Studies of the Body

A Selected, Annotated Bibliography
In Process

History & Sociology of Science 414
University of Pennsylvania

In addition to contributions by the class, this bibliography incorporates some listings in Feher, Fragments for a History of the Human Body and Young, Bodylore.

Adams, Florence A. Fowle. 1897. Gestures and Pantomimic Actions . New York: Edgar S. Werner.

Alter, Joseph. 2000. Gandhi's Body. Sex, Diet, and the Politics of Nationalism.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Anon., ed. 1999. Il cadavere. Antropologia e imaginario sociale/The Corpse. Anthropology and Social Imagery. Micrologus, 7. 550 pp. Turnhout: Brepols.

Anon., ed. 1993. I discorsi dei corpi/Discourses of the Body. Micrologus, 1. 346 pp. Turnhout: Brepols.

Arnup, Katherine; Andree Leveque; Ruth Roach Pierson, ed. 1990. Delivering Motherhood: Maternal Ideologies and Practices in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Routledge.

Aubert, Jean-Jacques. 1989. Threatened Wombs: Aspects of Ancient Uterine Magic. Greek Roman Byzantine Stud., 30: 421-499. Discusses the ways in which human and supernatural interventions were thought capable of interfering with the natural process of reproduction.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1984. Rabelais and his world, tr. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. People write about bodies as grotesque (low, coarse, vulgar, and profane) or classical (closed, complete, smooth, sealed, etherealized), influencing the experience of readers. The propriety of etherealized discourse is threatened by what Bakhtin calls carnivalesque inversions. Written in dense jargon.

Barker, Francis. 1984. 'The tremulous private body.' Essays on subjection. London: Methuen. Barker locates the invention of the bourgeois body in 17C. It was privatized and etherealized. The self, external earlier [?], has been refashioned to become introspective, reflexive, inner.

Barley, Nigel. 1995. Grave Matters. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Cross-cultural ideas of death and the body.

Barnes, Barry; Steven Shapin, editors. 1979. Natural Order. Historical Studies of Scientific Culture. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. See esp. Cooter, "The Power of the Body."

Barton, Tamsyn S. 1994. Power and Knowledge: Astrology, Physiognomics and Medicine under the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. Histories of cultural materialism.

Bataille, Georges. 1987. Eroticism, tr. Mary Dalwood. London: Boyars, 1987. Orig. publ. as L'erotisme.

Bateson, Gregory. 1972. Steps to an ecology of mind. New York: Ballantine. The self as part of a cybernetic system whose boundaries are wider than the skin. Mind is not peculiar to the individual but immanent in an ecosystem.

Baudrillard, Jean. 1995. Simulacra and Simulation. The Body, in Theory: Histories of Cultural Materialism, tr. Sheila Faria Glaser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Largely postmodern comment on a great variety of topics, some contemporary.

Becker, Anne E. 1995. Body, Self, and Society: The View from Fiji. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Eleven case studies examining "the embodiment of culture in and through image."

Bell, Rudolph M. 1985. Holy Anorexia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Berg, Charles. 1951. The Unconscious Significance of Hair. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Examination of hair-activities in dreams, anthropology, folklore, symptoms, and perversions as expression of instinct-driven tensions and conflicts.

Berger, H., Jr. 1987. Bodies and texts. Representations 17:144-166.

Berman, Morris. 1989. Coming to Our Senses: Body and Spirit in the Hidden History of the West. New York: Simon & Shuster.

Birdwhistell, Ray. 1970. Kinesics and context. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. Birdwhistell formulates a technical system for codifying body movement. He understands the body to be invested in a communication system, part of which is organized internally, part of which is displayed externally, and part of which is elaborated contextually.

Blacking, J., ed. 1977. The Anthropology of the Body. New York: Academic Press.

Boddy, Janice. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men, and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: Wisconsin University Press. Examines spirit possession cults in Sudan and how they function in terms of gender relations, explanations of mental and physical illness, and misfortune.

Bogucka, Maria. 1991. Illness and Death in a Maritime City: Gdansk in the 17th Century. Amer. Neptune, 51: 91-104.

Bordo, Susan. 1993. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bottomley, F. 1979. Attitudes to the Body in Western Christendom. London: Lepus Books.

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1989. Outline of an theory of practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Culture is embodied and fabricated from the body. Literal and symbolic properties form the social body. Also jargon-ridden.

Boyd, Robert; Silk, Joan B. 1997. How Humans Evolved. W. W. Norton and Company: New York.

Broege, Valerie. 1988. Views on Human Reproduction and Technology in Science Fiction. Extrapolation, 29: 197-215.

Brown, Peter. 1988. The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity. Lectures on the History of Religions, n.s., 13. New York: Columbia University Press.

Brownell, Susan. 1995. Training the Body for China. Sports in the Moral Order of the People’s Republic. University of Chicago Press. Excellent analytic study based on the author’s experience as an athlete on a Chinese national team, a Sinologist, and an anthropologist.

Burgett, Bruce. 1998. Sentimental Bodies. Sex, Gender and Citizenship in the Early Republic. Princeton Univ. Press. On body images etc. in early U.S. political culture.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. 1987. Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bynum, Caroline Walker. 1991. Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion. New York: Zone Books.

Cabanis, P. 1981. On the Relations between Physical and Moral Aspects of Man. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cahill, Spencer E.; Eggleston, Robin. 1995. Reconsidering the Stigma of Physical Disability: Wheelchair Use and Public Kindness. The Sociological Quarterly, 36. 4: 681-698.

Camp, John. 1973. Magic, Myth, and Medicine. New York: Taplinger.

Caplan, Jane, editor. 2000. Written on the Body. The Tattoo in European and American History. Princeton University Press.

Carella, Michael Jerome. 1991. Matter, Morals, and Medicine: Ancient Greek Origins of Science, Ethics, and the Medical Profession. New York: Lang.

Carey, James W. 1993. Distribution of Culture-Bound Illness in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 7: 281-300.

Carter, A. 1978. The Sadien Woman and the Ideology of Pornography. New York: Pantheon Books.

Carter, R. 1983. Descartes' Medical Philosophy: The Organic Solution to the Mind-Body Problem.

Cash, Thomas F.; Lora Jacobi. 1994. In Pursuit of the Perfect Appearance: Discrepancies Among Self-Ideal Percepts of Multiple Physical Attributes. In Journal of Applied Social Psychology, v24 n5.

