherd in Eclogue vi who playfully binds the sleeping Silenus and asks for a song as his ransom. Cicones The tribe of Thracian women who tear Orpheus limb from limb, in their Bacchic frenzy, as he wanders in his grief for Eurydice (Georgics iv. 520ff). Ciminus A lake and mountain in southern Etruria between Volsinii and Falerii. The former, still called Monte Cimino, is a conspicuous object from Rome and the surrounding countryside. The lake is situated in the heart of the mountain in the crater of an extinct volcano. A legend recorded by Servius attributed its formation to Hercules, while another represented it as covering the site of a town named Succinium which was swallowed by an earthquake. It is today called Lago di Vico, from a village of that name on its banks.