Halaesus Son of Agamemnon; Servius' entry for A. 7.723 discusses his status. First appearance in the narrative catalogue of Italians, A. 7. He leads several groups of Campanians. Ovid (Amores 3.13.31f; Fasti 4.73) relates how Halaesus left Argos after Agamemnon's death; after a series of wanderings he arrived in Italy and became the leader of the Falisci and the founder of Falerii (an area known for its wine production, cf. A. 7.725-6, 'those who turn with hoes the Massic ground abounding in Bacchus'). Halaesus appears again in the battle of A. 10 and is slain by Evander's son Pallas; just prior to his death the poem's narrator reveals that Halaesus' father had hidden him in the woods in the hope of escaping such a fate. Since Agamemnon is not mentioned at this point, some have concluded that the Halaesus of A. 10 is a different hero from the one in A. 7. Halius A Trojan killed by Turnus. Halys A Trojan killed by Turnus. Hamadryades A class of nymphs that inhabits treed areas. Servius' entry for E. 10.62 indicates that they live and die with trees, i.e. they are they life-force of individual trees, and though long-lived, they are not immortal. Hammon A cult title of Juppiter in Africa; also spelled Ammon. V. uses it to describe Iarbas, the Libyan king who was son of Hammon and a Garamantian (i.e. Libyan) nymph. Harpalyce A Thracian nymph who appears in a simile which describes Venus' disguise as she appears to Aeneas near Carthage. Servius' discussion of A. 1.317 tells us that her father was king of the Thracian Amymonii. When her father was talen captive by the Getae (or the Myrmidons) she freed him more swiftly than thought possible for a woman; and so she is described as being able to outrun ('cross', so Servius) the swift river Hebrus. After her father was killed she fled to the woods and survived by hunting and stealing, until the deer caught and killed her in a net. Harpalycus A Trojan killed by a spearcast from Camilla. Harpyiae The Harpies were creatures depicted as birds having women's faces. The Trojans encounter them in the Strophades islands of the Ionian Sea. Aeneas' narrative refers to their attacks on Phineus, an episode related in detail in Apollonius Rhodius' Argonautica; the Trojans have to fend off a similar attack on the cattle they have slaughtered. No number of Harpies is specified in Vergil, though one of them is named--Celaeno, who speaks a prophetic speech to the 'sons of Laomedon'. Hebrus A river in Thrace (N-NE coast of Aegean Sea). Vergil attaches the adj. 'winged' to it in a simile describing Harpalyce, apparently to indicate the swiftness of its current; but Servius maintains this is false, and that the Hebrus is very calm even when storms raise it to a high level. He goes on to identify another river of the same name in Thrace near the city of Cypsela. Vergil uses Hebrus again in another simile describing Turnus in battle: he is compared to Mars, who appears to inhabit the area of the 'ice-cold' Hebrus. It is also mentioned in terms of coldness in E. 10; in G. 4 it appears with reference to the Thracian Orpheus and his love affair with Eurydice. Hebrus A Trojan, son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius, king of the Etruscans. Hecate Goddess of the Underworld. At Dido's pyre a priestess invokes her as one of 300 gods by an epithet meaning 'one of three sisters', which Servius explains by her identification with Diana and Proserpina; he goes on to note that Hesiod gives a different parentage to each of these three goddesses, which suggests a too-literal rendering of the epithet (which is also used e.g. to describe the three-headed dog Cerberus by Ovid, Tristia 4.7.16, Tibullus 3.4.88, Propertius 4.7.52), particularly as this epithet is immediately followed up with the 'three faces of virgin Diana'. Servius also supplies an etymology for Hecate from the Homeric epithet hekatebolos, 'far-shooting', which is associate with Diana (i.e. Artemis). Dido herself later identifies Hecate as the name 'wailed at night by city crossroads'; cf. Trivia. In his appeal to the Sibyl at Cumae Aeneas acknowledges Hecate as the goddess who put her in charge of the forest of Avernus, one of the entrances to the Underworld; in a later encounter with Aeneas, Tisiphone uses the same phrase. In a sacrifice the Sibyl invokes Hecate as 'powerful in the Sky and in Erebus', an interesting deviation from her normal sphere. Hector Chief among the Trojan heroes in the Iliad. Son of Priam, king of Troy; husband of Andromache, father of Astyanax. By the time of the action of the Aeneid Hector has been killed by Achilles, but this does not prevent his mention in the poem. His valiant defence of his city for 10 years is remembered by Turnus in contemptuous comparison to the