Cash, Thomas F.; Melissa K. Rich. 1993. The American Image of Beauty: Media Representations of Hair Color for Four Decades. In Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, v29 n1-2.

Cawte, John. 1974. Medicine Is The Law. Studies In Psychiatric Anthropology of Australian Tribal Societies. The University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Charmaz, Kathy. ?. The Body, Identity, and Self: Adapting to Impairment. The Sociological Quarterly, 36. 4: 657-680. Examines stages to adapting to serious chronic illness.

Chopra, Deepak. 1990. Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide. New York: Harmony Books. Introduction to Ayurvedic Medicine in a very Americanized form.

Churchland, Paul M. 1988. Matter and Consciousness: A Contemporary Introduction to the Philosophy of the Mind. Revised ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Cixous, Hélène; Catherine Clément. 1986. The newly born woman. Trans. Betsy Wing. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. Account of a southern Italian ritual dance, the tarantella, in which women "cure" themselves of what moderns perceive as a psychosexual disease. French feminists Cixous and Clément develop a theory of the gendered female body in Western culture.

Clarke, Bruce; Wendell Aycock, editors. 1990. The Body and the Text. Comparative Essays in Literature and Medicine. Studies in Comparative Literature, 22. ix, 221 pp. Lubbock: Texas Tech UP.

Clayson, D.E.; M. R. Maughan. 1986. Redheads and Blondes: Stereotypic Images. In Psychological Reports, 59.

Cohen, Ed. 1987. (R)evolutionary Scenes: The Body Politic and the Political Body in Henry Maudsley's Nosology of "Masturbatory Insanity". Nineteenth Century Cont., 11: 179-191.

Conrad, Branaby. 1999. The Blonde: A Celebration of the Golden Era from Harlowe to Monroe. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Celebrates the blonde past, present, and future.

Cooter, Roger. 1979. "The Power of the Body: The Early Nineteenth Century." In Barry Barnes & Shapin 1979: 73-95. On popular physiology in 18C Edinburgh. Summary in file, s.v. medicine.

Corbin, Alain. 1990. Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France After 1850 Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Corson, Richard. 1965. Fashions in Hair, the First Five Thousand Years. New York: Hastings House.

Crawford, R. 1984. "A Cultural Account of Health: Control, Release, and Social Body." In Issues in the Political Economy of Health Care, ed. J. McKinlay, 60-103. New York: Tavistock.

Csordas, Thomas, editor. 1994. Embodiment and Experience. The Existential Ground of Culture and Self. Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology. Cambridge University Press.

Culianu, Ioan P. 1991. A Corpus for the Body. Journal of Modern History, March, 63: 61-80. Clumsily written essay review of Feher etc.

D'Emilio, John; Estelle B. Freedman. 1997. Intimate Matters. A History of Sexuality in America. 2d ed. University of Chicago Press. First published 1988.

Dasen, Veronique. 1988. Dwarfism in Egypt and Classical Antiquity: Iconography and Medical History. Medical History, 32: 253-276.

Davies, Catherine Glyn. 1990. Conscience as Consciousness: The Idea of Self-Awareness in French Philosophical Writing from Descartes to Diderot. Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation.

Dayton, Cornelia Hughes. 1991. Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an 18th Century New England Village. William Mary Quart., 48: 19-49.

Dean-Jones, Lesley. 1994. Women's Bodies in Classical Greek Science. Oxford Univ. Press.

DeCraemer, Willy. 1983. A Cross Cultural Perspective on Personhood. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society, 61. 1: 19-34.

DeLand, Manuel. Nonorganic Life. In Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Krary & Sanford Kwinter, pp. 129-167. New York: Urzone, 1992. A "paradigm shift" in last 30 years from studying isolated physical systems to those in nature that "are subject to flows of matter and energy that continuously move through them."

Delaney, Janice. 1988. The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Discusses menstruation taboos and contains a chapter on the medical myths. VP QP263 D45 1988.

Deleuze, Gilles. 1991. Empiricism and Subjectivity: An Essay on Hume's Theory of Human Nature. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.

Demand, Nancy. 1994. Birth, Death, and Motherhood in Classical Greece. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

Deneys-Tunney, Anne. 1992. Ecritures du corps: De Descartes a Laclos. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.

Deutsch, F. 1959. On the Mysterious Jump from the Mind to the Body. New York: International University Press.

Devins, Neal; Wendy L. Watson, editors. ?. Federal Abortion Politics: A Documentary History. 3 vols. New York: Garland.

Dixon, Laurinda S. 1995. Perilous Chastity: Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

Douglas, Mary. 1973. Natural symbols: Explorations in cosmology. New York: Vintage. The phenomenology of body yields "natural symbols," becoming a source of imagery for conceptions, practices, rituals, institutions, societies, and universes. Specifically, Douglas presents analogies between the body, the body politic, and the social body.

Dreger, Alice Domurat. 1998. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Harvard University Press. Studies medical commentaries on cases of hermaphroditism in England and France, esp.. 1880-1915.

Dubois, Page. 1988. Sowing the Body: Psychoanalysis and Ancient Representation of Women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A study of women in Greece from Homer to Plato.

Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume-Benjamin. 1990. The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Studies in emotions and social interaction.

Duden, Barbara. 1991. The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor's Patients in 18th-Century Germany. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. Diseases of women from the case books of Dr. Johannes Pelargius Storch.

Duden, Barbara. 1993. Disembodying Women. Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn, tr. Lee Hoinacki. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Dutton, Diane B. 1986. Social Class, Health, and Illness. In Applications of Social Science to Clinical Medicine and Health Policy, eds. Linda H. Aiken and David Mechanic. 23-46. NJ: Rutgers UP.

Eagleton, Terry. 1990. The ideology of the aesthetic. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Eagleton proposes that aesthetics, which describes "the whole of our sensate life together," allows the history of the body to be understood as a history of philosophy. He surveys the complex relationship between art, bodies, and ideologies of individuality from 18C on.

Eiser, J. Richard, editor. 1982. Social Psychology and Behavorial Medicine. New York: John Wiley.

Elias, Norbert. 1978. The Civilizing Process. Vol. 1, The history of manners, trans. Edmund Jephcott. New York: Pantheon. Manners as a way to create the civilizing disgust that "is inseparable from refinement."

Elliott, Dyan. 1998. Fallen Bodies. Pollution, Sexuality, and Demonology in the Middle Ages. Other Middle Ages: Witnesses at the Margins of Medieval Society. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. On pollution, sexuality and demonology in the minds of celibate clerics; note the gradual polarization that led to mariolatry on one hand and denigration of women on the other.

