k

stop voiceless

English 'K' sound as used in the final sound of words like, 'book', 'peak' etc.

`

stop voiceless aspirated

English does not have this sound./ The nearest equivalent would be like the first sound in the word 'cat' which sounds like kh.

g

stop voiced

Same as English 'g' in 'gun'.

3

stop voiced aspirated

English does not have this sound. The nearest substitute would be like the fist sound of 'ghost'.

c

stop voiceless

Same as English 'ch' in 'church'.

2

stop voiceless aspirated

English does not have this sound. English 'ch' in the initial position gets slightly aspirated and that can be the nearest substitution. e.g. in 'chat' 'ch' is aspirated.

j

stop voiced

Same as English 'j' in judge.

z

stop voiced aspirated

There is no such sound in English. The speaker should attempt speaking 'j' with 'h' in a cluster from.

4

stop voiceless

English 't' is not equivalent to this retroflexed Gujarati sound but being the alveolar sound it is the nearest substitution to it.

5

stop voiceless aspirated

English does not have this sound. The nearest equivalent would be like the first sound in the word 'Torn' which sounds like 'th'.

6

stop voiced

English 'd' is not equivalent to this Gujarati sound, which is retroflexed. It is in the adjacency range of retroflexed sounds. So it is the nearest substitution.

7

stop voiced aspirated

English has no such sound. The speaker has to try to speak English 'd' with 'h' and make it sound aspirated.

8

nasal

This is a retroflexed nasal. English does not have such a sound. Speaker should curve the tip of the tongue backwards and try to speak 'n'.

t

stop voiceless

English has no such sound. This is a dental sound and those familiar with French can speak this sound without difficult. The tip of the tongue must touch the upper teeth.

9

stop voiceless aspirated

Neither English nor French has this sound. The speaker should try to touch the upper teeth with the tip of the tongue and bring some aspiration to 't' sound of French.

d

stop voiced

This is once again like French 'd'. English speaker has to make an attempt to touch upper teeth with the tip of the tongue.

0

stop voiced aspirated

Here the speaker will have to aspirate the dental 'd'. English speaker will certainly find this difficult. It can be learnt by doing phonetic exercise.

n

nasal

This is similar to English nasal 'n' as in 'no'.

p

stop voiceless

This is exactly like English 'P' in final position as in the word 'tap'.

f

stop voiceless aspirated

This sound is rather interesting as the speakers of different dialect vary the pronunciation: some speakers have 'ph' and some have 'f'. English speakers have the sound similar to ph when they aspirate their 'p' in initial position as in words like 'pin'. Even if they spoke 'f' as of English 'fan' it would be all right.

b

stop voiced

This sound is same as English 'b' in 'boy'.

-

stop voiced aspirated

Once again English speakers will find this sound difficult. The speaker will have to bring aspiration to 'b'.

m

nasal

English nasal 'm' as in 'man' is same as Gujarati 'm'.

y

glide palatal

This sound is almost similar to English 'y'.

r

flap dental

This sound is like English 'r'.

l

lateral dental

The pronunciation is similar to that of English 'l' in the initial position as in the word 'lock'.

v

glide labial

The pronunciation of this sound is either like English 'w' or English 'v'.

=

palatal

This sound is like English 'sh'.

q

palatal

English 'sh' would be the correct sound for this sound.

s

dental

English alveolar fricative is the nearest substitution to this dental fricative of Gujarati.

h

fricative glottal

This sound is same as English 'h'.

X

lateral retroflex

There is no such sound in English. If the speaker tries to curve the tongue and utter 'l' then he or she may succeed.

x

This is the conjunct of k and sh, pronounced as ksa.

ã

This is the conjunct of g and n pronounced as gna.