Trojans' struggle with the Italians; Diomedes gives Aeneas the honour of sharing in this long defence. Aeneas pairs himself with Hector in his exhortation to his son Ascanius. Hector occurs first in a frustrated outburst by Aeneas, who wishes he had died among the fortunate at Troy, and mentions Hector along with Sarpedon as conspicuous examples. When Aeneas recounts the destruction of Troy, Hector appears to him, advising flight with the holy relics and Penates and the founding of a new city. He stresses the uselessness of defending Ilion any longer; if the city could have been saved, it would have been so by Hector himself, a sentiment expressed somewhat differently by his mother Hecuba to her husband Priam as he attempts to defend his palace from the Greek onslaught. The Trojans encounter a cenotaph for Hector in Buthrotum, built by his widow Andromache; she gives the aition for the port city of Chaonia. At the actual tomb of Hector we hear of boxing matches, suggesting that funeral games were held for him there. Hectoreus An adjectival form of 'Hector', meaning 'belonging/pertaining to Hector'. Hecuba Wife of Priam. She appears in Aeneas' narrative of the sack of Troy. Helena Jupiter mated with Leda in the guise of a swan; Helen was one of the offpring of this union. She is mentioned in the books which begin each half of the Aeneid; her robe, in which she set out for Troy and her 'illicit marriage', is described in Aen. 1; in Aen. 7 Amata protests the match of her daughter Lavinia to Aeneas, in terms which suggest that he will take her away just as Paris removed Helen from Lacedaemon. Cf. Tyndaris. Helenor Son of Licymnia, slave to the king of Maeonia. He was sent to Troy and appears as a light-armed Trojan ally who is killed by the Latins. Helenus Son of Priam. After the destruction of Troy he fled to Epirus (N.W. Greece) & the area of Buthrotum, where he established communities named after Trojan locales after the death of Neoptolemus. He also became the husband of Andromache, who had passed to Neoptolemus after the fall of Troy. Aeneas refers to Helenus as an 'interpreter of the gods'; he goes on to associate him particularly with the oracular site of Clarus, a shrine of Apollo located near Ephesus. Helenus tells him what to avoid and what to seek: in particular, the omen of a white sow is to be the location of a new Trojan foundation. Helicon A mountain in Boeotia (central Greece), traditionally the home of the Muses. Vergil speaks of it twice in the second half of the Aen., in a repeated line asking the Muses for information for his 'catalogues'. Hellespontiacus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Hellespont', i.e. the straits through which the Propontis (or Sea of Marmara) flows into the Aegean Sea. These straits are often called the Dardanelles in modern usage. In Geo. 4 Vergil uses the adj. of Priapus: Servius explains that Priapus came from Lampsacus, a city on the n. shore of the Hellespont, but was 'driven out because of the magnitude of his penis'. Later he was received among the gods, and given charge of gardens. Helorus A river in Sicily, mentioned in Aeneas' narrative of the Trojans' wanderings in Aen. 3. Helymus A Trojan mentioned in Aen. 5. Helymus A Sicilian who participates in the games of Aen. 5. Herbesus One of the Rutulians killed by the young Trojan Euryalus. Hercules (Greek Herakles.) Son of Jupiter (Zeus) and Alcmena. One of his sons, Aventinus, participates in the Italians' war against the Trojans. Some of the Italians armed with his favourite weapon, the club. Cf. Alcides, Amphitryoniades, Tirynthius. Herculeus Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hercules'. Used of Tarentum, of the lionskin worn by Aventinus, of the domus Pinaria which managed the cult of Hercules, etc. Herminius Trojan killed by Catillus. Hermione Daughter of Menelaus. She replaced Andromache as Neoptolemus' wife. Hermus A river in Lydia (modern Turkey). The plain of the Hermus was apparently fertile, since V. uses the grain grown there in a simile to describe the multitude of peoples in Clausus' train. The river itself is described as 'churning with gold' in Geo. 2. Hernica saxa The Hernican rocks were located in the area of Praeneste, in Latium. Hesione Daughter of Laomedon and sister of Priam. She was married to Telamon, and moved to Salamis. Hesperia Greek for 'Land of Evening', i.e. 