Epstein, Julia. 1990. "Either/Or--Neither/Both: Sexual Ambiguity and the Ideology of Gender. Genders, 7, Spring: 99-130.

Epstein, Julia. 1995. Altered Conditions: Disease, Medicine, and the Story Telling. New York: Routledge. Ambiguities of gender in theater and literature.

Epstein, Julia; Straub, Kristina. editors. 1991. Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity. New York: Routledge. Collection on gender ambiguities.

Fast, Julius. 1970. Body Language. New York: M. Evans and Company, Inc.

Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1985. Myths of Gender. New York: Basic Books. Explores various debates including nature versus nurture, biology determinism versus social determinism.

Fausto-Sterling, Anne. 1993. "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are Not Enough," The Sciences, March/April: 20-24. The author questions the medical dogma that, without medical intervention, hermaphrodites are doomed to a life of misery.

Feher, Michel, editor. 1989. Fragments for a History of the Human Body. 3 vols. New York: Zone. Collected papers on several cultures.

Feudtner, Chris; Dimitri A. Christakis; Nicholas A. Christakis. 1994. Do Clinical Clerks Suffer Ethical Erosion? Students' Perceptions of their Ethical Environment and their Personal Development. Academic Medicine, Vol. 69. 8: 670-679.

Firth, Raymond. 1973. Symbols: Public and Private. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Anthropological study of symbolic forms and processes and the functions of symbolism.

Ford, Norman M. 1988. When Did I Begin? Conception of the Human Individuality in History, Philosophy, and Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Foster, Gary D. 1995. Reasonable Weights: Determinants, Definitions, and Directions. Obesity Treatment. 35-44.

Foster, Susan. Dancing Bodies. In Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Krary & Sanford Kwinter, pp. 480-496. New York: Urzone, 1992. A dancer's view of the body "based on analysis of discourses or practices that instruct it."

Foucault, Michel. 1980-1988. The history of sexualiry. 3 vols. New York: Vintage. The shift from Greco-Roman notions of bodily pleasure to the moralizing discourse that emerged from the Middle Ages, inventing "experiences of sexuality."

Fox, Renee C.; Judith P. Swazey. 1992. Spare Parts: Organ Replacement in Society. New York: Oxford University Press. Organ transplantation, the notion of the organs as a "gift," and the effects of giving and receiving that gift.

Frank, Arthur W. 1991. For a Sociology of the Body: an Analytical Review. In The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory, ed. Mike Featherstone, Mike Hepworth, and Bryan S. Turner, pp. 36-102. London: Sage Publications.

Frank, G. 1986. "On Embodiment: A Case Study of Congenital Limb Deficiency in American Culture." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 10: 189-219.

Friedman, Herbert L. 1989. The Health of Adolescents: Beliefs and Behavior. Social Science Magazine, 29. 3: 309-315.

Furnham, A; Greaves, N. 1994. Gender and locus of control correlates of body image dissatisfaction. European Journal of Personality,8.3:183-200.

Furth, Charlotte. 1986. Blood, Body and Gender. Medical Images of the Female Condition in China 1600-1850. Chinese Science, 7: 43-66.

Furth, Charlotte. 1995. From Birth to Birth. The Growing Body in Chinese Medicine. In Chinese Views of Childhood, ed. Anne Behnke Kinney, pp. 157-191. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. On schemata of conception, growth, stages of sexual activity, etc. Offprint in file.

Gallagher, Catherine; Thomas W. Laqueur, editors. 1987. The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. VP QP251 .S4828 1987.

Gallagher, Sally K.; Randall G. Stokes; Andy B. Anderson. 1996. Economic Disarticulation and Fertility in Less Developed Nations. The Sociological Quarterly, 37. 2: 227-244.

Gamwell, Lynn; Tomes, Nacy. 1995. Madness in America: Cultural and Medical Perceptions of Mental Illness Before 1914. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

Garland, Robert. 1995. The Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Greco-Roman World Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

Gibson, Mary. 1990. On the Insensitivity of Women: Science and the Women Question in Liberal Italy, 1890-1910. J. Womens Hist., 2. 2: 11-41. In the last decade of 19th century, hundreds of Italian women were hooked up to electrodes as subjects of scientific experiments on physical sensitivity.

Gil, José. 1998. Metamorphoses of the Body. Theory out of Bounds, tr. Stephen Meucke. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Giladi, Avner. 1990. Infants, Children, and Death in Medieval Muslim Society: Some Preliminary Observations. Soc. Hist. Med., 3: 345-368.

Gilman, Sander L. 1990. "I'm Down on Whores": Race and Gender in Victorian London. In Anatomy of Racism, ed. David T. Goldberg, pp. 146-170. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.

Gilman, Sander L. 1995. Picturing Heath and Illness: Images of Identity and Difference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. Published in UK as Health and Illness: Images of Difference. London: Reaktion Books.

Gilman, Sander L. 1999. Making the Body Beautiful. A Cultural History of Aesthetic History. Princeton Univ. Press.

Gilman, Sander. 1988. Disease and Representation: Images of Illness, Madness to AIDS. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.

Gilman, Sander. 1989. Sexuality: An Illustrated History: Representing the Sexual Machine and Culture from the Middle Ages to the Age of AIDS. New York: Wiley.

Gilman, Sander. 1991. The Jew's Body. New York: Routledge.

Gilman, Sander. 1993. Freud, Race, and Gender. Princeton Univ. Press.

Glassner, Barry. 1992. Bodies: Overcoming the Tyranny of Perfection. Los Angeles: Lowell House.

Goffman, Erving. 1959. The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor. People present themselves, trying to control the impressions they make, not necessarily to deceive but to sustain a reality.

Goldhukk, Simon. 1995. Foucault's Virginity: Ancient Erotic Fiction and the History of Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Gollaher, David L. 1994. From Ritual to Science: The Medical Transformation of Circumcision in America. J. Soc. Hist., 28: 5-36.

Gorney, Roderic. 1972. The Human Agenda. New York: Simon and Schuster. Exploration of the evolution of values which examines the relationship of the long past to problems of the present, and to the challenge of finding a viable way into the future. Contains a section on the quest for blondeness.

Green, Monica. 1989. Women's Medical Practice and Health Care in Medieval Europe. Signs, 14: 434-473. Review of recent literature.

