Lesson1
Adjective +Noun
Lesson2
Possession
Lesson3
Subject + Predicate
Lesson4
Present
Lesson5
Future
Lesson6
Past progressive

Lesson7
Past Perfective

Lesson8
Interrogative

Lesson9
Expressing intention
Lesson10
Passive

Lesson11
Imperative

Lesson12
Expressing habit


Lesson 4

Present Tense

 

Goal: In this lesson you will learn how to make sentences in present tense. Consider the following vocabulary:

 

Word

Gloss

Intransitive verbs

Aavvu&

‘to come’

jvu&

‘to go’

hsvu&

‘to laugh’

r6vu&

‘to cry’

6rvu&

‘to fear’

p6vu&

‘to fall’

Transitive verbs

`avu&

‘to eat’

pIvu&

‘to drink’

kapvu&

‘to cut’

to6vu&

‘to break’

Ditransitive verbs

Aapvu&

‘to give’

moklvu&

‘to send’

 

Read the following sentences

1. hu& hsu& 2u&.

‘I am laughing.’

2. Ame / Aap8e hsIAe 2IAe.

‘We are laughing.’

3. tu& hse 2e.

‘You are laughing.’

4. teAo hse 2e.

‘They are laughing.’

5. te hse 2e.

‘He / She is laughing.’

6. teAo hse 2e.

‘They are laughing.’

7. hu& kerI kapu& 2u&.

‘I am cutting a mango.’

8. Ame / Aap8e kerI kapIAe 2IAe.

‘We are cutting a mango.’

9. tu& kerI kape 2e.

‘You are cutting a mango.’

10. tme kerI kapo 2e.

‘You are cutting a mango.’

11. te kerI kape 2e.

‘He/ She is cutting a mango.’

12. teAo kerI kape 2e.

‘They are cutting a mango.’

 

1.      Note:

1.      The Verb Phrase has Verb + Auxiliary verb pattern.

2.      The verb and auxiliary agree with subject in person and number. Following table summarizes various forms of the main verb and auxiliary verb.

 

 

 

Singular

Plural

Main Verb

Auxiliary Verb

Main Verb

Auxiliary Verb

1st person

kap\ + w&

2\ + w&

kap\ + ;Ae

2\ + ;Ae

2nd person

kap\ + Ae

2\ + Ae

kap\ + Ao

2\ + Ao

3rd person

kap\ + Ae

2\ + Ae

kap\ + Ae

2\ + Ae

 

3.      Negative sentences.

Read the following sentences:

 

1. hu& hsto n9I.

‘I am not laughing.’ (speaker is male)

2. Ame / Aap8e hsta n9I.

‘We are not laughing.’ (speakers are male)

3. tu& hsto n9I.

‘You are not laughing.’ (listener is male)

4. tme  hsta n9I.

‘You are not laughing.’ (listeners are females)

5. te hsto n9I.

‘He is not laughing.’

6. teAo hsta n9I.

‘They are not laughing.’ (persons referred to are all males)

7. hu& kerI kaptI n9I.

‘I am not cutting a mango.’ (speaker is female)

8. Ame / Aap8e kerI kapta& n9I.

‘We are not cutting a mango.’ (speakers are females or male and female together)

9. tu& kerI kaptI n9I.

‘You are not cutting a mango.’ (The listener is female)

10. tme kerI kapta& n9I.

‘You are not cutting a mango.’ (The listeners are females or male and female together)

11. te kerI kaptI n9I.

‘She is not cutting a mango.’

12. teAo kerI kapta& n9I.

‘They are not cutting a mango.’ (persons referred to are females or male and female together)

 

2.      Note:

A.     To make negative sentences replaced auxiliary with n9I.

B.     Use -t\- with the main verb.

C.     -t\- must followed by gender and number of the speaker in first person, listener in the second person and the person referred to in third person. Following table summarizes the various form of the main verbs.

 

 

Singular

Plural

Masculine

kap\-t\-Ao

kap\-t\-Aa

Feminine

kap\-t\-;

kap\-t\-Aa&

Neuter

kap\-t\-w&

kap\-t\-ta&

 

Note : Gujarati doesn’t distinguish between simple present tense and continuos present tense

Lesson1
Adjective +Noun
Lesson2
Possession
Lesson3
Subject + Predicate
Lesson4
Present
Lesson5
Future
Lesson6
Past progressive

Lesson7
Past Perfective

Lesson8
Interrogative

Lesson9
Expressing intention
Lesson10
Passive

Lesson11
Imperative

Lesson12
Expressing habit