'west'. Used to refer to Italy & Sicily. Hesperis Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hesperia'. Hesperius Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hesperia'. Hesperides The 'Daughters of Hesperia'. Dido, in a speech intended to deceive her sister Anna, locates their temple at the edge the land of the Aethiopes, at the boundary of Oceanus, next to the setting of the Sun. Hesperus A star, said in E. 8 to rise from Mt. Oeta. Hiberus Adjective meaning 'pertaining or belonging to Iberia (i.e. modern Spain & Portugal'. Hicetaonius One of the Trojans who defend a rampart against the Rutulians. Hiems Diety whose name means 'storm' in Latin. Anchises specifies that a black victim be sacrificed to him to secure the Trojans' passage to Crete. Himella A river in Sabine country, in an area cultivated by the Tetricae, one of the peoples who follow Clausus. Hippocoon A Trojan who participates in the games of A. 5; son of Hyrtacus. Hippodame Daughter of Oenomaus, aka Hippodameia. Pelops won her hand in a chariot race, described by Apollonius Rhodius. Hippolyte Queen of the Amazons, who appears in a simile comparing her & her warriors to Camilla and her band. Hippolytus Son of Theseus. His son Virbius, born to Aricia, appears among the Italian forces in A. 7. Hippotades 'Son of Hippotas', a patronymic used of Amastrus. Hisbo A Rutulian killed by Pallas. Hister The ancient Latin name for the Danube River, mentioned twice in Geo. Homole A mountain in Thessaly (central Greece), used in a simile to describe Catillus and Coras of Tibur. Horae Latin for the 'hours', personified along with Nox in A. 3. Horcus A Latin transliteration of the Greek word meaning 'oath'. In Hesiod's Works & Days Horcus is a god born on the fifth day and nursed by the Furies. In the Palatine Vergil Horcus appears in Geo. 1, as a god of the Underworld; other manuscripts read Orcus (Pluto) instead. Hyades Sisters of the Pleiades and daughters of Atlas; their name means 'bringers of rain' in Greek. Cicero & Gellius offer different etymologies for their name. As a group of stars they make up the head of the constellation Taurus. Hybla A mountain in Sicily. In E. 7 Corydon mentions the sweetness of the honey produced there in unfavorable comparison to the sweetness of Galatea. Hyblaeus Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hybla'. Used in E. 1 to describe bees. Hydaspes A river in India, mentioned in G. 4. Hydaspes A Trojan killed by Sacrator. Hydra A name derived from the Greek word for 'water'. A monster of this name with 50 black throats appears inside the gates of the Underworld in A. 6. A more famous Hydra appears in A. 7, on the shield of Aventinus, as Hercules is portrayed killing it. Hylaeus A Centaur, killed by Hercules. He is mentioned in a hymn to Hercules sung by the Salii. Hylas Son of Theiodamas, king of the Dryopes, and a nymph named Menodice. Hercules killed Theiodamas and abducted the young and beautiful Hylas, who accompanied him on the voyage of the Argonauts. In Mysia (modern Turkey) the nymph of the spring Pegae encountered Hylas while he was fetching water and fell in love with him; she pulled him into the spring, but authors differ on whether he drowned there or simply lived with her under water. Hercules did not take his disappearance well, and ordered the people of the nearby city of Cius never to stop searching for the boy, so that every year they would search the countryside calling the name 'Hylas'. His story is told by Apollonius and Theocritus (the fragments of Callimachus mention Theiodamas); Vergil refers to the Hylas story in E. 6 and G. 3. Hylax The name of a dog who barks at the approach of Daphnis in E. 8. His name derives from the Greek verb hulaktein, 'to bark'. Hyllus A Trojan killed by Turnus. Hypanis A river in Sarmatia (which included parts of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and W. Russia), now called the Boug. Hypanis A Trojan who joins Aeneas in defending Troy during its fall. He is paired at the end of the hexameter line with Dymas; when the Greeks discovered that Aeneas' band were impostors, Hypanis and Dymas are again paired in death. Hyperboreus A Greek adjective meaning 'above Boreas', i.e. far north. The Hyperboreans were a mythical northern people; the adj. is used by V. to describe coldness. Hyrcanus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Hyrcania'. This is a region in Asia bounded on the n. by the Caspian Sea; it contained many wild beasts. Hyrtacus A Trojan, father of Nisus. Hyrtacides A patronymic meaning 'son or descendant of Hyrtacus'; used of Nisus. Iacchus Iacchus may have been an distinct figure in the early Eleusinian cult, but by the fifth century BC this name appears as another title of Dionysus or Bacchus. V. always uses it in the last foot of the line. Iaera A nymph who raised Pandrus and Bitias, sons of Alcanor. Ianiculum The Janiculum is a hill just w. of the boundaries of the ancient city of Rome. V. gives to Evander a speech in which he provides an aition for this name, taking it from the god Janus, to whom a monument was dedicated there, and collis, Latin for 