Greenberg, David F. 1988. The Construction of Homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Guthrie, Dale R. 1936. Body Hot Spots: The Anatomy of Human Social Organs and Behavior. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

Hagstrum, J. 1980. Sex and Sensibility: Ideal and Erotic Love from Milton to Mozart. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hagstrum, J. 1985. The Romantic Body: Love and Sexuality in Keats, Wordworth, and Blake. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

Hall, Edward T. 1977. Beyond culture. New York: Anchor. Classic study of how cultures make "natural" the varying distances at which people interact.

Haraway, Donna. 1993. The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies. In Knowledge, Power and Practice, ed. Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock, pp. 364-410. Berkeley: University of California Press. A postmodern view of the body as a changing unit, depicted in the language of immunology.

Harding, Geoffrey. 1988. Opiate Addiction, Morality, and Medicine: From Moral Illness to Pathological Disease. New York: St. Martin's Press.

Harper, Donald. 1990. The Conception of Illness in Early Chinese Medicine, as Documented in Newly Discovered 3rd and 2nd Century B.C. Manuscripts. Sudhoffs Arch., 74: 210-235.

Harris, Bernard. 1994. Health, Height, and History: An Overview of Recent Developments in Anthropometric History. Soc. Hist. Med., 7: 297-320.

Hatty, Suzanne E.; James Hatty. 1999. The Disordered Body. Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation. SUNY Series in Medical Anthropology. Albany: SUNY Press. Study of 3 Medieval and early Renaissance epidemics to find precedents of current anxieties about bodies and places.

Herdt, Gilbert. 1994. Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. New York: Zone Books. Recent historical and anthropological works ask "Is sexual dimorphism inevitable in human affairs?"

Herlihy, David. 1995. Biology and History: The Triumph of Monogamy. J. Interdis. Hist., 25: 571-583. The author reviews certain recent biological theories to explain both the history of marriage and the significance of differential reproduction in human groups.

Hersey, John. 1946. Hiroshima. Bantam Books: New York. Graphic detail about the physical conditions of the casualties in Hiroshima in the moments and days after the bomb was dropped.

Hershatter, Gail, et al., editors. 1996. Remapping China. Fissures in Historical Terrain Stanford University Press. Eighteen essays on historical issues in China, incl. historicizing the body.

Hiltebeitel, Alf; Barbara D. Miller, ed. 1998. Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures. Albany: The State University of New York Press.

Hirschauer, Stefan. 1991. "The Manufacture of Bodies in Surgery," Social Studies of Science, 21: 279-319.

Holmes, Morgan. 1994. "Re-membering a Queer Body," Undercurrents, May: 11-13. Analyzes the cultural imperative to surgically alter intersexual children's genitals.

Hooff, Anton J.L. van. 1990. Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-Killing in Classical Antiquity. London: Routledge.

Howell, Martha C. 1998. The Marriage Exchange. Property, Social Place, and Gender in Cities of the Low Countries, 1300-1550. University of Chicago Press.

Hubbard, Ruth; Lowe, Marian. 1979. Genes and Gender: Pitfalls in Research on Sex and Gender. New York: Gordian Press.

Hull, Isabel V. 1995. The Body as Historical Experience. Review of Recent Works by Barbara Duden. Central European History, 28. 1: 73. Physical psychology of women in modern Germany.

Hummer, Robert A. 1996. Black-White Differences in Health and Mortality: A Review and Conceptual Model. The Sociological Quarterly, 37. 1: 105-126. Examination of differences from genetic, cultural/behaviorial, socioeconomic, and racial theoretical approaches.

Hunt, Lynn, editor. 1990. Eroticism and the Body Politic. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Hyam, Ronald. 1990. Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience. Manchester University Press. Studies in Imperialism.

Ilyin, Natalia. 2000. Blonde Like Me: The Roots of the Blonde Myth in our Culture. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Irvine, Janice M. 1990. Disorders of Desire: Sex and Gender in Modern American Sexology. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press.

Jackson, Stanley W. 1990. The Uses of the Passions in Psychological Healing. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 45: 150-175.

Jaggar, A. M. 1989. Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstructions of Being and Knowing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Jaquart, Danielle; Thomasset, Claude. 1988. Sexuality and Medicine in the Middle Ages. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.

Johnson, Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 1987. Rationality is rooted in the body. The Cartesian gap between the cognitive, the conceptual, the formal, the rational, on the one hand, and the bodily, material, and emotional, on the other, is wrong.

Jones, Helen. 1994. Health and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain. Themes in British Social History. London: Longman. Interesting on physical fitness.

Jones, Leslie. 1995. Happy is the Bride the Sun Shines On: Wedding Customs, and Tradition. Chicago: Contemporary Books. On the clothing and adorning of the bride.

Joralemon, Donald. 1995. Organ Wars: The Battle for Body Parts. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9: 335-356. How technology has obfuscated the view of the body as "sacred"

Jutte, Robert. 1988. Aging and Body Image in the 16th Century: Herman Weisberg's (1518-97) Perception of the Aging Body. European History Quarterly, 18: 259-290.

Kamin, Leon J.; Lewontin, R.C.; Rose, Steven. 1984. Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. New York. Pantheon. Books. Rebuts biological determinism and sociobiology.

Kasulis, Thomas P.; Roger T. Ames; Wimal Dissanayake, editors. 1993. Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice. Albany: State University of New York Press. Mostly vague papers.

Kemp, Simon. 1988. Personality in Ancient Astrology. New Ideas in Psychology, 6: 267-272. Ptolemy and Firmicus Maternus on astrological origins of personality.

Kessler, Suzanne J. 1990. "The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed Infants," Signs, 16. 1: 3-26. Documents six interviews with specialists in pediatric intersexuality to understand decisions re genital alteration surgery.

Kessler, Suzanne J.; McKenna, Wendy. 1978. Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. Univ. of Chicago Press. The authors use ethnomethodology to analyze gender as a social construction.

King, Helen. 1998. Hippocrates' Women. Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece. NY: Routledge.

Kirmayer, L. 1988. "Mind and Body as Metaphors: Hidden Valves in Biomedicine." In Biomedicine Examined, ed. M. Lock and D. Gordon, 57-94. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Kleinman, Sherryl; Allen C. Smith III. 1989. Managing Emotions in Medical School: Students' Contacts with the Living and the Dead. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52. 1: 56.

