Pronouns

· Following are the personal pronouns of Gujarati.

Nominative Personal Pronouns

	Singular	Plural
First Person	hu& ‘I’	Ame ‘We’ (Exclusive) Aap8e ‘We’ (Inclusive)
Second Person	tu& ‘You’	tme** ‘You’
Third Person	te ‘He /She/It’ te8I* ‘She’	teAo ‘They’

* Only in formal language where male female distinction is crucial.

** Also a ‘polite plural’.

Agentive Personal Pronouns

Agentive pronouns are used only if the verb is transitive and the action the verb describes is completed. Examples:

1. hu& kerI kapu& 2u&.

2. me& kerI kapI.

In 1 and 2, the verb kapvu& is transitive, but in 1 the action is in progress, while in 2 the action is completed, therefore, the subject pronoun in 1 nominative and in 2 it is agentive. However, the accomplishment verbs like lavvu& (to bring), AoX&gvu & (to cross), kUdvu& (to jump), rmvu & (to play) and a few other verbs take nominative subjects.

	Singular	Plural
First Person	me& ‘I’	Ame ‘We’ (Exclusive) Aap8e ‘We’ (Inclusive)
Second Person	te& ‘You’	tme ‘You’
Third Person	te8e ‘He /She/It’ te8IAe* ‘She’	teAoAe ‘They’

· In addition to nominative and agentive case forms, the personal pronouns have the following accusative/ dative, genitive, instrumental and locative forms:

	Accusative/Dative	Genitive*	Instrumental	Locative
hu&	mne	maru&	mara9I	marama&
Ame	Amne	Amaru&	Amara9I	Amarama&
Aap8e	Aap8ne	Aap8u&	Aap8a9I	Aap8ama&
tu&	tne	taru&	tara9I	tarama&
tme	tmne	tmaru&	tmara9I	tmarama&
te	tene	tenu&	tena9I	tenama&
te8I	te8Ine	te8Inu&	te8I9I	te8Ima&
teAo	teAone temne	teAonu& temnu&	teAo9I temna9I	teAoma& temnama&

* Citation forms

Note: The genitive forms must agree with the nouns in gender and number. Examples:

	Singular	Plural
‘my son’	maro 2okro	mara 2okra/ mara 2okraAo
‘my daughter’	marI 2okrI	marI 2okrIAo
‘my child’	maru& 2okru&	mara& 2okra&/ mara& 2okra&Ao

Aa ‘this’ and pelu& (neuter) ‘that’ are the demonstrative pronouns. The latter agrees with the noun in gender and number as the following table shows:

	Singular	Plural
‘that boy’	pelo 2okro	pela 2okra/ pela 2okraAo
‘that daughter’	pelI 2okrI	pelI 2okrIAo
‘that child’	pelu& 2okru&	pela& 2okra&/ pela& 2okra&Ao

The demonstrative pronouns have the following nominative, agentive, accusative/dative, genitive, instrumental and locative forms:

For Aa ‘this’:

Nominative	Agentive	Accusative / Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
Aa	Aa8e	Aane	Aanu& (neuter singular)*	Aana9I	Aanama&

* Aanu& form agrees with the noun in gender and number.

For pelu& ‘that’: Note that we use various forms of pelu& mainly in singular. When referring to plural, in most cases, we use the plural noun. Consider the following examples:

1. pelo AaVyo.

‘That (man/ boy) came.

2. pela AaVya.

“Those (men/ boys) came.

3. me& pelane cop6I AapI.

“I gave a book to that (man/ boy).”

4. *me& pelaAone cop6I AapI.

“I gave a book to those (man/boy).”

The restrictions on use of the pelu& forms are many and they vary from one dialect to another.

	Nominative	Agentive	Accusative/ Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
Masculine	pelo	pelaAe	pelane	pelanu&*	pela9I	pelama&
Feminine	pelI	pelIAe	pelIne	pelInu&	pelI9I	pelIma&
Neuter	pelu&	pelaAe	pelane	pelanu&	pela9I	pelama&

· The genitive forms agree with the noun in gender and number.

Reflexive pronouns:

	Nominative	Agentive	Accusative/ Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
‘Self’	pote	pote	potane	potanu& (neuter)*	pota9I	potama& potanama&

Reciprocals:

	Nominative	Agentive	Accusative/ Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
‘Each other’	AekbIjaAe	AekbIjaAe	AekbIjane	AekbIjanu& (neuter)*	AekbIja9I	potama& potanama&

Relative pronoun je …………….te has the following forms:

Nominative	Agentive	Accusative/ Dative	Genitive	Instrumental	Locative
je……….te	je8e…….te8e	jene………tene	jenu&………tenu& (neuter)*	jena9I…..tena9I	jenama&……..tenama& jema&……..tema&