'hill'. Ianus The god Janus was portrayed as having two faces, looking in opposite directions. He had liminal associations, for instance with doors, gates, and thresholds. His association with the Janiculum in Aen. 8 is appropriate to a geographical feature bordering on Rome. He is twice paired with Saturnus by V. Iapetus Son of Ge and Uranus according to Hesiod, and one of the Titans. Iapetus was father to Prometheus & Epimetheus, Atlas and Menoeteus, again acc. to Hesiod. Iapys An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Iapydes'. These were an Illyrian people, inhabiting n. Dalmatia. Used of the river Timavus, which terminates in the Adriatic Sea. Iapyx An Apulian, and ancestor of Diomedes, according to a speech delivered by Venulus. Servius reports that the mountain Garganus, which V.Êuses adjectivally to refer to Iapyx, lies in the region of Apulia called Iapygia. Servius and Servius Danielis disagree on whether Iapyx derived his name from the region or vice versa. Iapyx Name of a wind, said by Gellius (who cites V.) to blow from Apulia Iapyx A Trojan, son of Iasus. Out of love for him Apollo granted Iapyx knowledge of the art of medicine, since he wished to heal his father. Iapyx attends to the wounded Aeneas, with the divine help of Venus. Iarbas King of the Gaetuli, an African tribe, and suitor of Dido. Iasius A Trojan ancestor, who along with Dardanus came fron Italy to found the Trojan nation, according to a speech delivered to Aeneas in his sleep by the Penates. Servius reports that Dardanus and Iasius were brothers of Jupiter & Electra (but Iasius was actually sired by Corythus). Iasius was said to have killed Dardanus. Servius Danielis reports that Dardanus founded Troy, while Iasius founded a settlement on Samothrace, and held an independent kingdome there. He also reports another tradition in which both Dardanus & Iasius were sons of Corythys; Dardanus went to Phrygia and became an ally of Teucer the son of Scamandrus. Teucer gave his daughter in marriage to Dardanus, and after Teucer's death the area of the Troad became known as Dardania. Iasides A patronymic meaning 'son or descendant of Iasius'. V. uses it of Palinurus and Iapyx. Icarus Son of Daedalus. Ida A mountain range running approximately e.-w., which forms the southern frontier of the Troad. Idaeus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ida'. Ida Mother of Nisus. Servius indicates that some readers understood this name to refer to Mt. Ida, with the description of her as 'huntress' used as a figure of speech, meaning that the mountain abounds in hunts. Servius Danielis understands the figure as metonomy: 'huntress' standing in for those who hunt on Ida. Idaeus A Trojan hero whom Aeneas sees in the Underworld. Idaeus One of the Trojans who carries off the grieving and unnamed mother of Euryalus. Idalium A mountain on Cyprus, and site of a sanctuary of Aphrodite (Venus). Idalia Modern Dali, in central Cyrpus. The region in which Venus hid Ascanius. It contained 'high groves'. This feminine form is a variation on Idalium that does not appear before V. Idalius An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Idalia'. Used of Venus. Idas A Trojan killed by Turnus. Idas A Thracian who sent three unnamed sons from their town of Ismara to the Trojans; these sons were killed in battle by Clausus. Idmon A Rutulian who serves as Turnus' messenger to the Trojans. Idomeneus King of Crete, son of Deucalion, grandson of Minos. Servius Danielis reports that he came to Italy after he had been expelled from the Cretan city of Lyctus. Servius reports the reason for his expulsion: on his way home after the destruction of Troy, he encountered a storm, and vowed that he would sacrifice the first thing that he encountered should he arrive safely. This thing happened to be his son; some say that he actually sacrificed him, others that he only expressed the desire to do so, but in either case a pestilence befell the city, and on this account he went to the promontory in Calabria known as the Campi Sallentini. He besieged the Sallentini and eventually founded a city nearby. Idumaeus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Idumaea'. This state was in Palestine--an area known for palm trees, which are described by this adj. in its first appearance in Latin, in V.'s Georgics. Ilia Either the daughter (so Ennius) or descendant (so V.) of Aeneas, who was impregnated by Mars and gave birth to Romulus and Remus. Aka Rhea Silvia. Ilione Eldest daughter of Priam. Servius reports that she was married to Polymestor (king of Thrace, who betrayed his Trojan allies and killed her brother Polydorus). Servius Danielis adds that she was sent away after the capture of Troy, and died by her own hand; Hyginus, however, records