Knapp, Mark L. 1972. Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Kristeva, Julia. 1982. Powers of horror: An essay of abjection. Trans. Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Kristeva argues that psychoanalytically, maternal authority is responsible for developing a "clean and proper body," opposed to the phallic realm of institutions and laws, symbolic and political. Language and culture establish order and hierarchy only insofar as they succeed in repressing maternal authority, female bodies, and all "corporeal mappings" that might betray the Law of the Father.

Kunzle, David. 1982. Fashion and Fetishism. A Social History of the Corset, Tight-Lacing and Other Forms of Body-sculpture. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.

Kyle, Diana J.; Heike I. M. Mahler. 1996. The Effects of Hair Color and Cosmetic Use on Perceptions of a Females Ability. In Psychology of Women Quarterly, v20 n3.

La Puma, John; David L. Schiedermayer; Barbara M. Stafford. 1989. One Face of Beauty, One Picture of Health: the Hidden Aesthetic of Medical Practice. The New England Journal of Medicine, 14. 2: 213.

Labrousse, Claude. 1980. Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la corps dans La Nouvelle Heloise. In Corps creation. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.

Lachmund, Jens; Gunnar Stollberg, editors. 1992. The Social Construction of Illness: Illness and Medical Knowledge in Past and Present. Stuttgart: Steiner.

Lain Entralgo, P. 1955. Mind and Body: Psychosomatic Pathology. A Short History of the Evolution of Medical Thought. London: Harvill Press.

Lamb, Warren and Watson, Elizabeth. 1979. Body Code: The Meaning in Movement. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Lampert, Ada. 1997. The Evolution of Love. Westport, CT: Praeger. Role of the evolution of physical traits.

Laqueur, Thomas W. 1990. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. VP HQ1075 .L37 1990.

Lawrence, Christopher, editor. 1992. Medical Theory, Surgical Practice: Studies in the History of Surgery. London: Routledge.

Lawrence, Christopher. 1979. The Nervous System and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment. In.Natural Order: Historical Studies in Scientific Culture, ed. Barry Barnes and Steven Shapin. Beverly Hills CA.: Sage Publications.

Lawrence, Christopher; Steven Shapin, editors. 1998. Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge. University of Chicago Press. Scientists from the 16th century on writing about their experience of their own bodies.

Le Breton, David. 1988. Dualism and Renaissance: Source for a Modern Representation of the Body. Diogenes, 142: 47-69.

Lederer, L. 1980. Take Back the Night: Women on Pornography. New York: William Morrow.

Lehmann, Jennifer M. 1991. Durkheim's Women: His Theory of the Structures and Functions of Sexuality. Curr. Perspect. Soc. Theory, 11: 141-167.

Levy, Anita. 1991. Other Women: The Writing of Class, Race, and Gender, 1832-1898. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.

Lewis, Jan. 1989. Mother's Love: The Construction of an Emotion in 19th-Century America. In Social History and Issues in Human Consciousness: Some Interdisciplinary Connections, ed. Andrew E. Barnes, Peter N. Stearns, pp. 209-229. New York: New York Univ. Press.

Lloyd, A. C. 1987. Plotinus on the Genesis of Thought and Existence. Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, 5: 155-186.

Lock, Margaret. 1993. The Politics of Mid-Life and Menopause. Ideologies for the Second Sex in North America and Japan. In Knowledge, Power and Practice, ed. Shirley Lindenbaum and Margaret Lock, pp. 330-363. Berkeley: University of California Press. Examines the female body as "a contested site of symbolic representation and medical practice."

Logan, Peter M. 1991. Conceiving the Body: Realism and Medicine in Middlemarch. Hist. Hum. Sci., 4: 197-222.

Lowy, Ilana. editor. 1993. Medicine and Change: Historical and Sociological Studies of Medical Innovation. Montrogue, France: Libbey; Paris: Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale.

Lupton, Deborah. 1994. Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies. London: Sage.

MacDonald, Michael; Murphy, Terence R. 1990. Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

MacKenzie, J. 1758. The History of Health and the Art of Preserving it. Edinburgh.

Maguire, Henry. 1996. The Icons of Their Bodies: Saints and their Images in Byzantium. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Marcombe, David. Keith Manchester. 1990. The Melton Mowbray "leperhead": An Historical and Medical Investigation. Medical History, 34: 86-91. Discusses the orgin and identity of an obscure piece of statuary.

Martin, Emily. 1992. The Woman in the Body. Boston: Beacon Press.

Martin, Emily. 1995. Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Boston: Beacon Press.

Mauss, Marcel. 1934/1992. Techniques of the Body. In Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Krary & Sanford Kwinter, pp. 455-475. New York: Urzone, 1992. Classic sociological study.

Mazrui, Ali. 1993. The black woman and the problem of gender: an African perspective. Research in African Literatures , Spring 1993, 24. 1: 87(18).

McCullosh, Jock. 1995. Colonial Psychiatry and "The African Mind." Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

McCurry, Stephanie. 1995. Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, & the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country. New York: Oxford University Press. See esp. ch. 7.

McGregor, Deborah Kuhn. 1990. Sexual Surgery and the Origins of Gynecology: J. Marion Sims, His Hospital, and His Patients. New York: Garland.

McMillen, Sally G. 1990. Motherhood in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press.

Mendus, Susan; Jane Rendall, editors. 1989. Sexuality and Subordination: Interdisciplinary Studies of Gender in the 19th Century. London: Routledge.

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1964. The primacy of perception and other essays on phenomenological psychology, the philosophy of art, history and politics. Trans. James M. Edie et al. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ. Press. Aims to re-establish the roots of the mind in its body and in its world, vs. doctrines which treat perception as a simple result of the action of external things on the body and those which insist on the autonomy of consciousness.

Micale, Mark S. 1990. Charcot and the Idea of Hysteria in the Male: Gender, Mental Science, and Medical Diagnosis in Late 19th-Century France. Med. Hist., 34: 363-411.

Minois, Georges. 1989. History of Old Age, from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Modrak, Deborah K.W. 1991. The Nous-Body Problem in Aristotle. Rev. Metaphys., 44: 755-774. Nous=mind, intellect, etc.

Montague, A. 1974. Man's Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race. 5th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Moore, G. 1874. The Use of the Body in Relation to the Mind. London: Longman.

Mortier, Freddy; Williem Colen; Frank Simon. 1995. Inner-Scientific Reconstructions in the Discourse on Masturbation (1760-1950). Paedag. Hist., 30: 817-847.

