Lesson 4
Present Tense
Goal: In this lesson you will learn how to make sentences in present tense. Consider the following vocabulary:
|
Word |
Gloss |
|
Intransitive verbs |
|
Aavvu& |
‘to come’ |
|
jvu& |
‘to go’ |
|
hsvu& |
‘to laugh’ |
|
r6vu& |
‘to cry’ |
|
6rvu& |
‘to fear’ |
|
p6vu& |
‘to fall’ |
|
Transitive verbs |
|
|
`avu& |
‘to eat’ |
|
pIvu& |
‘to drink’ |
|
kapvu& |
‘to cut’ |
|
to6vu& |
‘to break’ |
|
Ditransitive verbs |
|
Aapvu& |
‘to give’ |
moklvu& |
‘to send’ |
Read the following sentences
1. hu& hsu& 2u&.
‘I am laughing.’
2. Ame
/
Aap8e hsIAe 2IAe.
‘We are laughing.’
3. tu&
hse 2e.
‘You are laughing.’
4. teAo
hse 2e.
‘They are laughing.’
5. te hse 2e.
‘He / She is laughing.’
6. teAo
hse 2e.
‘They are laughing.’
7. hu&
kerI kapu& 2u&.
‘I am cutting a mango.’
8. Ame
/
Aap8e kerI kapIAe 2IAe.
‘We are cutting a mango.’
9. tu& kerI kape 2e.
‘You are cutting a mango.’
10. tme kerI kapo 2e.
‘You are cutting a mango.’
11. te kerI kape 2e.
‘He/ She is cutting a mango.’
12. teAo
kerI kape 2e.
‘They are cutting a mango.’
1.
Note:
1. The
Verb Phrase has Verb + Auxiliary verb pattern.
2. The
verb and auxiliary agree with subject in person and number. Following table
summarizes various forms of the main verb and auxiliary verb.
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
||
|
Main Verb |
Auxiliary Verb |
Main Verb |
Auxiliary Verb |
|
|
1st person |
kap\ + w& |
2\ + w& |
kap\ + ;Ae |
2\ + ;Ae |
|
2nd person |
kap\ + Ae |
2\ + Ae |
kap\ + Ao |
2\ + Ao |
|
3rd person |
kap\ + Ae |
2\ + Ae |
kap\ + Ae |
2\ + Ae |
3. Negative sentences.
Read the following sentences:
1. hu& hsto n9I.
‘I am not laughing.’ (speaker is male)
2. Ame
/
Aap8e hsta n9I.
‘We are not laughing.’ (speakers
are male)
3. tu&
hsto n9I.
‘You are not laughing.’ (listener
is male)
4. tme hsta n9I.
‘You are not laughing.’ (listeners are females)
5. te
hsto n9I.
‘He is not laughing.’
6. teAo hsta n9I.
‘They are not laughing.’ (persons referred to are all males)
7. hu&
kerI kaptI n9I.
‘I am not cutting a mango.’ (speaker is female)
8. Ame / Aap8e kerI kapta&
n9I.
‘We are not cutting a mango.’
(speakers are females or male and female together)
9. tu& kerI kaptI n9I.
‘You are not cutting a mango.’ (The
listener is female)
10. tme
kerI kapta& n9I.
‘You are not cutting a mango.’ (The listeners are females or male and female together)
11. te kerI kaptI n9I.
‘She is not cutting a mango.’
12. teAo kerI kapta& n9I.
‘They are not cutting a mango.’ (persons referred to are females or male and female together)
2.
Note:
A. To
make negative sentences replaced auxiliary with n9I.
B. Use
-t\- with the main verb.
C. -t\- must followed by gender and
number of the speaker in first person, listener in the second person and the
person referred to in third person. Following table summarizes the various form
of the main verbs.
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
|
Masculine |
kap\-t\-Ao |
kap\-t\-Aa |
|
Feminine |
kap\-t\-; |
kap\-t\-Aa& |
|
Neuter |
kap\-t\-w& |
kap\-t\-ta& |
|
Note : Gujarati doesn’t distinguish
between simple present tense and continuos present tense |