a tradition in which she killed Polymestor. Ilioneus A Trojan, and one of their senior statesmen, to judge by his leading role when Aeneas is absent from the scene; perhaps his name (derived from Ilium) suggests some status in the city's governing class; cf. Ilione. Servius remarks that his role as spokesman is appropriate, since Homer says that his father, Phorbas, always fought with the favor of Mercury (Hermes), the god of eloquence. Ilium The Latinized form of Ilion, a Greek city established on the site associated with the legends of Troia, on the s. side of the Hellespont. Iliacus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Though the form appears to be Greek, there are no occurrences in either Greek or Latin which are certainly earlier than V. Iliades The feminine plural of the Greek adjective Ilias, 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Used by V. to indicate Trojan women. Ilius An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ilium'. Illyricus An adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Illyria', i.e. the area e. of the Adriatic Sea. Ilva An island opposite Populonia (in Etruria); the modern Elba. The name is Ligurian; the Greek name was Aithale, 'smoky', suggested by its iron-smelting industry. Ilus Founder of Ilium, i.e. Troy. Son of Tros (Homer, however, refers to an Ilus who was son of Dardanus) and Callirrhoe, daughter of the river Scamander (Xanthus). Victor of a wrestling match in Phrygian games, for which victory he received 50 young males and an equal no. of females, in addition to a dappled cow, which, according to an oracle, was to lead Ilus to the spot upon which he should found a city. This turned out to be an area sacred to the Phrygian goddess Ate ('Ruin' in Greek). When he asked Zeus for a favorable sign for his foundation, the Palladium dropped from the sky; Ilus thereupon built a temple for this object, and his city, Ilion, was to remain invulnerable so long as the Palladium remained there. Ilus married Eurydice: their children were Laomedon and Themiste. Ilus A name by which Ascanius was known at Ilium, according to V. Ilus A Rutulian apparently killed by Pallas. Imaon An Italian shielded in battle by Halaesus. Imbrasus A Lycian who sent his sons Glaucus and Lades to Troy. Imbrasides In addition to the two sons of Imbrasus, Asius is also given this title, meaning 'son or descendant of Imbrasus'. Inachus King of Argos or god of the Argive river that bore his name. He was father of Io, whose story appears on the shield of Turnus; Turnus claimed descent from Inachus and Acrisius. Inachius Adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Inachus'. Used by V. in Aen. to mean 'Argive'. Inarime An island located near the promontory of Misenum, off the Campanian coast; Servius Danielis said it was later known as Aenaria, and that either Typhoeus or Enceladus were crushed by it. Servius reports that an earthquake caused the island of Prochyta to be formed from the rubble of Inarime. India A land known for its production of ebony and ivory in V.'s Geo. Located in s. Asia, its northern border formed by the Himalya mts., which extend from the Brahmaputra river on the e. to the Indus river on the w.; these were known by the ancient names of Emodus and Imaus. Indi A plural masculine adjective meaning 'belonging or pertaining to India', and used as the name of its inhabitants. Indus An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to India'. Indigetes Plural of Indiges, 'hero of the land'; used of figures who attain divine status and act as patron deities. Used by V. of Romulus, Vesta, and Aeneas. Inous Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ino'. Ino was driven made by Hera and leaped into the sea with her son; both became sea deities, and received new names: Ino became Leucothea, Melicertes became known as Palaemon. In the Aen. the adj. is used of Palaemon; in Geo. it describes Melicertes. Servius identifies Palaemon with Portunus. Insidiae Latin for 'plot', 'snare'. Mentioned with Irae, 'the Wraths', and Formido, 'Dread', as personified companions of Mars in a simile. Invidia Latin for 'Envy'. Personified in Geo., with apparent reference to Callimachus' 'Phthonos', Greek for 'envy'. Io Daughter of Inachus. Beloved of Zeus, Hera changed her into a cow, which Argus guarded. Iollas Rival of Corydon for the affections of Alexis in E. 2. Iollas The addressee of two singers, Menalcas and Damoetas, in E. 3. Iollas A Trojan killed by Catillus. Ionium The name of a sea, roughly the modern Adriatic, though the ancient mare Ionium can extend somewhat farther to the e. In this sea V. locates the Strophades, inhabited by the Harpies. Ionius Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to the Ionian