|
Jenner uses cowpox pustules to immunize against
smallpox.
|
1796 |
|
|
1885 |
Pasteur demonstrates the use of his attenuated virus
rabies vaccine. |
| Iwanowski describes a filterable agent (later characterized
as a "virus") that causes tobacco mosaic disease. |
1892 |
|
|
1893 |
Polio outbreak in Boston. |
| Polio outbreak in Vermont. |
1894 |
|
|
1898 |
Beijerinck describes a similar filterable agent. |
| Polio outbreak in New York. |
1907 |
|
|
1908 |
Landsteiner identifies a virus as the cause of poliomyelitis. |
| Simon Flexner of the Rockefeller Institute confirms
Landsteiner’s discovery of the polio virus and establishes
it in a laboratory population of monkeys. |
1909 |
|
|
1910 |
Polio outbreak in Mason City, Iowa. |
| Polio outbreak in Buffalo and Batavia, NY. |
1912 |
|
|
1916 |
First large polio epidemic in the United States. |
Franklin D. Roosevelt contracts polio.
|
1920 |
|
|
1929 |
Stock market crash; beginnings of the Great Depression. |
| Elford isolates virus particles with filters; major
outbreak of polio in CT, especially severe in New Haven; led to
the establishment of the Yale Polio Commission headed by Dr. Trask. |
1931 |
|
|
1932 |
Franklin
Roosevelt elected president; major polio outbreak in Philadelphia. |
| First
President's Birthday Ball fundraising campaign for crippled
children; major epidemic in Los Angeles; stimulates investigation
by the Rockefeller Institute, the Yale Polio Commission and the
United States Public Health Service. |
1934 |
|
|
1935 |
 Brodie
and Park and Kolmer
et al conduct field trials for their polio vaccine, vaccinating
nearly 20,000 children; nine children involved in the trials die,
reportedly from polio and the media
pay close attention; epidemic in Raleigh,
NC. |
| Roosevelt creates the National
Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. |
1937 |
|
|
1938 |
 Comedian
Eddie Cantor coins the phrase "March
of Dimes"; to describe the Birthday Ball campaigns. March
of Dimes awards its first research grant to Yale University's
Poliomyelitis Unit. |
| Germany invades Poland. WWII begins in Europe; Citizens
in Coshocton, Ohio, establish the first March of Dimes chapter. |
1939 |
|
|
1941 |
 March
of Dimes Foundation provides its first iron lung; U.S. enters
WWII after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. |
| Virus Research Center established at Johns Hopkins
with National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis funds. |
1942 |
|
|
1944 |
Studies begin to determine the number of types of
polio virus. Roosevelt
reads the annual appeal from the National Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis. |
| Roosevelt dies. WWII ends. |
1945 |
|
|
1946 |
Lederle begins live virus polio vaccine project
with Cox and Koprowski; Paul indicates a relationship between
a low standard of living and a high level of polio antibodies. |
| National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis sets
up a committee to type polio virus. |
1948 |
|
|
1949 |
 March
of Dimes undertakes a project to determine the number of polio
virus types needed for a vaccine. Salk heads a laboratory. |
| Cox and Koprowski swallow their attenuated polio
virus ; Morgan and Howe raise polio antibody levels in monkeys
through the injection of an inactivated virus preparation; March
of Dimes establishes regional care facilities for polio patients;
U.S. enters the Korean War. |
1950 |
|
|
1951 |
Gamma
globulin field trials; Koprowski tests his attenuated live
virus on children. |
| Salk successfully tests inactivated polio virus
preparations at a home for crippled children. |
1952 |
|
|
1953 |
Salk publishes a report of this trial; large scale
field trials for Salk vaccine planned; Korean war ends; Watson
and Crick reveal their structure for DNA; Watson supported by
National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis. |
Field trials for Salk
vaccine begin; 1,830,000 children eventually involved.
|
1954 |
|
|
1955 |
Salk vaccine licensed; press
conference on April 12 receives wide media
attention; "Cutter
incident"; raises fears about the safety of the Salk
vaccine. |
| Sabin works on a live virus polio vaccine; Trials
of Lederle vaccine begin in Belfast. |
1956 |
|
|
1957 |
Sabin oral vaccine field trials begin in the USSR;
Koprowski tests his oral vaccine in the Belgian Congo. |
| March of Dimes expands its research funding to encompass
other childhood diseases; Cox tests Lederle oral vaccine in Columbia. |
1958 |
|
|
1960 |
Lederle vaccine tested in Dade County, Florida,
and in West Berlin. |
| Sabin vaccine licensed (through 1962). |
1961 |
|
|
1967 |
Tom River's oral
history, with recollections of the Brodie and Park, Kolmer,
and Cutter incidents, is published. |
| The Rhinechem Corp. acquires all shares of Cutter
Laboratories, Inc. |
1973 |
|
| Miles Laboratories absorb Cutter Laboratories |
1983 |
|
|
198X |
Bayer takes over Miles-Cutter Laboratories. |
| Dr. Albert Sabin dies at the age of 87. |
1993 |
|
|
1995 |
Dr. Jonas Salk dies at the age of 81. |
|
|
|
|
|
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