Myers, C. 1932. The Absurdity of the Mind-Body Relation. Oxford.

Napier, A. David. 1992. Foreign Bodies. Performance, Art, and Symbolic Anthropology. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Natanson, Maurice. 1970. The journeying self A study in philosophy and social role. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley. The centrality of the body provides the phenomenological foothold for being in the world. Consciousness is not a mental act secreted in the cranium but a constitutive act, the creation of a universe.

Nelkin, Dorothy; M. Susan Lindee. 1995. DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Nelkin, Dorothy; Tancredi, Laurence. 1989. Dangerous Diagnostics: The Social Power of Biological Information. New York: Basic Books.

Ngubane, Harriet. 1977. Body and Mind in Zulu Medicine: an Ethnography of Health and Disease in Nyuswa-Zulu Thought and Practice. Studies in anthropology. xvi, 184 pp. New York: Academic Press.

Nye, Robert A. 1989. Honor, Impotence, and Male Sexuality in 19th-century French Medicine. French Historical Studies, 16: 48-71.

Nye, Robert A. 1989. Sex Difference and Male Homosexuality in French Medical Discourse, 1830-1930. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 63: 32-51.

O'Conner, Bonnie. 1995. Healing Traditions. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. An overview of different forms of alternative medicine and the health profession.

O'Neill, J. 1985. Five Bodies: the Shape of Modern Society. Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press.

Olivelle, Patrick. 1996. Deconstruction of the Body in Indian Asceticism. In Asceticism, ed. Vincent I. Wimbush & Richard Valantasis, pp. **. New York: Oxford University Press. Contrasts the Brahminic body, pure but constantly in danger of pollution, with the ascetic body,inherently impure.

Ots, T. 1991. Phenomenology of the Body: The Subject-Object Problem in Psychosomatic Medicine and the Role of Traditional Medical Systems. In Anthropologies of Medicine: A Colloquium of West European and North American Perspectives. Special Issue of Curare 7(91), ed. B. Pflederer and G. Bibeau, 43-58.

Ots, Thomas. 1994. The Silenced Body--The Expressive Leib. On the Dialectic of Mind and Life in Chinese Cathartic Healing. In Csordas 1994, pp. 116-136.

Outram, Dorinda. 1989. The Body and the French Revolution: Sex, Class, and Political Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Owens, Joseph. 1988. The Self in Aristotle. Review of Metaphysics, 41: 707-722.

Patterson, Miles L. 1983. Nonverbal Behavior: A Functional Perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag. Focuses primarily on gaze, facial expression and isolated expressions of social exchange.

Payer, Lynn. 1988. Medicine and Culture: Varieties of Treatment in the United States, West Germany and France New York: Henry Holt and Company. Varieties of treatments and outlooks of medicine, the body, and disease in the United States, France, Germany, and England.

Peluffo, Electra. 2009. Idea del Cuerpo en Occidente y Oriente (Idea
of the Body West and East). Madrid: Miraguano Ediciones. The author is an M.D. who studied acupuncture in China. Compares the theoretical and medical basis of the ideas of the body in
Classical Greece and Ancient China.

Pernick, Martin S. 1988. Back from the Grave: Recurring Controversies over Defining and Diagnosing Death in History. In Death: Beyond Whole-Brain Criteria, ed. Richard M Zaner, pp. 17-74. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Perutz, Kathrin. 1970. Beyond the Looking Glass: Americas Beauty Culture. New York: William Morrow.

Pfeffer, Naomi. 1993. The Stork and the Syringe: A Political History of Reproductive Medicine. Cambridge: Polity Press; Oxford: Blackwell. Recent feminist perspectives.

Polhemus, Ted. 1978. The Body Reader: Social Aspects of the Human Body. New York: Pantheon Books.

Porter, Dorothy. 1991. "The Enemies of the Race": Biologism, Environmentalism, and Public Health in Edwardian England. Victorian Studies, 34: 159-178. Discusses the role of social biology in determining heath policy and administration in the Edwardian age.

Porter, Roy, editor. 1985. The Anatomy of Madness: essays in the history of psychiatry. London: Tavistock Publications.

Porter, Roy. 1990. Barely Touching: A Social Perspective to Mind and Body. In Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought, ed. G. Rousseau, pp. 45-80. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Porter, Roy. 1991. Language, Self, and Society: a social history of Language. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Porter, Roy. 1991. Bodies of Thought: Thoughts about the Body in 18th-Century England. In Interpretation and Cultural History, ed. Joan H. Pittock & Andrew Wear, pp. 82-108. London: Macmillan.

Porter, Roy. 1991. History of the Body. In New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke, pp. 206-232. London: Polity Press, 1991; University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992. Introduction to issues, including role of state in regulating health, with critical discussion of important writings.

Porter, Roy. 1997. Rewriting the Self: histories from the Renaissance to the Present. New York: Routledge.

Porter, Roy; Mikulas Teich, editors. 1994. Sexual Knowledge: Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Pouchelle, Marie-Christine. 1990 The Body and Surgery in the Middle Ages. NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Powers, Martin J. 1998. When is a Landscape Like a Body? In Yeh, Wen-hsin, editor. Landscape, Culture and Power in Chinese Society. China Research Monographs, 49. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. In N. Sung landscape became able to express moral qualities for the first time.

Proctor, Robert N. 1991. Eugenics Among the Social Sciences: Hereditarian Though in Germany and the United States. In The Estate of Social Knowledge, ed. JoAnne Brown & David K. Van Keuren, pp. 175-208. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

Ramos, Reyes; Rochelle N. Swain; Leonard Johnson. 1995. "Men I Mess with Don't Have Anything to do with AIDS": Using Ethno-Theory to Understand Sexual Risk Perception. The Sociological Quarterly, 36. 3: 483-504.

Reagan, Leslie J. 1990. "About to Meet Her Maker": Women, Doctors, Dying Declarations, and the State's Investigation of Abortion, Chicago 1867-1940. J. Amer. Hist., 77: 1240-1264.

Reid, Janice. 1982. Body, Land, & Spirit. Health and Healing in Aboriginal Society. University of Queensland Press.

Reid, Janice. 1983. Sorcerers and Healing Spirits. Canberra: Australian National University Press.

Reilly, Phillip R. 1991. The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

Reiner, Paula. 1991. Aristotle on Personality and Some Implications for Friendship. Ancient Phil., 11: 67-84.