sea'. Iopas A singer and cithara player in Carthage. Servius says that he was an African king and one of Dido's suitors, according to a 'Punic history'. Iphitus One of the Trojans, along with Pelias, who accompanied Aeneas while fighting at the fall of Troy. Irae See 'Insidiae'. Iris Daughter of the Titan Thaumas and the Oceanid Electra. In Homer she carries messages for Zeus, but in later literature (including V.) that is Hermes' duty; Iris carries out duties assigned by Hera. Cf. Thaumantias. Ismarus A mountain in s. Thrace, associated with Orpheus. Ismara The neuter plural form of Ismarus, referring to the same mountain range. This area was famous for its wine. A small lake and a city in the region bore similar names. Ismarus An adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ismara'. Idas is associated with this region. Ismarus A Lydian ally of the Trojans, described as an archer. Italia The peninsula known as Italy, in which the Trojans must refound their state. Italides Either 'descendants of Italy' or 'descendants of Italus'. V. uses the term of Camilla's female companions, Larina, Tulla, and Tarpeia. Itali Plural adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Italy', used often to mean 'Italians'. Italus The singular of the above, used to mean 'Italian'. Italus Eponymous ancestor and found of the Italian peoples. Servius says that he was king of the Sicilians; from Sicily he came to the area near the Tiber river, and gave it the name Italia. He goes on to demonstrate that the inhabitants of Laurolavinium were Sicilians by citing V.'s own aetiology for Siculi and Sicanes. Ithaca Island in the Ionian sea, and home of Ulysses (Odysseus). Ithacus Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ithaca'; used use Ulysses (Ulixes). Ituraeus Adj. meaning 'belonging or pertaining to Ituraea'. This mountainous district in N.E. Palestine derived its name from the descendants of the tribe of Jetur, who inhabited it in an early period. In the Roman period the inhabitants were famous for their archery. Servius identifies them with the Parthians. Itys A Trojan killed by Turnus. Iulius An adj. formed from the name of the Roman gens Iulia. Used by V. of Julius Caesar; whether this refers to the assassinated dictator or to Augustus is disputed. Servius says that 'the poet's whole intention is to praise Augustus', but then asserts that in A. 1 the reference is to the elder C. Iulius Caesar. In Geo. 2 the adj. has an Augustan reference. Iulus Son of Aeneas, also called Ascanius. The etymology given by V. is that his name at Ilium had been Ilus; later he was given the 'nickname' Iulus. Iuno Juno (Greek Hera), wife and sister of Jupiter, and nemesis of the Trojans. Cf. Lacinia, Saturnia. Iuppiter Jupiter (Greek Zeus), son of Saturnus, sibling of Juno, Pluto, and Neptune. Chief among the Roman state gods. Iustitia Latin for 'Justice', and the personification of it. She was the last immortal to leave the earth in the Age of Bronze, and was identified with the astrological sign Virgo, aka Astraea. Iuturna Juturna, sister of Turnus. Ovid reports that she was raped by Jupiter and made a river nymph and an immortal in recompense. He also tells us that a lake of the same name was formed from a stream in the Alban hills, and there was a temple and festival in her honor in Rome. Ixion King of the Lapiths in Thessaly. Ixion attempted to rape Juno, but Jupiter tricked him by substituting a cloud; the offspring of this union was Centaurus, progenitor of the Centaurs. Pirithous was sometimes called Ixion's son, but in Homer the child's father was Zeus, out of Ixion's wife. Ixion was punished for his attempt; the location of his punishment was fixed by Apollonius as the Underworld. He was tied to a wheel; V's Georgics indicate that snakes bound him to the wheel, and their bites may have been part of his torture. Karthago The city of Carthage, located in modern Tunisia. Said by V. to be a colony of the Phoenician city of Tyre. Labici The name of a people in Latium. Servius gives the following aition: Glaucus, son of Minos, came to Italy seeking a kingdom for himself, but was unsuccessful. Since he had nothing to show (as his father had shown a belt to his expedition on their departure) for his efforts, he presented his shield; from this action he was called 'Labicus', a Latin name derived from the Greek expression 'apo tes labes', 'from the handle'. The name of this people would then be a plural form of this adjectival nickname. Labos An archaic form of the Latin noun labor, 'toil'. In this personified form it appears as one of the evils which crowd about the front of the 'house of Orcus'. Labyrinthus A maze built by Daedalus as a prison for the Minotaur. Located in Cnossus, on the island of Crete.