Background Readings:
• Kloss 1977 (5, 6)
• Romaine 1989;
• Crawford 1989;
• Schiffman 1996: Chap. 8, 9.

On-line resources:
• Outline Handout on development of a policy through the 19th century: we start with no overt or official policy on language ("laissez-faire" policy?) and we move to a covert but emphatic pro-English, anti-other language policy that is crystallized by 1920, and remains in force, with little variation, until the present.

• Mertz article on Whorfian Folk Theory in US Language Law
• Text of Supreme Court decision in Meyer v. Nebraska.
• Text of Supreme Court decision in Lau v. Nichols
• Ferguson/Heath 1981
• Text of Pennsylvania bill to officialize English for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Oct. 19, 2005).

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• Find texts of legal decisions at Findlaw.com. such as the Supreme Court decision in Alexander v. Sandoval.
• Download oral arguments of Supreme Court proceedings from Oyez.org.

On-line sources:
• Schiffman 1996 (Chap. 2) Handout on Typologies of Language Policies

• A very comprehensive bibliography on European language policy issues

• Stay up to date on European minority languages at Eurolang.net

• Become a member of the Consortium for Language Policy and Planning and receive messages and read discussions about language policy issues that appear in the world press.

• Other Recommended Readings here.

• education;
• religion ; ethnic press/media;
• other factors, such as emotion, primordialism, etc.

• Fishman 1966,
• Handout based on Kloss XPak8 , "German-American Lg. Maintenance Efforts."
• Language Maintenance in the German-American church.

• Glazer (in F1966),
• Lewis (in F1972)
• Kloss XPak8.
• Schiffman 1976, Ch. 3.

• Introduction and Bibliography
• Recent material from Linguist List on language locations in the brain (bilingualism and cognition.)
• Haugen 1956
• Romaine 1989;
• Hamers & Blanc 1989 ( Bilinguality and Bilingualism.)
• Lambert & Tucker (Blackboard PDF file) "St. Lambert Experiment" and "Bilingual Education of Children."
• Recent articles from New York Times on the glories of Immersion programs

• Mackey (Blackboard PDF file) "The Description of Bilingualism"
• Hamers and Blanc 1989;
• Albert/Obler XPak13
• Discussion on Linguist List, and bibliography.
• Document on bilingualism and myths about it.
• Recent Report entitled Improving Schooling for Language Minority Children.
• Recent article by Krashen evaluating claims of Joseph Guzman who claims that bilingualism is not a burden, but bilingual schooling is.

Click here for Various Resources.

• Ray, Haugen, Guxman, UNESCO, (XPak14-17)

• Handout on Language Attitudes

• Census Studies

• Census of India page

• Another interesting map of India and its language groups.

• On-line access to US Census data by year and topic.

• Recent material from US Census on language use in 2000 census.
  • XPak US 1940 Census

  • Example of a study of language standardization in Tamil.

  • Example of a study using census material from Malaysia and Singapore to study language shift.