Rice, Mitchell F.; Woodrow Jones, Jr. 1990. Health of Black Americans from Post Reconstruction to Integration, 1871-1960: An Annotated Bibliography of Contemporary Sources. New York: Greenwood Press.

Ripa, Yannick. 1990. Women and Madness: The Incarceration of Women in 19th-Century France. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Rist, John M. 1988. Pseudo-Ammnonius and the Soul/Body Problem in Some Platonic Texts of Late Antiquity. American Journal of Philology, 109: 402-415.

Robinson, Paul. 1989. The Modernization of Sex: Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, William Masters and Virginia Johnson. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Roscoe, Will. 1987. "Bibliography of Berdache and Alternative Gender Roles among North American Indians." Journal of Homosexuality, 14. 3-4: 81-171.

Roscoe, Will. 1991. The Zuni Man-Woman. Albuquerque: Univ. of Mexico Press.

Rosenberg, Charles E. 1986. Disease and Social Order in America: Perceptions and Expectations. The Milbank Quarterly, 64. Suppl. 1: 34-55.

Rosenberg, Charles E. 1989. Body and Mind in 19th-century medicine: Some Clinical Origins of the Neurosis Construct. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 63: 185-197.

Rostain, Anthony. 1986. Deciding to Forego Life-Sustaining Treatment in Intensive Care Nursery: A Sociologic Account. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 30. 1: 117-134.

Rousseau, George, editor. 1990. Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rouselle, Aline. 1988. Porneia: On Desire and the Body in Antiquity. New York: Blackwell.

Russett, Cynthia Eagle. 1989. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Ruthrof, Horst. 1997. Semantics and the Body. Meaning from Frege to the Postmodern. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press.

Sadrin, Anny. 1990. De la metaphore a la metamorphose: L'homme machine de Descartes a la science-fiction post-darwiniennes, avec arret sur H. G. Wells. Cahier Victoriens et Eduoardiens, 31: 119-136. Examines the automaton in philosophy and science fiction from seventeenth-century to the nineteenth-century.

Samuel, Geoffrey. 1990. Mind, Body and Culture. Anthropology and the Biological Interface. Cambridge University Press.

Sanday, Peggy Reeves.1981. Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Book discusses cultural images of body and how this leads to inequality.

Sault, Nicole. 1994. Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Sawday, Jonathan. 1995. The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture. London: Routledge.

Scaltsas, Theodore. 1990. Soul as Attunement: An Analogy or a Model? In Greeks Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science, ed. P. Nicolacopoulos, pp. 109-119. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. Argues that Plato in the Phaedo makes a distinction between an analogy for, and a model of, the soul.

Scarry, Elaine. 1985. The body in pain: The making and unmaking of a world. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Pain unmakes the world. The difficulty of expressing physical pain; the political and perceptual complications that result; the nature of human creation.

Scheper-Hughes, N. & Lock, M. 1987. "The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1:6-41.

Schiebinger, Londa. 1989. The Mind has no Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Not primarily concerned with the body, but a valuable overview.

Schilder. Paul. 1950. The image and appearance of the human body: Studies in the constructive energies of the psyche. New York: International Universities Press. On the body image.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1982. The Taoist Body, tr. Karen C. Duval. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Trans. of Le corps Taoïste (1982).

Schneirov, Matthew; Jonathan David Geczik. 1996. A Diagnosis for Our Times: Alternative Health's Submerged Networks and the Transformation of Identities. The Sociological Quarterly, 37. 4: 627-644. Examines Pittsburgh alternative health networks and practitioner-patient identities in them.

Schroeder, Ralph. 1991. "Personality" and "Inner Distance": The Conception of the Individual in Max Weber's Sociology. Hist. Hum. Sci., 4: 61-78.

Schwartz, Hillel. 1996. The Culture of the Copy. Striking Likenesses, Unreasonable Facsimiles. NY: Zone Books. On the notion of exact reproduction in the 1990's and in history. Much on the body.

Schwartz, Hillel. Torque: The New Kinaesthetic of the Twentieth Century. In Incorporations, ed. Jonathan Krary & Sanford Kwinter, pp. 71-127. New York: Urzone, 1992. On "the poetry of movement"; denies that people are coming to "move like machines."

Seidman, Steven. 1990. The Power of Desire and the Danger of Pleasure: Victorian Sexuality Reconsidered. J. Soc. Hist., 24: 47-67.

Sennett, Richard. 1994. Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization. New York: W.W. Norton.

Shapiro, Ann-Louise. ?. Disordered Bodies/Disorderly Acts: Medical Discourse and the Female Criminal in 19th-Century Paris. Genders, 4: 68-86.

Sharp, L. A. 1995. Organ Transplantation as a Transformative Experience: Anthropological Insights into the Restructuring of the Self. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 9: 357-389.

Sharples, R.W. 1994. On Body, Soul and Generation in Alexander of Aphrodisias. Apeiron, 27: 163-170.

Shorter, E. 1983. A History of Women's Bodies. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Shuchman, Miriam; Michael S. Wilkes. 1989. Asking--and Telling. The New York Times Magazine, 138, February 12: 45. Body and mind in the patient-doctor relationship.

Shweder, R. & Bourne, E. 1982. "Does the Concept of a Person Vary Cross Culturally?" In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy, ed. A. Marsella & G. White, 97-137. Dordrecht, Holland: Kluwer.

Silberstein, L; Streigel-Moore, R; Timko C; Rodin J. 1988. Behavioral and psychological implications of body dissatisfaction: Do men and women differ?< EM>Sex-Roles, 19. 3-4:219-232.

Sivin, Nathan. 1987. Traditional Medicine in Contemporary China. A Partial Translation of Revised Outline of Chinese Medicine (1972) with an Introductory Study on Change in Present-day and Early Medicine. Science, Medicine and Technology in East Asia, 2. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Chinese Studies. See esp. ch. 4, "Contents of the Body."

Sivin, Nathan. 1995. State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three Centuries B.C. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 55. 1: 5-37.

Smith, John H. 1989. Abulia: Sexuality and Diseases of the Will in the Late 19th Century. Genders, 6: 102-124.

Sommer, Robert. 1969. Personal space. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sommer takes the notion of personal space from animal ethology and applies it to mean "the emotionally charged zone around each person.

Spanier, Bonnie B. 1995. Im/partial Science: Gender Ideology in Molecular Biology. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.

Squartiti, Paolo. 1988. Personal Appearance and Physiognomics in Early Medieval Italy. Journal of Medieval History, 14: 191-202.

Stafford, Barbara M. 1991. Body Criticism: Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge: MIT Press. Relationship between visual depictions and medical conceptions of body in 18th century.

Stallybrass, Peter; Allon White. 1986. The politics and poetics of transgression. Ithaca. NY: Cornell Univ. Press. Hierarchical symbolism of the body: "The human body, psychic forms, geographical space and the social formation are all constructed within interrelating and dependent hierarchies of high and low."

Stead, C. K. 1986. The Death of the Body. London: Collins. Novel.

Steele, Valerie. 1985. Fashion and Eroticism. Ideals of Feminine Beauty from the Victorian Era to the Jazz Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stewart, Susan. On longing: Narratives of the miniature, the gigantic, the souvenir, the collection. Ithaca. NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 1984. The body as our mode of perceiving scale.

Sudnow, David. 1980. Talk's body: A meditation between two keyboards. Middlesex, England: Penguin. Casting around among the shifting boundaries of the self, conveys the sense that things are internal to the body and that the self is outside the body.

Swetlitz, Marc. 1988. The Minds of Beavers and the Minds of Humans: Natural Suggestion, Natural Selection, and Experiment in the Works of Lewis Henry Morgan. In Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology, ed. George W. Stocking, Jr., pp. 56-83. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. A study of how Morgan understood the mind and its role in human progress.

Taylor, C. 1989. Sources of the Self: the Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Taylor, Mark C. 1993. Nots. Religion and Postmodernism Series. University of Chicago Press. Chapter on disease "attempts to understand our anxiety about what the body is and is not."

Tew, Marjorie. 1990. Safer Childbirth? : A Critical History of Maternity Care. London: Chapman & Hall.

Thomasma, David C. 1990. Establishing the Moral Basis of Medicine. Edmund D. Pellegrino's Philosophy of Medicine. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 15. 3: 245. Overview and assessment.

Thompson, Paul. editor. 1995. Issues in Evolutionary Ethics. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.

Trotter, Thomas. 1988. An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical, on Drunkenness and Its Effects on the Human Body. London: Routledge.

Troyabsky, David G. 1989. Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in 18th-century France. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.

Turner, Bryan. 1991. Recent Developments in the Theory of the Body. In The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory, ed. Mike Featherstone, Mike Hepworth, & Bryan S. Turner, pp. 1-35. London: Sage Publications.

Turner, Bryan. 1996.The Body and Society: Exploration in Social Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 2d ed. First publ. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984.

Vertinsky, Patricia. 1990. The Eternally Wounded Women: Women, Doctors and Exercise in the Late 19th Century. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. International studies in the history of sport.

Vigarello, Georges. 1978. Le corps redressé. Histoire d’un pouvoir pédagogique. Paris.

Vigarello, Georges. 1988. Concepts of Cleanliness. Changing Attitudes in France since the Middle Ages, trans. Jean Birrell. New York: Columbia University Press.

Vila, Anne C. 1998. Enlightenment and Pathology. Baltimore and New York: Johns Hopkins University Press. Demonstrates how studies of the nervous system in 18th century France influenced portrayals of women in literature and medicine.

Warner, Marina. 1995. From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and their Tellers. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Wartenberg, Thomas E. 1991. Social Movement and Individual Identity: A Critique of Freud on the Psychology of Groups. Phil. Forum, 22: 362-382.

Webb, Stephen. 1995. Palaeopathology Of Aboriginal Australians. Health and disease across a hunter-gatherer continent. Cambridge University Press.

Weideger, Paula. 1976. Menstruation and Menopause: The Physiology and Psychology, the Myth and the Reality. New York: Knopf. VP RG 161 W44 1976.

Weiss, Meira. 1995. Cancer and Imputed Infection: Images of 'the Disease' among Patients' Relatives. The Sociological Review, 43: 1-35. The social construction of cancer as patient's relatives' see it.

Werner, Karel. 1988. Indian Concepts of Human Personality in Relation to the Doctrine of the Soul. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 73-97.

Wijngaard, Marianne Van Den. 1997. Reinventing the Sexes: Biomedical Construction of Femininity and Masculinity. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press. Documents research during the 1960-80's on the scientific basis of masculinity and femininity.

Williams, Simon J. 1997. Modern Medicine and the "Uncertain Body": From Corporeality to Hyperreality? Social Science & Medicine, 45. 7: 1041-1049.

Wilson, M. 1980. "Body and Mind from the Cartesian Point of View." In Body and Mind: Past, Present, Future. ed. R. Rieber, New York. (The book itself would be a good source)

Wilson, Thomas C. 1996. Ambiguous Identity in an Unambiguous Sex/Gender Structure: The Case of Bisexual Women. The Sociological Quarterly, 37. 2: 449-464.

Winkler, John J. 1990. The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge.

Wollheim, Richard. 1984. The thread of life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. The person exists at the intersection between two dimensions, a temporal dimension (its history) and a spatial dimension (its corporeality). On the incommensurability between these dimensions and their implications for personhood.

Wolpe, Paul Root. 1985. The Maintenance of Professional Authority: Acupuncture and the American Physician. Social Problems, 32. 409-424.

Wright, John P. 1991. Locke, Willis, and the 17th-Century Epicurean Soul. In Atoms, Pneuma, and Tranquillity: Epicurean and Stoic Themes in European thought. ed. Margaret J. Osler, pp. 239-258. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Wundt, Wilhelm. 1973. Approaches to Semiotics: The Language of Gestures.. Paris: Mouton.

Young, Katharine, editor. 1993. Bodylore. Publications of the American Folklore Society, n.s. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. About half of the papers are on 20th-century themes.

Yung, Bell; Evelyn S. Rawski; Rubie W. Watson. 1996. Harmony and Counterpoint: Ritual Music in Chinese Context. Stanford University Press. Incl. J. Boltz on Taoist death ritual, others on ritual.

Zaner, R. 1981. The Context of Self: A Phenomenological Inquiry Using Medicine as a Clue. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.

Zelizer, Barbie. 1992. Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Less to do with the body than with how critics and the media build collective memory around the dead president.

Zimmerman, Dean W. 1991. Two Cartesian Arguments for the Simplicity of the Soul. Amer. Phil. Quart., 28: 217-226.

Zito, Angela; Tani E. Barlow, editors. 1994. Body, Subject, and Power in China. University of Chicago Press.